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Nitridophosphates are in the focus of current research interest due to their structural versatility and properties, such as ion conductivity, ultra-incompressibility and luminescent properties when doped with suitable activator ions. Multinary representatives often require thorough investigation due to the competition with the thermodynamically more stable binary and ternary compounds. Another point of concern is the synthetic control of structural details, which is usually limited by conventional bottom-up syntheses. In this study, we report on the synthesis and characterization of the quaternary nitridophosphate CaLi2PN3. Various synthesis protocols were used for the preparation of CaLi2PN3, including the novel nitridophosphate double salt approach. The crystal structure was solved and refined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data and confirmed by Rietveld refinement, solid-state NMR spectroscopy, EDX measurements and low-cost crystallographic calculations. The experimental results were corroborated by DFT calculations, which revealed the electronic band structure. Formation energy calculations allowed conclusions to be drawn about the stability in comparison to the initial ternary nitridophosphates. The synthesis of CaLi2PN3 exemplifies the enormous potential of medium-pressure syntheses in the field of nitridophosphate research. Furthermore, the presented new synthesis route allows a certain degree of structural control, which is a promising addition to previous synthesis strategies in nitridophosphate chemistry.
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BACKGROUND: Buprenorphine is an effective and safe treatment for opioid use disorder, but the requirement for moderate opioid withdrawal symptoms to emerge prior to initiation is a significant treatment barrier. CASE PRESENTATION: We report on two cases of hospitalized patients with severe, active opioid use disorder, in which we initiated treatment with transdermal buprenorphine over 48 h, followed by the administration of a single dose of sublingual buprenorphine/naloxone and then extended-release subcutaneous buprenorphine. The patients did not experience precipitated withdrawal and only had mild withdrawal symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: This provides preliminary evidence for a rapid induction strategy that may improve tolerability, caregiver burden, and treatment retention as compared to previous induction strategies.
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Administração Cutânea , Buprenorfina , Preparações de Ação Retardada , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias , Humanos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/tratamento farmacológico , Buprenorfina/administração & dosagem , Buprenorfina/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Adulto , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias/tratamento farmacológico , Antagonistas de Entorpecentes/administração & dosagem , Antagonistas de Entorpecentes/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Tratamento de Substituição de Opiáceos/métodos , Injeções Subcutâneas , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Analgésicos Opioides/administração & dosagem , Analgésicos Opioides/efeitos adversos , Combinação Buprenorfina e Naloxona/administração & dosagem , Combinação Buprenorfina e Naloxona/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Nitridophosphates, with their primary structural motif of isolated or condensed PN4 tetrahedra, meet many requirements for high performance materials. Their properties are associated with their structural diversity, which is mainly limited by this specific building block. Herein, we present the alkaline earth metal nitridophosphate oxide Ba3[PN3]O featuring a trigonal planar [PN3]4- anion. Ba3[PN3]O was obtained using a hot isostatic press by medium-pressure high-temperature synthesis (MP/HT) at 200â MPa and 880 °C. The crystal structure was solved and refined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data in space group R 3 â¾ ${\bar 3}$ c (no. 167) and confirmed by SEM-EDX, magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR, vibrational spectroscopy (Raman, IR) and low-cost crystallographic calculations (LCC). MP/HT synthesis reveals great potential by extending the structural chemistry of P to include trigonal planar [PN3]4- motifs.
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Tetrahedron-based nitrides offer a wide range of properties and applications. Highly condensed nitridophosphates are examples of nitrides that exhibit fascinating luminescence properties when doped with Eu2+, making them appealing for industrial applications. Here, we present the first nitridomagnesophosphate solid solution series Ba3-xSrx[Mg2P10N20] : Eu2+ (x=0-3), synthesized by a high-pressure high-temperature approach using the multianvil technique (3â GPa, 1400 °C). Starting from the binary nitrides P3N5 and Mg3N2 and the respective alkaline earth azides, we incorporate Mg into the P/N framework to increase the degree of condensation κ to 0.6, the highest observed value for alkaline earth nitridophosphates. The crystal structure was elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and solid-state NMR. DFT calculations were performed on the title compounds and other related highly condensed nitridophosphates to investigate the influence of Mg in the P/N network. Eu2+-doped samples of the solid solution series show a tunable narrow-band emission from cyan to green (492-515â nm), which is attributed to the preferred doping of a single crystallographic site. Experimental confirmation of this assumption was provided by overdoping experiments and STEM-HAADF studies on the series as well on the stoichiometric compound Ba2Eu[Mg2P10N20] with additional atomic resolution energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) mapping.
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A series of isostructural imidonitridophosphates AE2AlP8N15(NH) (AE=Ca, Sr, Ba) was synthesized at high-pressure/high-temperature conditions (1400 °C and 5-9 GPa) from alkaline-earth metal nitrides or azides Ca3N2/Sr(N3)2/Ba(N3)2 and the binary nitrides AlN and P3N5. NH4F served as a hydrogen source and mineralizing agent. The crystal structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and feature a three-dimensional network of vertex-sharing PN4-tetrahedra forming diverse-sized rings that are occupied by aluminum and alkaline earth ions. These structures represent another example of nitridophosphate-based networks that simultaneously incorporate AlN6-octahedra and alkaline-earth-centered polyhedra, with aluminum not participating in the tetrahedra network. They differ from previously reported ones by incorporating non-condensed octahedra instead of strongly condensed octahedra units and contribute to the diversity of multicationic nitridophosphate network structures. The results are supported by atomic resolution EDX mapping, solid-state NMR and FTIR measurements. Eu2+-doped samples show strong luminescence with narrow emissions in the range of green to blue under UV excitation, marking another instance of Eu2+-luminescence within imidonitridophosphates.
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High-pressure, high-temperature (HP/HT) syntheses are essential for modern high-performance materials. Phosphorus nitride, nitridophosphate, and more generally nitride syntheses benefit greatly from HP/HT conditions. In this contribution, we present the first systematic in situ investigation of a nitridophosphate HP/HT synthesis using the reaction of zinc nitride Zn3N2 and phosphorus(V) nitride P3N5 to the nitride semiconductor Zn2PN3 as a case study. At a pressure of 8 GPa and temperatures up to 1300 °C, the reaction was monitored by energy-dispersive powder X-ray diffraction (ED-PXRD) in a large-volume press at beamline P61B at DESY. The experiments investigate the general behavior of the starting materials under extreme conditions and give insight into the reaction. During cold compression and subsequent heating, the starting materials remain crystalline above their ambient-pressure decomposition points, until a sufficient minimum temperature is reached and the reaction starts. The reaction proceeds via ion diffusion at grain boundaries with an exponential decay in the reaction rate. Raising the temperature above the minimum required value quickly completes the reaction and initiates single-crystal growth. After cooling and decompression, which did not influence the resulting product, the recovered sample was analyzed by energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy.
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Experiments on physical continuum robot are the gold standard for evaluations. Currently, as no commercial continuum robot platform is available, a large variety of early-stage prototypes exists. These prototypes are developed by individual research groups and are often used for a single publication. Thus, a significant amount of time is devoted to creating proprietary hardware and software hindering the development of a common platform, and shifting away scarce time and efforts from the main research challenges. We address this problem by proposing an open-source actuation module, which can be used to build different types of continuum robots. It consists of a high-torque brushless electric motor, a high resolution optical encoder, and a low-gear-ratio transmission. For this article, we create three different types of continuum robots. In addition, we illustrate, for the first time, that continuum robots built with our actuation module can proprioceptively detect external forces. Consequently, our approach opens untapped and under-investigated research directions related to the dynamics and advanced control of continuum robots, where sensing the generalized flow and effort is mandatory. Besides that, we democratize continuum robots research by providing open-source software and hardware with our initiative called the Open Continuum Robotics Project, to increase the accessibility and reproducibility of advanced methods.
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Objectives: Fentanyl is a highly potent opioid and has, until recently, been considered an unwanted contaminant in the street drug supply among people who use drugs (PWUD). However, it has become a drug of choice for an increasing number of individuals. This systematic review evaluated intentional non-medical fentanyl use among PWUD, specifically by summarizing demographic variance, reasons for use, and resulting patterns of use. Methods: The search strategy was developed with a combination of free text keywords and MeSH and non-MeSH keywords, and adapted with database-specific filters to Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and PsychINFO. Studies included were human studies with intentional use of non-medical fentanyl or analogues in individuals older than 13. Only peer-reviewed original articles available in English were included. Results: The search resulted in 4437 studies after de-duplication, of which 132 were selected for full-text review. Out of 41 papers included, it was found that individuals who use fentanyl intentionally were more likely to be young, male, and White. They were also more likely to have experienced overdoses, and report injection drug use. There is evidence that fentanyl seeking behaviours are motivated by greater potency, delay of withdrawal, lower cost, and greater availability. Conclusions: Among PWUD, individuals who intentionally use fentanyl have severe substance use patterns, precarious living situations, and extensive overdose history. In response to the increasing number of individuals who use fentanyl, alternative treatment approaches need to be developed for more effective management of withdrawal and opioid use disorder. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42021272111.
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ABSTRACT: Buprenorphine extended-release (BUP-XR) provides sustained delivery of buprenorphine to control withdrawal and craving symptoms in the form of a monthly injectable and has been shown to improve health outcomes in patients with opioid use disorder. It is recommended that patients are stabilized with a transmucosal buprenorphine product, for at least 7 days per the product monograph; however, clinically, this timeline may be expedited. We report a case of a hospitalized patient with unregulated fentanyl use who underwent a successful transdermal buprenorphine induction for 48 hours to initiate BUP-XR with minimal levels of withdrawal and without precipitating opioid withdrawal. The approach described could provide a practical, patient-centered, accelerated induction strategy that, once independently validated, could considerably facilitate the use of BUP-XR.
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Buprenorfina , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides , Humanos , Buprenorfina/uso terapêutico , Antagonistas de Entorpecentes/uso terapêutico , Preparações de Ação Retardada/uso terapêutico , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/tratamento farmacológico , Fentanila , Analgésicos Opioides/uso terapêutico , Naltrexona/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
The prevalence of suicide attempts and suicidal ideation among university students is a global concern. Cultural values, social determinants, religion, and especially growing stress all play an important role in this. This systematic review aimed to identify potential protective and risk factors thought to be associated with suicidal ideation among students in the Eastern Mediterranean region and highlight the importance of developing an effective health care response. MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO, WHO Global Health Library, IMEMR, Web of Science Core Collections and Farsi and Arabic databases were searched for papers in English, Farsi, and Arabic. A combination of validated filters, free text keywords, and Mesh and Non-Mesh terms were used to retrieve relevant literature. A total of 2774 papers were found after the search, 257 selected for full-text review, and 72 papers included in the final review. Family and peer support play a potential protective role in the development of suicidal ideation among university students, while adverse life events, bullying, depression, anxiety, and other mental health conditions were identified as risk factors. Suicidality was likely under-reported due to stigma around social and cultural factors. Factors involving religion and culture may act as both protective and risk factors and require more in-depth investigation. The student population in the Eastern Mediterranean region face many challenges. The common theme of suicidality emerged as an indicator of an imbalance of resources and stress, which needs to be addressed proactively, given a most likely underreporting of suicidal ideation and attempts due to stigma.
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Oxonitridophosphates exhibit the potential for broad structural diversity, making them promising host-compounds in phosphor-converted light-emitting diode applications. The novel monophyllo-oxonitridophosphate ß-MgSrP3 N5 O2 was obtained by using the high-pressure multianvil technique. The crystal structure was solved and refined based on single-crystal X-ray diffraction data and confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction. ß-MgSrP3 N5 O2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Cmme (no. 67, a=8.8109(6), b=12.8096(6), c=4.9065(3) Å, Z=4) and has a structure related to that of Ba2 CuSi2 O7 . DFT calculations were performed to investigate the phase transition from α- to ß-MgSrP3 N5 O2 and to confirm the latter as the corresponding high-pressure polymorph. Furthermore, the luminescence properties of Eu2+ doped samples of both polymorphs were investigated and discussed, showing blue and cyan emission, respectively (α-MgSrP3 N5 O2 ; λmax =438â nm, fwhm=46â nm/2396â cm-1 ; ß-MgSrP3 N5 O2 ; λmax =502â nm, fwhm=42â nm/1670â cm-1 ).
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Buprenorphine is an effective medication for the treatment of opioid use disorder. However, the traditional method of buprenorphine induction requires a period of abstinence and the development of at least moderate withdrawal, which can be barriers in starting treatment. We present the case of a hospitalized patient with opioid use disorder using unregulated fentanyl, who underwent a transdermal buprenorphine induction over 48 hours to initiate sublingual buprenorphine/naloxone on the third day. The patient experienced minimal levels of withdrawal and did not experience precipitated withdrawal. The ease of use of this novel induction method over previously published induction protocols can greatly improve the accessibility of buprenorphine for patients and healthcare staff.
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Buprenorfina , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias , Humanos , Analgésicos Opioides/uso terapêutico , Combinação Buprenorfina e Naloxona/uso terapêutico , Buprenorfina/uso terapêutico , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/tratamento farmacológico , Administração Sublingual , Antagonistas de Entorpecentes/uso terapêutico , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias/tratamento farmacológico , Naloxona/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Both social exclusion and loneliness are aversive experiences that can lead to hostile behavioral reactions, including aggressive behavior. This study aimed to assess whether a social exclusion scenario in the subject's imagination elicits aggressive reactions towards an excluding person as measured with the hot sauce paradigm. Furthermore, we studied the effect of loneliness on such reactions. In total, 251 subjects (67.7% female; mean age 27.3 ± 9.3 years) participated in this study which was based on an online survey. After trait loneliness was assessed with the UCLA Loneliness scale at baseline, two imaginary scenarios were presented in randomized order, i.e., an exclusion condition (with one of two working colleagues excluding the participant from a social activity) and an inclusion condition (without exclusion). Following each scenario, participants had the task to allocate the amount of hot sauce to each colleague that they find appropriate. Participants distributed significantly more hot sauce to the excluder than to the includers. The amount of hot sauce was significantly correlated with loneliness for all includer interactions (i.e., after the inclusion as well as the exclusion scenario), but not for the interaction with the excluder. Our results support the hypothesis that social exclusion elicits aggressive behavior. Interestingly, the experience of loneliness seems to be associated with an increase in aggressive behavioral tendencies or a lack of their inhibition. The cognitive and/or emotional processes underlying the interplay between social exclusion, loneliness and aggression should be a focus of future research.
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Intenção , Solidão , Humanos , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Masculino , Solidão/psicologia , Isolamento Social/psicologia , Emoções , Agressão/psicologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: A central concept of attachment theory is that early experiences with close attachment figures shape the way we interact with and relate to other social partners throughout life. As such, early experiences of childhood maltreatment (CM) have been suggested as a key precursor of adult insecure attachment representations. As CM has been linked to feelings of loneliness in adulthood, this study examines whether insecure attachment could explain the relationship between CM and loneliness. Also, the moderating role of a diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder (PDD) is investigated, a disorder characterized by high levels of CM and loneliness. METHOD: 60 patients with PDD (DSM-5) and 60 gender- and age-matched non-clinical control participants (NC) completed self-report questionnaires measuring attachment, loneliness, and CM. Mediation analyses (PDD as a moderator) were performed. RESULTS: PDD patients reported higher levels of CM, attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, and loneliness than NC. CM was positively associated with loneliness in both groups. Mediation analyses demonstrated that the relationship between CM and loneliness was mediated by avoidant, but not anxious attachment, regardless of a diagnosis of PDD. LIMITATIONS: Caution when interpreting these results is crucial as the study lacked a clinical control group, relied on self-report measures, and the cross-sectional design limits the ability to draw causal inferences. CONCLUSIONS: All constructs studied were present to a greater degree in PDD. Above, findings provide initial evidence that avoidant attachment may explain the relationship between CM and loneliness. Potentially, adult avoidant attachment may lead to and maintain feelings of loneliness, regardless of PDD.
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Maus-Tratos Infantis , Transtorno Depressivo , Adulto , Criança , Doença Crônica , Estudos Transversais , Depressão/diagnóstico , Humanos , Solidão , Apego ao ObjetoRESUMO
We propose a segment design that combines two distinct characteristics of tendon-driven continuum robots, i.e. variable length and non-straight tendon routing, into a single segment by enabling rotation of its backbone. As a result, this segment can vary its helical tendon routing and has four degrees-of-freedom, while maintaining a small-scale design with an overall outer diameter of 7 mm thanks to an extrinsic actuation principle. In simulation and on prototypes, we observe improved motion capabilities, as evidenced by position redundancy and follow-the-leader deployment along spatially tortuous paths. To demonstrate the latter on a physical prototype, a simple, yet effective area-based error measure for follow-the-leader deployment is proposed to evaluate the performance. Furthermore, we derive a static model which is used to underpin the observed motion capabilities. In summary, our segment design extends previous designs with minimal hardware overhead, while either archiving similar accuracy in position errors and planar follow-the-leader deployment, or exhibiting superior motion capabilities due to position redundancy and spatial follow-the-leader deployment.
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A new species, Allium sulaimanicum, is described from northern Balochistan and southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan based on morphological, molecular, and cytological studies. The new species is characterised by long runner-like cylindrical rhizomes of adult plants, cylindrical bulbs, linear leaves with minute soft hairs along veins, campanulate perigonium, and white to creamy white, ovate to elliptical, 4.5-5-mm-long acute tepals, with brownish to purplish nerves, stamens as long as to slightly longer than tepals, yellow to brick red anthers, hexagonal ovary, and white and papillate/warty along angles. The presence of long herbaceous rhizomes indicated serious isolation of the new species; hence, a new section Sulaimanicum is proposed to accommodate the new species. The new species is diploid with a chromosome number of 2n = 16. Detailed morphological description, illustrations, phylogenetic analyses based on sequences of plastid spacers (rpl32-trnL (UAG) and trnQ-rps16) and nuclear ITS, karyotype features, and a distribution map of the new species are provided.
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AIM: First use of opioids often happens in adolescence and an increasing number of opioid overdoses are being reported among youth. The purpose of this narrative review was to present the treatment approaches for youth with high-risk opioid use, determine whether the literature supports the use of opioid agonist treatment among youth and identify evidence for better treatment outcomes in the younger population. METHODS: A search of the literature on PubMed using MeSH terms specific to youth, opioid use and treatment approaches generated 1436 references. Following a screening process, 137 papers were found to be relevant to the treatment of high-risk opioid use among youth. After full-text review, 19 eligible studies were included: four randomized controlled trials, nine observational studies and six reviews. RESULTS: Research for the different treatment options among youth is limited. The available evidence shows better outcomes in terms of retention in care and cost-effectiveness for opioid agonist treatment than abstinence-based comparisons. Integrating psychosocial interventions into the continuum of care for youth can be an effective way of addressing comorbid psychiatric conditions and emotional drivers of substance use, leading to improved treatment trajectories. CONCLUSIONS: From the limited findings, there is no evidence to deny youth with high-risk opioid use the same treatment options available to adults. A combination of pharmacological and youth-specific psychosocial interventions is required to maximize retention and survival. There is an urgent need for more research to inform clinical strategies toward appropriate treatment goals for such vulnerable individuals.
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Analgésicos Opioides , Adolescente , Adulto , Analgésicos Opioides/efeitos adversos , Análise Custo-Benefício , Humanos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Buprenorphine/naloxone (Suboxone) is a current first-line treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD). The standard induction method of buprenorphine/naloxone requires patients to be abstinent from opioids and therefore experience withdrawal symptoms prior to induction, which can be a barrier in starting treatment. Rapid micro-induction (micro-dosing) involves the administration of small, frequent does of buprenorphine/naloxone and removes the need for a period of withdrawal prior to the start of treatment. This study aims to compare the effectiveness and safety of rapid micro-induction versus standard induction of buprenorphine/naloxone in patients with OUD. METHODS: This is a randomized, open-label, two-arm, superiority, controlled trial comparing the safety and effectiveness of rapid micro-induction versus standard induction of buprenorphine/naloxone for the treatment of OUD. A total of 50 participants with OUD will be randomized at one Canadian hospital. The primary outcome is the completion of buprenorphine/naloxone induction with low levels of withdrawal. Secondary outcomes are treatment retention, illicit drug use, self-reported drug use behaviour, craving, pain, physical health, safety, and client satisfaction. DISCUSSION: This is the first randomized controlled trial to compare the effectiveness and safety of rapid micro-induction versus standard induction of buprenorphine/naloxone. This study will thereby generate evidence for a novel induction method which eliminates substantial barriers to the use of buprenorphine/naloxone in the midst of the ongoing opioid crisis. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04234191; date of registration: January 21, 2020; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04234191.