Efetividade da drenagem linfática manual associada a bandagem funcional na melhora clínica do fibro edema gelóide em gestantes: ensaio clínico, controlado e randomizado / 010Effectiveness of manual lymphatic drainage associated with func-tional banding in the clinical improvement of gynoid lipodystrophy in pregnant women: a clinical, controlled and randomized trial

No período gestacional, mulheres podem desencadear disfunções hormonais que induzem ao acúmulo de edema e nódulos fibróticos, favorecendo a formação de relevos cutâneos ocasionando sensação dolorosa. Sendo assim, este estudo visou comparar a efetividade da drenagem linfática manual com ou sem o uso da bandagem funcional no fibro edema gelóide (FEG) em gestantes no segundo e terceiro trimestre gestacional. Trata-se de um ensaio clínico randomizado, composta por três grupos: G1: Drenagem Linfática Manual (DLM); G2: DLM + Bandagem Funcional (BF); G3: Grupo Controle. Critério de inclusão: gestantes no segundo e terceiro trimestre, primípara e multípara e gestação de feto único. Realizou-se a DLM na região dos glúteos e membros inferiores e a BF aplicada da região inguinal em forma de teia direcionada a região medial dos glúteos, usando uma tensão superficial de 10%. Utilizou-se um protocolo de avaliação do fibro edema gelóide (PAPEG), anamnese, exame físico com inspeção, teste de preensão, teste de sensibilidade tátil (monofilamento de semmes – weinstein), avaliação da sensibilidade, grau, dor, recomendação e satisfação da paciente. Foram realizadas fotos da região do glúteo do antes e depois e avaliadas por 10 especialistas através da fotogrametria. Observou-se uma melhora clínica significativa no grupo drenagem e na associação com a bandagem quando comparado ao grupo controle pelos 10 especialistas. Houve uma melhora significativa nas notas dos especialistas nos grupos G1 e G2, quando comparado ao G3. Portanto, o presente estudo demonstrou uma melhora clínica no fibro edema gelóide das gestantes que receberam a DLM isolada, e na associação com a BF, quando comparado ao grupo controle.(AU)

During pregnancy, women can trigger hormonal dysfunctions that induce the accumulation of edema and fibrotic nodules, favoring the formation of rifted skin causing a painful sensation. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effectiveness of manual lymphatic drainage with or without the use of functional bandages in gynoid lipodystrophy (GLD) in pregnant women in the second and third trimester. This was a randomized clinical trial, composed of three groups: G1: Manual Lymphatic Drainage (MLD); G2: MLD + Functional Bandage (FB); G3: Control Group. Inclusion criteria: pregnant women in the second and third trimester, primiparous or multiparous and a single fetus pregnancy. MLD was performed in the gluteal region and lower limbs, and FB was applied from the inguinal region in the form of a web directed to the medial gluteal region, using a surface tension of 10%. An evaluation protocol for gynoid lipodystrophy (EPGLD) with anamnesis, a physical examination with an inspection, a grip test, tactile sensitivity test (Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test), assessing the patient’s sensitivity, grade, pain, recommendation, and satisfaction was used. Photos were taken of the gluteus region before and after and were then evaluated by 10 specialists through photogrammetry. There was a significant clinical improvement in the drainage group and in the association with the bandage when compared to the control group by the 10 specialists. There was a significant improvement in the scores of specialists in groups G1 and G2, when compared to G3. Therefore, the present study demonstrated a clinical improvement in gynoid lipodystrophy of pregnant women who received MLD alone, and in association with FB, when compared to the control group.(AU)

Efetividade da drenagem linfática manual associada a bandagem funcional na melhora clínica do fibro edema gelóide em gestantes: ensaio clínico, controlado e randomizado / Effectiveness of manual lymphatic drainage associated with functional banding in the clinical improvement of gynoid lipodystrophy in pregnant women: a clinical, controlled and randomized trial

No período gestacional, mulheres podem desencadear disfunções hormonais que induzem ao acúmulo de edema e nódulos fibróticos, favorecendo a formação de relevos cutâneos ocasionando sensação dolorosa. Sendo assim, este estudo visou comparar a efetividade da drenagem linfática manual com ou sem o uso da bandagem funcional no fibro edema gelóide (FEG) em gestantes no segundo e terceiro trimestre gestacional. Trata-se de um ensaio clínico randomizado, composta por três grupos: G1: Drenagem Linfática Manual (DLM); G2: DLM + Bandagem Funcional (BF); G3: Grupo Controle. Critério de inclusão: gestantes no segundo e terceiro trimestre, primípara e multípara e gestação de feto único. Realizou-se a DLM na região dos glúteos e membros inferiores e a BF aplicada da região inguinal em forma de teia direcionada a região medial dos glúteos, usando uma tensão superficial de 10%. Utilizou-se um protocolo de avaliação do fibro edema gelóide (PAPEG), anamnese, exame físico com inspeção, teste de preensão, teste de sensibilidade tátil (monofilamento de semmes ­ weinstein), avaliação da sensibilidade, grau, dor, recomendação e satisfação da paciente. Foram realizadas fotos da região do glúteo do antes e depois e avaliadas por 10 especialistas através da fotogrametria. Observou-se uma melhora clínica significativa no grupo drenagem e na associação com a bandagem quando comparado ao grupo controle pelos 10 especialistas. Houve uma melhora significativa nas notas dos especialistas nos grupos G1 e G2, quando comparado ao G3. Portanto, o presente estudo demonstrou uma melhora clínica no fibro edema gelóide das gestantes que receberam a DLM isolada, e na associação com a BF, quando comparado ao grupo controle.

During pregnancy, women can trigger hormonal dysfunctions that induce the accumulation of edema and fibrotic nodules, favoring the formation of rifted skin causing a painful sensation. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effectiveness of manual lymphatic drainage with or without the use of functional bandages in gynoid lipodystrophy (GLD) in pregnant women in the second and third trimester. This was a randomized clinical trial, composed of three groups: G1: Manual Lymphatic Drainage (MLD); G2: MLD + Functional Bandage (FB); G3: Control Group. Inclusion criteria: pregnant women in the second and third trimester, primiparous or multiparous and a single fetus pregnancy. MLD was performed in the gluteal region and lower limbs, and FB was applied from the inguinal region in the form of a web directed to the medial gluteal region, using a surface tension of 10%. An evaluation protocol for gynoid lipodystrophy (EPGLD) with anamnesis, a physical examination with an inspection, a grip test, tactile sensitivity test (Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test), assessing the patient's sensitivity, grade, pain, recommendation, and satisfaction was used. Photos were taken of the gluteus region before and after and were then evaluated by 10 specialists through photogrammetry. There was a significant clinical improvement in the drainage group and in the association with the bandage when compared to the control group by the 10 specialists. There was a significant improvement in the scores of specialists in groups G1 and G2, when compared to G3. Therefore, the present study demonstrated a clinical improvement in gynoid lipodystrophy of pregnant women who received MLD alone, and in association with FB, when compared to the control group.

Predictive anatomical factors of lung aerosol deposition in obese individuals. Would modified mallampati score be relevant? Clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a highly prevalent condition worldwide that aggravates symptoms of already existing conditions such as asthma and COPD. The limited effectiveness of inhaled medications in these individuals may be related to anatomic characteristics of their upper airways, mainly due to compressive factors. METHODS: Controlled clinical trial with obese and nonobese individuals. The following variables were evaluated: anthropometric characteristics, Lung and airway deposition of radiolabeled aerosol (pulmonary scintigraphy), upper airways anatomy (CT scans), and modified Mallampati score. RESULTS: 29 subjects (17 nonobese and 12 obese) participated. Obese volunteers presented 30% lower aerosol lung deposition compared to nonobese. Moreover, obese subjects Mallampati classification of 4 presented an aerosol lung deposition two times lower than nonobese subjects (p = 0.021). The cross-sectional area of the retropalatal region and retroglossal region were lower in obese patients (p < 0.05), but no correlation to aerosol lung deposition was observed. BMI was associated with 32% of the variance of lung deposition (p < 0.001; ß -0.28; 95% CI -0.43 to -0.11). CONCLUSION: High BMI correlated to reduced percentage lung deposition. Also, modified Mallampati class 4 was even more detrimental to aerosol delivery into the lungs. Obese subjects have narrower upper airways, compared to nonobese, but this is not reflected in higher radiolabeled aerosol impaction into their oropharynx and does not predict the percentage of lung deposition in this group. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT03031093 (clinicaltrials.org).

Patient-ventilator asynchrony in conventional ventilation modes during short-term mechanical ventilation after cardiac surgery: randomized clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION AND AIM: Studies regarding asynchrony in patients in the cardiac postoperative period are still only a few. The main objective of our study was to compare asynchronies incidence and its index (AI) in 3 different modes of ventilation (volume-controlled ventilation [VCV], pressure-controlled ventilation [PCV] and pressure-support ventilation [PSV]) after ICU admission for postoperative care. METHODS: A prospective parallel randomised trialin the setting of a non-profitable hospital in Brazil. The participants were patients scheduled for cardiac surgery. Patients were randomly allocated to VCV or PCV modes of ventilation and later both groups were transitioned to PSV mode. RESULTS: All data were recorded for 5 minutes in each of the three different phases: T1) in assisted breath, T2) initial spontaneous breath and T3) final spontaneous breath, a marking point prior to extubation. Asynchronies were detected and counted by visual inspection method by two independent investigators. Reliability, inter-rater agreement of asynchronies, asynchronies incidence, total and specific asynchrony indexes (AIt and AIspecific) and odds of AI ≥10% weighted by total asynchrony were analysed. A total of 17 patients randomly allocated to the VCV (n=9) or PCV (n=8) group completed the study. High inter-rated agreement for AIt (ICC 0.978; IC95%, 0,963-0.987) and good reliability (r=0.945; p<0.001) were found. Eighty-two % of patients presented asynchronies, although only 7% of their total breathing cycles were asynchronous. Early cycling and double triggering had the highest rates of asynchrony with no difference between groups. The highest odds of AI ≥10% were observed in VCV regardless the phase: OR 2.79 (1.36-5.73) in T1 vs T2, p=0.005; OR 2.61 (1.27-5.37) in T1 vs T3, p=0.009 and OR 4.99 (2.37-10.37) in T2 vs T3, p<0.001. CONCLUSIONS: There was a high incidence of breathing asynchrony in postoperative cardiac patients, especially when initially ventilated in VCV. VCV group had a higher chance of AI ≥10% and this chance remained high in the following PSV phases.

Efetividade da drenagem linfática manual com ou sem uso da bandagem funcional na dor, fadiga e edema dos membros inferiores em gestantes: ensaio clínico, controlado e randomizado / Effectiveness of manual lymphatic drainage with or without the use of functional bandaging on pain, fatigue and edema of the lower limbs in pregnant women: clinical, controlled and randomized trial

O objetivo do estudo foi comparar a efetividade da drenagem linfática manual com e sem o uso da bandagem funcional na dor, fadiga e edema de membros inferiores em gestantes. Trata-se de um estudo piloto de um ensaio clínico, controlado e randomizado. A amostra foi composta por 30 gestantes no segundo e terceiro trimestre gestacional. O grupo 1(G1), realizou 10 sessões de drenagem linfática manual (DLM), o grupo 2 (G2), realizou a DLM e fez uso da bandagem funcional (BF) nos membros inferiores. O grupo controle (GC), participou de 10 encontros em rodas de gestantes promovidas pela Liga Acadêmica de Fisioterapia Obstétrica da UNIFACOL. Utilizou-se a perimetria para avaliar o edema dos membros interiores e a Escala Visual Analógica (EVA) para a dor e fadiga. Houve melhora significativa no edema, dor e fadiga dos membros inferiores quando comparados os grupos que realizaram intervenções com o GC (p <0,001). Da linha poplítea até o tornozelo, houve uma tendência de menor edema no G2, porém sem diferença significativa quando comparado ao G1. A DLM com e sem uso da BF reduz a dor, fadiga e o edema gestacional nos membros inferiores. Todas as gestantes ficaram satisfeitas e recomendariam a DLM com ou sem uso da BF.(AU)

The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of manual lymphatic drainage with and without the use of functional bandaging in pain, fatigue and edema of lower limbs in pregnant women. This was a pilot study of a clinical, controlled and randomized trial. The sample consisted of 30 pregnant women in their second and third trimester. Group 1 (G1), performed 10 manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) sessions, group 2 (G2) performed MLD and made use of the functional bandage (FB) on the lower limbs. The control group (CG) participated in 10 meetings with pregnant women promoted by the UNIFACOL Academic League of Obstetric Physiotherapy. Perimetry was used to assess edema of the inner limbs and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain and fatigue. There was a significant improvement in edema, pain and fatigue of the lower limbs when the groups that performed interventions were compared with the CG (p <0.001). From the popliteal line to the ankle, there was a tendency towards less edema in G2, but without any significant differences when compared to G1. MLD with and without the use of FB reduces pain, fatigue and gestational edema in the lower limbs. All pregnant women were satisfied and would recommend MLD with or without the use of FB.(AU)

A mesh nebulizer is more effective than jet nebulizer to nebulize bronchodilators during non-invasive ventilation of subjects with COPD: A randomized controlled trial with radiolabeled aerosols.

BACKGROUND: Beneficial effects from non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in acute COPD are well-established, but the impact of nebulization during NIV has not been well described. AIM: To compare pulmonary deposition and distribution across regions of interest with administration of radiolabeled aerosols generated by vibrating mesh nebulizers (VMN) and jet nebulizer (JN) during NIV. METHODS: A crossover single dose study involving 9 stable subjects with moderate to severe COPD randomly allocated to receive aerosol administration by the VMN Aerogen and the MistyNeb jet nebulizer operating with oxygen at 8 lpm during NIV. Radiolabeled bronchodilators (fill volume of 3 mL: 0.5 mL salbutamol 2.5 mg + 0.125 mL ipratropium 0.25 mg and physiologic saline up to 3 mL) were delivered until sputtering during NIV (pressures of 12 cmH2O and 5 cmH2O - inspiratory and expiratory, respectively) using an oro-nasal facemask. Radioactivity counts were performed using a gamma camera and regions of interest (ROIs) were delimited. Aerosol mass balance based on counts from the lungs, upper airways, stomach, nebulizer, circuit, inspiratory and expiratory filters, and mask were determined and expressed as a percentage of the total. RESULTS: Both inhaled and lung doses were greater with VMN (22.78 ±â€¯3.38% and 12.05 ±â€¯2.96%, respectively) than JN (12.51 ±â€¯6.31% and 3.14 ±â€¯1.71%; p = 0.008). Residual drug volume was lower in VMN than in JN (3.08 ±â€¯1.3% versus 46.44 ±â€¯5.83%, p = 0.001). Peripheral deposition of radioaerosol was significantly lower with JN than VMN. CONCLUSIONS: VMN deposited > 3 fold more radioaerosol into the lungs of moderate to severe COPD patients than JN during NIV.

Respiratory muscles stretching acutely increases expansion in hemiparetic chest wall.

Individuals post-stroke may present restrictive ventilatory pattern generated from changes in the functionality of respiratory system due to muscle spasticity and contractures. Objective was to assess the acute effects after respiratory muscle stretching on the ventilatory pattern and volume distribution of the chest wall in stroke subjects. Ten volunteers with right hemiparesis after stroke and a mean age of 60 ±â€¯5.7 years were randomised into the following interventions: respiratory muscle stretching and at rest (control). The ventilatory pattern and chest wall volume distribution were evaluated through optoelectronic plethysmography before and immediately after each intervention. Respiratory muscle stretching promoted a significant acute increase of 120 mL in tidal volume, with an increase in minute ventilation, mean inspiratory flow and mean expiratory flow compared with the control group. Pulmonary ribcage increased 50 mL after stretching, with 30 mL of contribution to the right pulmonary rib cage (hemiparetic side) in comparison to the control group. Respiratory muscle stretching in patients with right hemiparesis post-stroke demonstrated that acute effects improve the expansion of the respiratory system during tidal breathing. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02416349 (URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/ NCT02416349).

Exhaled nitric oxide as a diagnostic tool for wheezing in preschool children: A diagnostic accuracy study.

BACKGROUND: Airways inflammation may precede pulmonary dysfunction in wheezing individuals. The fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) has been described as a useful method for wheezing diagnosis in children, however, its application requires evidence. This study aimed to determine the accuracy of FENO in identifying wheezing in preschoolers. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out with children from 3 to 5 years old, from Brazilian day care centers and public schools. They were evaluated by FENO measurement through the single breath method, and by ATS-DLD-78-C questionnaire that is used as a gold standard to phenotype wheezing patterns. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 243 non-wheezing children, 118 non-recurrent wheezing and 62 recurrent wheezing. The means of FENO and confidence intervals of 95%, were 5.4 (CI 95%, 5.2-5.6); 7.5 (CI 95%, 6.9-8.2) and 11.2 (CI 95%, 9.6-12.7), respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive FENO values in the 6 parts per billion (ppb) cut-off point that best diagnosed wheezing of non-wheezing children, were: 65.5%, 84.3%, 75.6% and 76.7%, respectively, with an area under the curve (AUC) = 0.77. At 10 ppb, the best cut-off points for differentiating recurrent wheezing of non-recurrent wheezing were: 56.4%, 81.3%, 61.4%, 78.0%, respectively, with an AUC = 0.69. The post-test probability for each FENO cut-off points was increased by 33% for wheezing and 20% for recurrent wheezing diagnosis when associated with clinical examination. CONCLUSION: FENO can provide a reliable and accurate method to discriminate the presence and type of wheezing in preschoolers with 92% of acceptable in this study population.

The Manual Diaphragm Release Technique improves diaphragmatic mobility, inspiratory capacity and exercise capacity in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised trial.

QUESTIONS: In people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, does the Manual Diaphragm Release Technique improve diaphragmatic mobility after a single treatment, or cumulatively? Does the technique also improve exercise capacity, maximal respiratory pressures, and kinematics of the chest wall and abdomen? DESIGN: Randomised, controlled trial with concealed allocation, intention-to-treat analysis, and blinding of participants and assessors. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty adults aged over 60 years with clinically stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. INTERVENTION: The experimental group received six treatments with the Manual Diaphragm Release Technique on non-consecutive days within a 2-week period. The control group received sham treatments following the same regimen. OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was diaphragmatic mobility, which was analysed using ultrasonography. The secondary outcomes were: the 6-minute walk test; maximal respiratory pressures; and abdominal and chest wall kinematics measured by optoelectronic plethysmography. Outcomes were measured before and after the first and sixth treatments. RESULTS: The Manual Diaphragm Release Technique significantly improved diaphragmatic mobility over the course of treatments, with a between-group difference in cumulative improvement of 18mm (95% CI 8 to 28). The technique also significantly improved the 6-minute walk distance over the treatment course, with a between-group difference in improvement of 22 m (95% CI 11 to 32). Maximal expiratory pressure and sniff nasal inspiratory pressure both showed significant acute benefits from the technique during the first and sixth treatments, but no cumulative benefit. Inspiratory capacity estimated by optoelectronic plethysmography showed significant cumulative benefit of 330ml (95% CI 100 to 560). The effects on other outcomes were non-significant or small. CONCLUSION: The Manual Diaphragm Release Technique improves diaphragmatic mobility, exercise capacity and inspiratory capacity in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This technique could be considered in the management of people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02212184.

Radioaerosol Pulmonary Deposition Using Mesh and Jet Nebulizers During Noninvasive Ventilation in Healthy Subjects.

BACKGROUND: In vivo deposition studies of aerosol administration during noninvasive ventilation (NIV) are scarce in the literature. The aim of this study was to compare radioaerosol pulmonary index and radioaerosol mass balance in the different compartments (pulmonary and extrapulmonary) of radio-tagged aerosol administered using vibrating mesh nebulizers and conventional jet nebulizers during NIV. METHODS: This was a crossover clinical trial involving 10 healthy subjects (mean age of 33.7 ± 10.0 y) randomly assigned to both treatment arms of this study: group 1 (NIV + vibrating mesh nebulizer, n = 10) and group 2 (NIV + jet nebulizer, n = 10). All subjects inhaled 3 mL of technetium-99m diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (25 mCi) and 0.9% saline solution via vibrating mesh and jet nebulizers during NIV through a face mask secured with straps while receiving positive inspiratory and expiratory pressures of 12 and 5 cm H2O, respectively. Scintigraphy was performed to count radioaerosol particles deposited in the regions of interest to determine radioaerosol mass balance from the lungs, upper airways, stomach, nebulizer, ventilator circuit, inspiratory and expiratory filters, and mask as a percentage. RESULTS: Vibrating mesh nebulizers deposited 972,013 ± 214,459 counts versus jet nebulizer with 386,025 ± 130,363 counts (P = .005). In a determination of mass balance, vibrating mesh nebulizers showed a higher deposition of inhaled radioaerosol compared with jet nebulizers (23.1 ± 5.8% vs 6.1 ± 2.5%, P = .005) and a higher proportion of radioaerosol deposited into the lungs (5.5 ± 0.9% versus 1.5 ± 0.6%, respectively, P = .005). The residual drug volume was lower with vibrating mesh nebulizers (5.1 ± 1.5%) compared with jet nebulizers (41.3 ± 4.2%, P = .005). CONCLUSIONS: During NIV in healthy subjects, vibrating mesh nebulizers delivered > 2-fold more radiolabeled drug into the respiratory tract compared with conventional jet nebulizers. Additional studies are recommended in subjects with asthma, COPD, bronchiectasis, and cystic fibrosis to better understand differences in both aerosol delivery and response. (ClinicalTrials.gov registration NCT01889524.).

Eficácia do suporte ventilatório não invasivo no incremento da tolerância ao exercício em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca: uma revisão sistemática / La eficacia del soporte ventilatorio no invasivo en el aumento de la tolerancia al ejercicio en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca: una revisión sistemática / Efficacy of noninvasive ventilatory support on exercise tolerance in patients with heart failure: a systematic review

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a eficácia da ventilação não invasiva (VNI) na melhora da tolerância ao exercício em indivíduos com insuficiência cardíaca (IC). Realizou-se uma busca sistemática nas bases de dados PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS, Cochrane, CINAHL, Scopus e Web of Science por ensaios clínicos randomizados e quasi-randomizados. Os descritores foram: 'heart failure', 'noninvasive ventilation', 'positive-pressure respiration', 'interactive ventilatory support', 'exercise test', além das palavras-chave "BIPAP", "CPAP", "IPAP", "EPAP", "NIV" e seus equivalentes em português. Foram incluídos estudos que comparassem a VNI com um nível de pressão ou com dois níveis de pressão a grupos sem intervenção, a outras modalidades fisioterapêuticas sem pressão positiva ou a um grupo sham. Foram selecionados quatro estudos, incluindo pacientes com IC de diversas etiologias. Os quatro estudos foram randomizados e controlados e realizaram o mascaramento dos participantes. No entanto, apenas dois trabalhos realizaram o mascaramento dos avaliadores. Em nenhum dos artigos selecionados foi feita a análise por intenção de tratar e apenas um não utilizou métodos estatísticos adequados. Todos os estudos avaliaram a capacidade funcional e dois avaliaram a dispneia. Os protocolos de intervenção foram heterogêneos entre os estudos, três artigos realizaram uma única intervenção com a VNI. O outro artigo incluído realizou 14 sessões de VNI, sendo realizada a avaliação da capacidade funcional no dia 0, 4, 9 e 14. Devido à baixa qualidade metodológica dos artigos inclusos, não há evidência suficiente sobre a eficácia da VNI no incremento da tolerância ao exercício.

Esta investigación tuvo por objetivo evaluar la eficacia de la ventilación no invasiva (VNI) en la mejora de la tolerancia al ejercicio en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca (IC). Se hizo una búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS, Cochrane, CINAHL, Scopus y Web of science por estudios clínicos aleatorizados y cuasi-aleatorizados. Los descriptores fueron: 'heart failure', 'noninvasive ventilation', 'positive-pressure respiration', 'interactive ventilatory support', 'exercise test', además de las palabras clave "BIPAP", "CPAP", "IPAP", "EPAP", "NIV" y sus equivalentes en portugués. Se incluyeron estudios que compararon la VNI con un nivel de presión o con dos niveles a otras modalidades fisioterapéuticas de presión positiva o al grupo sham. Se han elegidos cuatro estudios, que incluyeron pacientes con IC de diversas etiologías. Se han aleatorizados y controlados los cuatro estudios en que se realizó el enmascaramiento de los pacientes. Sin embargo, solamente dos trabajos llevaron a cabo el enmascaramiento de los evaluadores. Ninguno de los ensayos elegidos se ha hecho el análisis con el fin de tratar, y solamente uno no se hizo con métodos estadísticos apropiados. Todos los estudios evaluaron la capacidad funcional, y dos la disnea. Los protocolos de intervención fueron heterogéneos entre los estudios, tres artículos se han hecho una sola intervención con la VNI. El otro artículo incluso se ha hecho 14 sesiones del VNI, lo que se realizó la evaluación de la capacidad funcional el día 0, 4, 9 y 14. Debido a la baja calidad metodológica de los artículos inclusos, no hay comprobación suficiente sobre la eficacia de la VNI en el aumento de la tolerancia al ejercicio.

The aim of this study was evaluate the efficacy of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) on improving exercise tolerance of patients with heart failure (HF). A systematic review was performed in PubMed/ MEDLINE, LILACS, Cochrane, CINAHL, Scopus and Web of Science for randomized and quasi-randomized clinical trials, without language and year of publication restrictions. Descriptors were defined as 'heart failure', 'noninvasive ventilation', 'positive-pressure respiration', 'interactive ventilatory support', 'exercise test' in addition to the keywords 'BIPAP', 'CPAP', 'IPAP', 'EPAP', 'NIV' and their Portuguese equivalents. Studies comparing NIV with one or two pressure levels to groups without intervention, other physiotherapy modalities without positive pressure or a sham group were included. Four studies were selected, including HF patients of various etiologies, considering the staging classification of New York Heart Association. Any included work realized the allocation concealment, all studies participants underwent blinding, but only two trials performed assessors blinding. None of the studies have described an intention to treat analysis and did not use appropriate statistical methods. All selected trials assessed functional capacity and in only two, dyspnea was assessed. The intervention protocols of the included trials were heterogeneous, three studies underwent a single intervention with NIV, two immediately before the functional capacity test and another study performed NIV during the exercise evaluation. The last trial held 14 sessions of NIV, with the functional capacity evaluation being performed on day 0, 4, 9 and 14. There is insufficient evidence on the effectiveness of NIV in increasing exercise tolerance.

The influence of supine posture on chest wall volume changes is higher in obese than in normal weight children.

The objective of this study was to analyze thoraco-abdominal kinematics in obese children in seated and supine positions during spontaneous quiet breathing. An observational study of pulmonary function and chest wall volume assessed by optoelectronic plethysmography was conducted on 35 children aged 8-12 years that were divided into 2 groups according to weight/height ratio percentiles: there were 18 obese children with percentiles greater than 95 and 17 normal weight children with percentiles of 5-85. Pulmonary function (forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1); forced vital capacity (FVC); and FEV1/FVC ratio), ventilatory pattern, total and compartment chest wall volume variations, and thoraco-abdominal asynchronies were evaluated. Tidal volume was greater in seated position. Pulmonary and abdominal rib cage tidal volume and their percentage contribution to tidal volume were smaller in supine position in both obese and control children, while abdominal tidal volume and its percentage contribution was greater in the supine position only in obese children and not in controls. No statistically significant differences were found between obese and control children and between supine and seated positions regarding thoraco-abdominal asynchronies. We conclude that in obese children thoraco-abdominal kinematics is influenced by supine posture, with an increase of the abdominal and a decreased rib cage contribution to ventilation, suggesting that in this posture areas of hypoventilation can occur in the lung.

Efficacy of noninvasive ventilation support on the increase of exercise tolerance in patients with heart failure: a systematic review / Eficacia del soporte ventilatorio no invasivo en el incremento de la tolerancia al ejercicio en pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca: una revisión sistemática / Eficácia do suporte ventilatório não invasivo no incremento da tolerância ao exercício em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca: uma revisão sistemática

The aim of this study was evaluate the efficacy of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) on improving exercise tolerance of patients with heart failure (HF). A systematic review was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS, Cochrane, CINAHL, Scopus and Web of Science for randomized and quasi-randomized clinical trials, without language and year of publication restrictions. Descriptors were defined as 'heart failure', 'noninvasive ventilation', 'positive-pressure respiration', 'interactive ventilatory support', 'exercise test' in addition to the keywords 'BIPAP', 'CPAP', 'IPAP', 'EPAP', 'NIV' and their Portuguese equivalents. Studies comparing NIV with one or two pressure levels to groups without intervention, other physiotherapy modalities without positive pressure or a sham group were included. Four studies were selected, including HF patients of various etiologies, considering the staging classification of New York Heart Association. Any included work realized the allocation concealment, all studies participants underwent blinding, but only two trials performed assessors blinding. None of the studies have described an intention to treat analysis and did not use appropriate statistical methods. All selected trials assessed functional capacity and in only two, dyspnea was assessed. The intervention protocols of the included trials were heterogeneous, three studies underwent a single intervention with NIV, two immediately before the functional capacity test and another study performed NIV during the exercise evaluation. The last trial held 14 sessions of NIV, with the functional capacity evaluation being performed on days 0, 4, 9 and 14. There is insufficient evidence on the effectiveness of NIV in increasing exercise tolerance.

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la eficacia de la ventilación no invasiva (VNI) en la mejora de la tolerancia al ejercicio en sujetos con insuficiencia cardíaca (IC). Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en las bases de datos PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS, Cochrane, CINAHL, Scopus y Web of science por ensayos clínicos aleatorios y casi-aleatorios. Los descriptores fueron: 'heart failure', 'noninvasive ventilation', 'positive-pressure respiration', 'interactive ventilatory support', 'exercise test', además de las palabras clave 'BIPAP', 'CPAP', 'IPAP', 'EPAP', 'NIV' y sus correspondientes en portugués. Fueron inclusos estudios que comparan la VNI, con un o dos niveles de presión, a los grupos sin intervención, a otras modalidades fisioterapéuticas sin presión positiva o a uno grupo sham. Fueron seleccionados cuatro estudios, incluso pacientes con IC de diversas etiologías. Los cuatro estudios fueron aleatorios y controlados y realizaron el enmascaramiento de los participantes. Pero solo dos trabajos realizaron el enmascaramiento de los investigadores. En ninguno de los escogidos, fue hecho el análisis por intento de tratamiento y solo uno no utilizó métodos estadísticos adecuados. Todos los estudios evaluaron la capacidad funcional y dos, la disnea. Los protocolos de intervención fueron heterogéneos entre los estudios; tres artículos realizaron solamente una intervención con la VNI. El otro artículo incluso hizo 14 sesiones de la VNI, y la evaluación de la capacidad funcional fue hecha en los días 0, 4, 9 y 15. En razón de la baja cualidad metodológica de los artículos inclusos, no hay evidencia suficiente cuanto a la eficacia de la VNI en el incremento de la tolerancia al ejercicio.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a eficácia da ventilação não invasiva (VNI) na melhora da tolerância ao exercício em indivíduos com insuficiência cardíaca (IC). Realizou-se uma busca sistemática nas bases de dados PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS, Cochrane, CINAHL, Scopus e Web of science por ensaios clínicos randomizados e quasi-randomizados. Os descritores foram: 'heart failure', 'noninvasive ventilation', 'positive-pressure respiration', 'interactive ventilatory support', 'exercise test', além das palavras-chave 'BIPAP', 'CPAP', 'IPAP', 'EPAP, 'NIV' e seus equivalentes em português. Foram incluídos estudos que comparassem a VNI com um ou com dois níveis de pressão a grupos sem intervenção, a outras modalidades fisioterapêuticas sem pressão positiva ou a um grupo sham. Foram selecionados quatro estudos, incluindo pacientes com IC de diversas etiologias. Os quatro estudos foram randomizados e controlados e realizaram o mascaramento dos participantes. No entanto, apenas dois trabalhos realizaram o mascaramento dos avaliadores. Em nenhum dos artigos selecionados foi feita a análise por intenção de tratar; e apenas um não utilizou métodos estatísticos adequados. Todos os estudos avaliaram a capacidade funcional e dois avaliaram a dispneia. Os protocolos de intervenção foram heterogêneos entre os estudos, ; três artigos realizaram uma única intervenção com a VNI. O outro artigo incluído realizou 14 sessões de VNI, sendo realizada a avaliação da capacidade funcional nos dias 0, 4, 9 e 14. Devido à baixa qualidade metodológica dos artigos inclusos, não há evidência suficiente sobre a eficácia da VNI no incremento da tolerância ao exercício.

Effects of inspiratory muscle training in elderly women on respiratory muscle strength, diaphragm thickness and mobility.

BACKGROUND: Aging results in a decline in the function of the respiratory muscles. Inspiratory muscle training is emerging as a possible intervention to attenuate the decline of respiratory muscles in the elderly. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of inspiratory muscle training on respiratory strength, diaphragm thickness, and diaphragmatic mobility in elderly women. METHODS: This was a controlled, randomized, and double-blind clinical trial, performed on 22 elderly women distributed in two groups, training (TG) and control (CG). Over an 8-week period a moderate intensity inspiratory muscle training protocol was followed in the TG, while CG followed a sham protocol. In addition maximum expiratory and inspiratory pressure, mobility of the diaphragm and diaphragmatic thickness were evaluated by ultrasound. RESULTS: After training, in TG maximal inspiratory pressure, maximal expiratory pressure, diaphragm thickness, and mobility increased by 37%, 13%, 11%, and 9% respectively, and their values were significantly higher than CG (p < .005, p = .013, p = .001, and p = .001). CONCLUSION: Inspiratory muscle training of moderate intensity improves respiratory muscle strength, diaphragm thickness, and diaphragm mobility in elderly women and it should be considered to minimize changes associated with senescence.

The expansion of the pulmonary rib cage during breath stacking is influenced by age in obese women.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze in obese women the acute effects of the breath stacking technique on thoraco-abdominal expansion. DESIGN AND METHODS: Nineteen obese women (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2)) were evaluated by anthropometry, spirometry and maximal respiratory muscle pressures and successively analyzed by Opto-Electronic Plethysmography and a Wright respirometer during quiet breathing and breath stacking maneuvers and compared with a group of 15 normal-weighted healthy women. The acute effects of the maneuvers were assessed in terms of total and compartmental chest wall volumes at baseline, end of the breath stacking maneuver and after the maneuver. Obese subjects were successively classified into two groups, accordingly to the response during the maneuver, group 1 = prevalent rib cage or group 2 = abdominal expansion. RESULTS: Age was significantly lower in group 1 than group 2. When considering the two obese groups, FEV1 was lower and minute ventilation was higher only in group 2 compared to controls group. During breath stacking, inspiratory capacity was significant differences in obese subjects with a smaller expansion of the pulmonary rib cage and a greater expansion of the abdomen compared to controls and also between groups 1 and 2. A significant inverse linear relationship was found between age and inspiratory capacity of the pulmonary rib cage but not of the abdomen. CONCLUSIONS: In obese women the maximal expansion of the rib cage and abdomen is influenced by age and breath stacking maneuver could be a possible therapy for preventing respiratory complications.

Evaluation of lung function and deposition of aerosolized bronchodilators carried by heliox associated with positive expiratory pressure in stable asthmatics: a randomized clinical trial.

While administration of medical aerosols with heliox and positive airway pressure are both used clinically to improve aerosol delivery, few studies have differentiated their separate roles in treatment of asthmatics. The aim of this randomized, double blinded study is to differentiate the effect of heliox and oxygen with and without positive expiratory pressure (PEP), on delivery of radiotagged inhaled bronchodilators on pulmonary function and deposition in asthmatics. 32 patients between 18 and 65 years of age diagnosed with stable moderate to severe asthma were randomly assigned into four groups: (1) Heliox + PEP (n = 6), (2) Oxygen + PEP (n = 6), (3) Heliox (n = 11) and (4) Oxygen without PEP (n = 9). Each group received 1 mg of fenoterol and 2 mg of ipratropium bromide combined with 25 mCi (955 Mbq) of Technetium-99m and 0.9% saline to a total dose volume of 3 mL placed in a Venticis II nebulizer attached to a closed, valved mask with PEP of 0 or 10 cm H2O. Both gas type and PEP level were blinded to the investigators. Images were acquired with a single-head scintillation camera with the longitudinal and transverse division of the right lung as regions of interest (ROIs). While all groups responded to bronchodilators, only group 1 showed increase in FEV1%predicted and IC compared to the other groups (p < 0.04). When evaluating the ROI in the vertical gradient we observed higher deposition in the middle and lower third in groups 1 (p = 0.02) and 2 (p = 0.01) compared to group 3. In the horizontal gradient, a higher deposition in the central region in groups 1 (p = 0.03) and 2 (p = 0.02) compared to group 3 and intermediate region of group 2 compared to group 3. We conclude that aerosol deposition was higher in groups with PEP independent of gas used, while bronchodilator response with Heliox + PEP improved FEV1 % and IC compared to administration with Oxygen, Oxygen with PEP and Heliox alone. Trial registration NCT01268462.