Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring in paediatric neurosurgery.

Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) is commonly used in various surgical procedures in adults, but with technological and anaesthetic advancements, its use has extended to the paediatric population. The use of IONM in children poses a unique set of challenges considering the anatomical and physiological differences in this group of patients. The use of IONM aids in the localization of neural structures and enables surgeons to preserve the functional neural structures leading to decreased incidence of postoperative neurological deficits and better patient outcomes. In this article, we review the use of IONM in paediatric patients undergoing various spinal and cranial neurosurgical procedures. We discuss the patient characteristics, type of surgeries, and technical and anaesthetic considerations about IONM in this population.

Anaesthetic management of a case of Haberland's syndrome (encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis).

While the Haberland syndrome was first reported in 1970, the anaesthetic management of this rare cohort of patients has not been described. With only 54 such cases reported, describing primarily the unilateral cutaneous, ocular, and neurologic malformations associated with this syndrome without focussing on the anaesthetic management. We describe the case of a 7 year old case of Harberland syndrome with special focus on the difficulties faced by us in mask ventilation, as well as intubation and the need for elective ventilation and planned extubation. We also discuss the precautions to be taken while undertaking such a case like preparations for emergency tracheostomy and possibility of re-intubation after extubation. A meticulous preoperative workup along with neurological and airway examination along with preparation for elective ventilation and tracheostomy is a prerequisite for the successful management of this case.