Variation in health service use by veterans with an accepted disability of post-traumatic stress disorder who had a service record post 1975: a cluster analysis.

BACKGROUND: The use of health services is likely to vary among veterans with an accepted disability of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), however, the extent of variation is not known. We aimed to determine the extent and type of health services used by veterans with an accepted disability of PTSD. METHODS: The cohort included veterans who served post 1975, were eligible for all Australian Government Department of Veterans' Affairs funded health services, had PTSD as an accepted disability prior to July 2015 and were alive at the 30 June 2016. Veterans were assigned to groups based on their use of health services using K-means cluster analysis. RESULTS: The cohort comprised five clusters involving 2286 veterans. The largest cluster (43%) were a younger, general practitioner (GP) managed cluster who saw their GP quarterly and the psychiatrist twice a year. The second GP cluster (30%) had higher levels of physical comorbidity. The psychiatrist managed cluster (14%) had a mean of 12 psychiatrist visits and one PTSD hospitalisation in the year. The remaining two clusters involved GP and allied healthcare, but no psychologist care. High levels of antidepressant use occurred in all clusters, ranging from 44% up to 69%. The psychiatrist managed cluster had 47% on antipsychotics and 58% on anxiolytics. CONCLUSION: Our study highlights the heterogeneity in health service use. These results identify the significant health utilisation required for up to one-sixth of veterans with PTSD and the significant role of primary care physicians in supporting veterans with PTSD.

Patient-specific prescriber feedback can increase the rate of osteoporosis screening and treatment: results from two national interventions.

Osteoporosis interventions targeting older Australians and clinicians were conducted in 2008 and 2011 as part of a national quality improvement program underpinned by behavioural theory and stakeholder engagement. Uptake of bone mineral density (BMD) tests among targeted men and women increased after both interventions and sustained increases in osteoporosis treatment were observed among men targeted in 2008. PURPOSE: Educational interventions incorporating patient-specific prescriber feedback have improved osteoporosis screening and treatment among at-risk patients in clinical trials but have not been evaluated nationally. This study assessed uptake of BMD testing and osteoporosis medicines following two national Australian quality improvement initiatives targeting women (70-79 years) and men (75-85 years) at risk of osteoporosis. METHODS: Administrative health claims data were used to determine monthly rates of BMD testing and initiation of osteoporosis medicines in the 9-months post-intervention among targeted men and women compared to older cohorts of men and women. Log binomial regression models were used to assess differences between groups. RESULTS: In 2008 91,794 patients were targeted and 52,427 were targeted in 2011. There was a twofold increase in BMD testing after each intervention among targeted patients compared to controls (p < 0.001). Initiation of osteoporosis medicines increased by 21% among men targeted in 2008 and 34% among men targeted in 2011 compared to older controls (p < 0.01). Initiation of osteoporosis medicines among targeted women was similar to the older controls. CONCLUSION: Programs underpinned by behavioural theory and stakeholder engagement that target both primary care clinicians and patients can improve osteoporosis screening and management at the national level.

Effect of a general practitioner management plan on health outcomes and hospitalisations in older patients with diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the impact of a general practitioner management plan (GPMP) on health outcomes of patients with diabetes. AIM: To examine the impact of a GPMP on the risk of hospitalisation for diabetes. METHODS: A retrospective study using administrative data from the Australian Government Department of Veterans' Affairs was conducted (1 July 2006 to 30 June 2014) of diabetes patients either exposed or unexposed to a GPMP. The primary end-point was the risk of first hospitalisation for a diabetes-related complication and was assessed using Cox proportional hazard regression models with death as a competing risk. Secondary end-points included rates of receiving guideline care for diabetes, with differences assessed using Poisson regression analyses. RESULTS: A total of 16 214 patients with diabetes were included; 8091 had a GPMP, and 8123 did not. After 1 year, 545 (6.7%) patients with a GPMP and 634 (7.8%) of patients without a GPMP were hospitalised for a diabetes complication. There was a 22% reduction in the risk of being hospitalised for a diabetes complication (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.69-0.87, P < 0.0001) for those who received a GPMP by comparison to those who did not. Increased rates of diabetes guideline care, HbA1c claims (adjusted HR 1.29, 95% CI 1.25-1.33) and microalbuminura claims (adjusted HR 1.65, 95% CI 1.58-1.72) were observed after a GPMP. CONCLUSION: Provision of a GPMP in older patients with diabetes resulted in improved health outcomes, delaying the risk of hospitalisation at 12 months for diabetes complications. GPMP should be included as part of routine primary care for older patients with diabetes.

General practitioner management plans delaying time to next potentially preventable hospitalisation for patients with heart failure.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have shown that the Australian Medicare-funded chronic disease management programme can lead to improvements in care processes. No study has examined the impact on long-term health outcomes. AIMS: This retrospective cohort study assessed the association between provision of a general practitioner management plan and time to next potentially preventable hospitalisation for older patients with heart failure. METHODS: We used the Australian Government Department of Veterans' Affairs (DVA) claims database and compared patients exposed to a general practitioner management plan with those who did not receive the service. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare time until next potentially preventable hospitalisation for heart failure between the exposed and unexposed groups. RESULTS: There were 1993 patients exposed to a general practitioner management plan and 3986 unexposed patients. Adjusted results showed a 23% reduction in the rate of potentially preventable hospitalisation for heart failure at any time (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.77; 95% confidence interval, 0.64 to 0.92; P = 0.0051) among those with a general practitioner management plan compared with the unexposed patients. Within one year, 8.6% of the exposed group compared with 10.7% of the unexposed group had a potentially preventable hospitalisation for heart failure. CONCLUSIONS: A general practitioner management plan is associated with delayed time to next potentially preventable hospitalisation for heart failure.

Continuity of care: when do patients visit community healthcare providers after leaving hospital?

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Enhanced communication and transfer of information between healthcare providers and healthcare settings can reduce medication and healthcare errors post-hospital discharge. The timeframes within which patients access community healthcare providers post-hospital discharge are not well studied. This study aimed to determine length of time from hospital discharge until a general practice, pharmacy or specialist visit, or care planning service. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of Department of Veterans' Affairs health claims data. All 109 860 veterans hospitalized in 2006 were included. Main outcome measures were time from first hospital discharge to first claim for a general practice, pharmacy, specialist visit and/or care planning service. RESULTS: Within 30 days of hospital discharge 71% of subjects visited a general practitioner (GP), 86% had medicines dispensed from a community pharmacy and 44% saw a specialist. Median time to first pharmacy visit was 6 days (interquartile range 2-14) and 12 days for a GP visit (interquartile range 4-31). Less than 2% of the cohort received a discharge plan, case conference or medication review in the month after discharge. CONCLUSIONS: With 25% of patients having a claim for a GP service within 4 days of discharge, discharge summaries need to reach community-based health professionals within this time. Most patients visited their community pharmacy within 2 weeks of hospital discharge and before they saw their GP. Pharmacists are not routinely advised of hospitalization or provided with discharge summaries. More active engagement of this professional group in the continuum of care might improve care after hospital discharge.

Comorbid chronic diseases, discordant impact on mortality in older people: a 14-year longitudinal population study.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the impact of comorbid chronic diseases on mortality in older people. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study (1992-2006). Associations between numbers of chronic diseases or mutually exclusive comorbid chronic diseases on mortality over 14 years, by Cox proportional hazards model adjusting for sociodemographic variables or Kaplan-Meier analyses, respectively. SETTING: Population based, Australia. PARTICIPANTS: 2087 randomly selected participants aged ≥65 years old, living in the community or institutions. MAIN RESULTS: Participants with 3-4 or ≥5 diseases had a 25% (95% CI 1.05 to 1.5, p=0.01) and 80% (95% CI 1.5 to 2.2, p<0.0001) increased risk of mortality, respectively, by comparison with no chronic disease, after adjusting for age, sex and residential status. When cardiovascular disease (CVD), mental health problem or diabetes were comorbid with arthritis, there was a trend towards increased survival (range 8.2-9.5 years) by comparison with CVD, mental health problem or diabetes alone (survival 5.8-6.9 years). This increase in survival with arthritis as a comorbidity was negated when CVD and mental health problems or CVD and diabetes were present in disease combinations together. CONCLUSION: Older people with ≥3 chronic diseases have increased risk of mortality, but discordant effects on survival depend on specific disease combinations. These results raise the hypothesis that patients who have an increased likelihood of opportunity for care from their physician are more likely to have comorbid diseases detected and managed.

Use and perception of hormone therapy following media reports of the Women's Health Initiative: a survey of Australian WISDOM participants.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the impact of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) on the use and perception of hormone therapy (HT) in well-informed and altruistic women who had volunteered for a similar long-term study of HT (Women's International Study of long Duration Oestrogen after Menopause, WISDOM). METHODS: A total of 840 South Australian WISDOM participants were sent questionnaires asking about their source of information about the WHI, interpretation of the 2002 WHI findings, perception of HT as a risk factor for breast cancer, attitudes towards doctors and the media and intent to use HT in the future. RESULTS: Altogether, 618 participants (74%) responded. Written and verbal information provided by WISDOM were rated as the most helpful sources of information about the WHI. Participants were aware of the increase in breast cancer and decrease in fractures seen with combined estrogen/progestogen hormone therapy (EPT) but were less convinced about the other major findings, including cardiovascular disease and dementia. HT was rated as an important risk factor for breast cancer. Participants valued medical research and were more likely to question therapies without evidence. After WHI and WISDOM, most were willing to participate in a subsequent trial and most past HT users resumed therapy. CONCLUSIONS: There are sufficient recruits for future long-term HT studies if they are given sufficient quality information and individual counselling. Our study also suggests that women who are appropriately informed may choose to take long-term HT despite a more conservative approach advised by some agencies.