[Effects of feeding deoxynivalenol contaminated wheat to piglets]. / Fütterungseinfluss von Deoxynivalenol-belastetem Weizen bei Ferkeln.

Effects of the mycotoxin deoxnivalenol (DON) on weaned piglets were investigated. Two feeding trials were conducted with naturally contaminated wheat in the ration. In the first trial as preliminary study weaned piglets were fed for one week with 7.7 mg DON per kg ration, intake of DON contaminated diets was not associated with any obvious negative health effects. Also in the main feeding trial with 3 mg DON per kg ration no vomiting and other negative clinical symptoms could be registered. The feed intake and the daily weight gains were significantly lower in the DON fed group when compared with control group, but the feed conversion rates were slightly improved in group fed DON.

[Not Available]. / Metabolisierung von Deoxynivalenol beim Schwein: Bestimmung von DON und DOM-1 im Urin vom Schwein.

This paper describes a feeding study with 7 pigs, which were fed with deoxynivalenol contaminated oats at a level of 0.23 mg/kg body mass/day over 16 experiment days. The contamination level of consumed feed was 14.4 mg DON/kg in the ration. The parallel control group of 7 pigs were fed with DON free oats. Urine samples were taken each two days. The content of DON and DOM-1 (de-epoxy deoxynivalenol) in urine was determined. The mean concentration of DON in urine of animals in trial group was 580 µg/l, whereas DOM-1 32 µg/l.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: In einer Fütterungsstudie wurden Schweine in zwei Gruppen zu je 7 Tieren mit kontaminiertem (Versuchsgruppe) und unbelastetem Getreide (Kontrollgruppe) gefüttert. Die Gesamtkonzentration von DON in der Ration der Versuchsgruppe war 14.4 mg/kg. Die Tagesdosis betrug in der Versuchsgruppe 0.23 mg/kg Körpermasse und Tag. Der Versuch dauerte 16 Tage, jeden zweiten Tag wurde der Spontanharn gesammelt. Die Urinproben wurden auf DON und DOM-1 analysiert. Für die Analyse der Urinproben bzw. des Futtermittels wurde eine HPLC-MS Methode verwendet.

A survey of fumonisins (B1, B2, B3) in Indonesian corn-based food and feed samples.

In this paper a survey is described for determination of contamination level of fumonisins (B(1), B(2), B(3)) in Indonesian cornbased feed and food samples. The survey was conducted from February to May 2001. Foodstuffs, which are consumed directly such as snacks and other products, were investigated for fumonisin contamination. Of 105 food and feed samples purchased from local retail stores and local poultry shops around Yogyakarta, Java, Indonesia were analyzed using ELISA. Results indicate that 74.3% of samples analyzed were contaminated in a large range of 10.0 - 3307 µg/kg, and the concentration of fumonisins depends on the type of samples. Detection limit of the method used was 9 µg/kg.From eight food samples of maize flour, and corn-based beverages and cereals, none was contaminated (below detection limit). For food samples of industrial products (19 samples), 13 were contaminated in the range of 22.8 - 105 µg/kg and 19 of 20 samples from home made products were contaminated between 12.9 - 234 µg/kg. The food samples contaminated in highest level occurred in corn. Of ten samples, 6 were contaminated from 68.0 - 2471 µg/kg. For feed samples, 17 corn samples were evaluated. Of those samples, 16 contained in a large range of 17.6 - 3306 µg/kg.

Residues of ochratoxin A in pet foods, canine and feline kidneys.

The occurrence of ochratoxin A (OTA) in canned (26 samples) as well as dry pet foods (17 samples) for cats and dogs was investigated. In addition, 26 feline kidney samples with or without kidney alterations were surveyed for OTA-residues. The separation and detection of OTA was carried out by an isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography system based on reversed phase with fluorescence detection. After homogenization and extraction steps, immuno-affinity columns were applied for sample clean up. OTA could be detected in 47% (n=40) of the pet food samples. Those found positive contained generally low amounts of OTA (0.1-0.8 microg/kg original substance). Higher levels were only detected in two pet food samples (3.2 and 13.1 microg/kg toxin, respectively). Low concentrations of ochratoxin A could also be found iIn tissue of cat kidneys, with 16 of the analysed kidneys (n=26) being positive. The concentration levels were between 0.35 and 1.5 microg/kg OTA in tissue. No relation between pathological findings and ochratoxin levels in feline kidneys could be assessed.

The use of yeast for microbial degradation of some selected mycotoxins.

Several biodegradation experiments were carried out using 10 different yeast strains.Saccharomyces spp., Kluyveromyces spp. andRhodotorula spp. were tested for biodegradation of selected mycotoxins (ochratoxin A, nivalenol, deoxynivalenol and fumonisin B1) standardsin vitro. There was confirmed that some yeast strains are able to degrade some mycotoxins. However, great differences between individual strains were observed. Moreover, 12Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains were tested for their potential capability to degrade zearalenone and fumonisins in Sabouraud broth. Two strains were capable to degrade zearalenone totally, one strain decreased the mycotoxin concentration up to 25%, and one strain up to 75% of original amount. Two strains were capable to degrade fumonisins partially.

Natural occurrence of aflatoxin B1 in some Indonesian food and feed products in Yogyakarta in year 1998-1999.

A survey was conducted between 1998-1999 to evaluate the level of aflatoxin B1 (AfB1) contamination in some selected Indonesian food products, mainly peanuts and peanut products for sale in supermarkets or traditional markets in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Quantitative analysis was carried out on 118 samples using the ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) technique. The results indicate that (61.1%) samples were contaminated with AfB1 at range 2.0 to 249.0 µg/kg. Approximately 50% of the baby food products analysed were contaminated with AfB1 and the maximum level found was 7.0 µg/kg. In corn products and fermented products, AfB1 was detected in 66.7 and 50.0% of samples, respectively. A level as high as 5.6 µg/kg of AfB1 was found in the corn and 6.0 µg/kg in fermented product. AfB1 was also detected in all rice products, feed products, and other processed products at levels of up to 7.0, 27.0, and 26.0 µg/kg, respectively.

Investigation on the biodegradability of mycotoxins nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON) in a rusitec fermentor and their monitoring by HPLC/MS.

Biodegradation of two B-trichothecenes nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON) have been studied in a RUSITEC (rumen simulation technique) system. The fermentation studies were carried out in vessels containing the rumen fluid. To reach steady state an adaptation period of one week was carried out. The mycotoxin standards were then added into the fermentor in a concentration of 1ppm NIV and 2ppm DON. The kinetics of NIV and DON biodegradability during the fermentation process were monitored by using a rapid HPLC method combined with a mass spectrometer and an atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI(-)) interface. Also the effect of mycotoxin addition on different parameters such as ammonia production, pH, gas production and volatile fatty acids have been studied.

Study on biodegradation of some A- and B-trichothecenes and ochratoxin A by use of probiotic microorganisms.

In vitro biodegradation experiments were done using some probiotic microorganisms. DifferentSaccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacilli andBacilli strains were tested for their ability to degrade Nivalenol (NIV), Deoxynivalenol (DON), Diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), T2-Toxin and Ochratoxin A (OTA). The concentrations of selected mycotoxins were in the range of natural occurring toxin contaminations (1ppm for NIV and DON, 500ppb for DAS and T-2 and 50ppb for OTA). No alteration of concentrations could be registered for the tested trichothecenes. The best results could be achieved in experiments with OTA by up to 94% detoxification. Influence of toxins on colony forming unit of all tested microorganisms were recorded. Especially T-2 toxin and DAS have a slowing effect on growth of some strains.

The effect of high and low doses of ochratoxin A in feed on growing chicken.

Effects of high and low dose of ochratoxin A (OTA) as pure toxin supplemented to feed were investigated on the performance of growing chicken. Two groups were fed with different doses of chemical pure OTA 0.5 ppm and 5 ppm in feed and the effects of toxin on body and organ weights were studied and compared with control group. No effects were observed by feeding 0.5 ppm OTA, whereas 5 ppm had a negative effect on the daily body mass gain. OTA in feed had a negative effect on the daily body mass gain. In contrary nephrotoxic effects could be observed by feeding the naturally OTA contaminated feed with only 0.2 ppm of OTA produced byPenicillium verrucosum.

High-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry as a new tool for the determination of the mycotoxin zearalenone in food and feed.

A new method for the determination of the mycotoxin zearalenone (ZON) in food and feed, based on HPLC-MS with an atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization (APCI) interface after extraction from cereals and clean-up by either conventional solid-phase or immunoaffinity cartridge is presented. The APCI interface parameters are optimized to provide detection of ZON with maximum sensitivity after RP separation of ZON on a C18 column with acetonitrile-water (40:60, v/v) at 1 ml/min column flow without split. Using APCI-MS detection, the sensitivity of the method was improved by a factor of ca. 50 in comparison to HPLC with fluorescence detection, allowing determination of ZON down to 0.12 microgram/kg maize which is well below present threshold values. Due to the selectivity of MS detection, it also was possible to quantitatively determine ZON both in raw extracts without clean-up using a normal-size (100 mm) chromatographic column or using only a short (20 mm) chromatographic column, when a clean-up was done to minimize possible interferences.