RESUMO
We measured the effects of açai oil in the diets of prepartum cows to evaluate health, milk production and quality. Sixteen Holstein cows were divided into two groups: SOY used as control, and AÇAI, test group. Occurred inclusion of 4% soybean or açai oils was provided in the concentrate starting at 20 days prepartum [d -20 to d 0 (partum-day)]. The AÇAI diet increased (P=0.01) milk production (d 10 and 20) and reduced somatic cell count (d 20). In milk, no effects were detected (P≥0.10) for concentration of fat, lactose or protein as well as in terms of serum concentration of calcium, albumin or triglycerides. AÇAI diet tended to increase (P=0.09) serum concentrations of total protein, glutathione transferase (d 4), and total antioxidant capacity (d 4 and 10) and increased (P≤0.05) globulin, gamma-glutamyl transferase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (d 4). Further, AÇAI diet reduced the serum concentration of creatine kinase (P≤0.05) (d 0, 4 and 10), reactive oxygen species (d 0 and 4) and lipoperoxidation (d 0) and tended to reduce aspartate transaminase activity (P=0.07; d 0 and 4). Açai oil in the diets in prepartum cows improved their health as well as milk production and quality.
Assuntos
Lactação , Leite , Animais , Bovinos , Contagem de Células , Dieta/veterinária , Feminino , TriglicerídeosRESUMO
RESUMEN Objetivo. Evaluar si la calidad del calostro se modifica por las características genéticas, fisiológicas y de manejo en el período preparto, así como evaluar si la calidad y composición del calostro se alteran en el proceso de congelación. Material y métodos. En el experimento I, se recogieron muestras de calostro y sangre de 35 vacas (18 Holstein y 17 Jersey). En el experimento II, se recolectaron seis muestras de calostro de vacas Holstein y se congelaron durante 60 días. Resultados. La concentración media de inmunoglobulina G (IgG) fue de 77.65 mg/ml en Jersey y de 82.77 mg/ml en Holstein. La genética, el orden de parto y la interacción entre estos factores no fueron significativos en la concentración de IgG en el calostro. Además, se observó un efecto genético de la vaca en el peso en la cría al nacer y en los tres días de edad (p<0.0001). Con respecto a la transmisión de inmunidad pasiva de terneros, no se observaron efectos de la raza de la vaca y el orden de parto en la concentración de proteínas plasmáticas de la ternera, así como después de tres días de congelación. Las razas de becerros Holstein (83%) y Jersey (82%) mostraron niveles de proteína sérica total por encima de 5.5 g/dL. Las vacas Holstein alojadas en potreros individuales con suplementos dietéticos, proporcionaron una mejor calidad de calostro (93.57 mg IgG/mL). Con el tiempo, el porcentaje de grasa cambió al congelarse, que se redujo con el tiempo (p<0.05) en el Experimento II. Conclusiones. El manejo previo al parto influye en la calidad del calostro, y la congelación no interfiere en la calidad centesimal e inmunológica del calostro, con excepción de la grasa, que disminuye a lo largo del tiempo.
ABSTRACT Objective. The aims of this study were to assess whether colostrum quality is modified by genetic, physiological and management characteristics in the pre-partum period, as well as evaluate whether quality and composition of colostrum is altered in the freezing process. Material and methods. In the experiment I, colostrum and blood samples of 35 cows (18 Holstein and 17 Jerseys) were collected. In the experiment II, six colostrum samples of Holstein cows were collected and frozen during 60 days. Results. The mean immunoglobulin (Ig) concentration was 77.65 mg/ml to Jersey and 82.77 mg/ml to Holstein. The genetic, parturition order, and the interaction between these factors were no significant on IgG concentration in the colostrum. Also, it was observed an effect genetic of cow in the weight on calf at birth and on three days of age (p<0.0001). Regarding transmission of calf passive immunity, no effects of cow breed and calving order were observed on plasma protein concentration of calf, as well as after three days of freezing. Calves of Holstein (83%) and Jersey (82%) breed showed total serum protein levels above 5.5 g/dL. Holstein cows housed in individual paddocks with diet supplementation provided better quality of colostrum (93.57 mg Ig/mL). Over time, the percentage of fat reduced at freezing, that reduced over time (p<0.05) in Experiment II. Conclusions. The pre-partum management exerts influence on colostrum quality, and the freezing not interfere on centesimal and immunological quality of colostrum, with exception the fat, that decrease along the time.
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Colostro , Imunoglobulina G , Bovinos , ImunidadeRESUMO
We determined whether thymol supplementation of would minimize the negative effects of Aeromonas hydrophila infection on branchial energy metabolism, weight loss and mortality in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). We found that the infected fish all died, while 62.5% of those supplemented with 100 mg/kg thymol survived. Cytosolic and mitochondrial creatine kinase (CK) activities, as well as adenylate kinase (AK) and pyruvate kinase (PK) activities were significant lower in gills of A. hydrophila-infected fish than those of the control group, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels were significant lower in the infected group. Finally, branchial reactive oxygen species (ROS) were significant higher in A. hydrophila-infected fish than in the control group. Supplementation with 100 and 300 mg thymol/kg diet prevented inhibition of branchial cytosolic and mitochondrial CK activities caused by infection, and also inhibited the reduction of branchial ATP levels. Supplementation with 100, 200 and 300 mg thymol/kg prevented the inhibition of branchial AK and PK activities induced by aeromonosis. Supplementation of 100 mg thymol/kg prevented weight loss after A. hydrophila infection. These data suggest that supplementation with 100 mg thymol/kg exerts potent bactericidal properties and augments longevity. Supplementation at all concentrations of thymol prevented A. hydrophila-induced branchial bioenergetics; nevertheless, higher concentrations were associated with side-effects.
Assuntos
Aeromonas hydrophila/fisiologia , Doenças dos Peixes/microbiologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/veterinária , Timol/administração & dosagem , Trifosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Carpas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Carpas/metabolismo , Carpas/microbiologia , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Metabolismo Energético/efeitos dos fármacos , Doenças dos Peixes/metabolismo , Doenças dos Peixes/mortalidade , Doenças dos Peixes/fisiopatologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/metabolismo , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/microbiologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/mortalidade , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismoRESUMO
Thymol is an herbal food additive used to improve animal performance. Thymol acts via its potential to enhance productive and reproductive performance, and by improving bioavailability of nutrients in fish. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms associated with these phenomena remain poorly understood, although recent evidence has suggested the involvement of the phosphotransfer network and antioxidant status. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether the improvement of the antioxidant/oxidant status and the phosphoryl transfer network may be involved in enhanced growth performance in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fed with various levels of thymol (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg feed). Thymol-supplementation (100 mg/kg feed) produced higher body weight and weight gain for 60-day post-feeding compared to the control group. Specific growth rate was higher; while feed conversion ratio was lower in fish that consumed 100 mg of thymol/kg compared to other groups. Hepatic lactate dehydrogenase activity and lipid peroxidation levels were lower in the thymol-supplemented group (100 mg/kg feed) than in the control group, while reactive oxygen species were lower in all supplemented groups than in the control group. Hepatic superoxide dismutase (300 mg/kg feed) and glutathione peroxidase (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg feed) activities, as well as antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (100 mg/kg feed) were higher in these groups than in the control group. Based on these data, we conclude that 100 mg thymol/kg dietary supplementation increased growth performance of fingerling grass carp. Finally, hepatic adenylate kinase activity was lower in the thymol supplemented group (100 mg/kg feed) than in the control group. Thymol supplementation (100 mg/kg feed) improved hepatic energy metabolism, while practically all tested concentrations of thymol enhanced hepatic antioxidant status, all of which may be pathways involved in increased growth performance in fingerling grass carp.
Assuntos
Carpas/fisiologia , Suplementos Nutricionais , Metabolismo Energético/fisiologia , Timol , Ração Animal , Animais , Antioxidantes , Dieta , Glutationa Peroxidase/metabolismo , Peroxidação de Lipídeos , Fígado/metabolismo , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismoRESUMO
Neospora caninum is a protozoan that has tropism for the central nervous system. The aim of this study was to determine whether experimental infection of gerbils would interfere with activity of enzymes associated with energy metabolism. We randomized 20 gerbils into two groups (ten animals per group): the control group (healthy animals; uninfected) and the infected group (experimentally infected with dose 7.8â¯×â¯102 tachyzoites of N. caninum per gerbil). On day six and twelve post-infection (PI), brain and spleen tissues were collected for biochemical and histopathological analyses. No histopathological lesions were observed in the brains of infected animals; however, inflammatory infiltrates were found in the spleen. Significantly greater levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were observed in the brain and spleen of infected gerbils than in the control group at 12 days PI. Cytosolic creatine kinase (CK-CYT), mitochondrial creatine kinase (CK-MIT), and pyruvate kinase (PK) activities were lower in the brains of infected gerbils than in those of the control group on day 12 PI. There was significantly less CK-CYT activity in the spleens of infected gerbils on day 6 and 12 PI. Finally, there was significantly less sodium-potassium ion pump (Na+/K+ ATPase) activity in the brains and spleens of infected gerbils on day 12 PI. These data suggest that experimental infection with N. caninum interfered with energy metabolism associated with ATP homeostasis in the brain and spleen, directly or indirectly, apparently mediated by ROS overproduction, contributing to inhibition of Na+/K+ ATPase activity.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/enzimologia , Coccidiose/enzimologia , Metabolismo Energético , Neospora , Baço/enzimologia , Animais , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/patologia , Coccidiose/metabolismo , Creatina Quinase/metabolismo , Citosol/enzimologia , Gerbillinae , Masculino , Mitocôndrias/enzimologia , Piruvato Quinase/metabolismo , Distribuição Aleatória , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , ATPase Trocadora de Sódio-Potássio/metabolismo , Baço/química , Baço/patologiaRESUMO
Two experiments were performed to determine whether oral administration of copper oxide capsules controlled helminthic infections in Lacaune sheep without acute collateral effects on animal health. In experiment 1, 48 multiparous lactating sheep (60.1⯱â¯8.5â¯kg) were stratified according to initial number of eggs (Haemonchus contortus) per gram of feces (EPG) and were assigned randomly to 1 of two treatments (24 sheep/treatment): no oral administration (control) or oral administration of two copper capsules (treated; approximately 58â¯mg copper/kg body weight). Blood and fecal samples were collected on days 0, 15 and 45. Animals treated with copper capsules showed lower of EPG, eosinophils, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in whole blood, and lower butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity in serum. Treated sheep had higher erythrocyte numbers, hemoglobin concentrations, hematocrit, and lymphocyte numbers. In experiment 2, 12 male lambs negative for helminths and coccidia were assigned randomly to one of two treatments (six lambs/treatment): control or treated (one copper capsule; approximately 58â¯mg copper/kg body weight); the experiment was designed to determine whether the results of experiment 1 were due to treatment or parasitism. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 5, 10 and 15 and fecal samples were collected on days 0, 7 and 15. Treated animals showed greater concentrations of lymphocytes; however, treatment had no effect on other hemogram variables, AChE and BChE activities, or levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, creatinine, urea, albumin, total protein, and reactive oxygen species. These data suggest that copper capsules in dairy sheep efficiently controlled H. contortus infections. Treatment was not harmful to lambs during the first 15 days, i.e. there were no signs of acute toxicity.
Assuntos
Cobre/administração & dosagem , Hemoncose/veterinária , Helmintíase Animal/tratamento farmacológico , Lactação , Doenças dos Ovinos/tratamento farmacológico , Acetilcolinesterase/sangue , Administração Oral , Animais , Butirilcolinesterase/sangue , Cápsulas , Cobre/uso terapêutico , Indústria de Laticínios , Resíduos de Drogas , Eosinófilos/efeitos dos fármacos , Contagem de Eritrócitos/veterinária , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Hemoncose/tratamento farmacológico , Hemoncose/prevenção & controle , Helmintíase Animal/sangue , Helmintíase Animal/prevenção & controle , Hematócrito/veterinária , Hemoglobinas/análise , Contagem de Linfócitos/veterinária , Masculino , Leite/química , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas/veterinária , Paridade , Distribuição Aleatória , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/sangue , Doenças dos Ovinos/parasitologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/prevenção & controleRESUMO
The objective of this study was to determine whether supplementing the diets of laying hens with selenomethionine (SM, 1% selenium) improves performance and egg quality. We supplemented diets with SM as follows: T0 control (without SM); T5, T10, T15, and T20 were supplemented with 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg of SM/kg of feed, respectively (equal to 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 mg selenium/kg of feed). T5 and T10 hens showed better feed conversion per kg of egg, percentage of laying, higher daily feed intake, and higher average egg weight. The eggs of hens supplemented with SM had lower levels of lipoperoxidation (LPO) in fresh (T15 and T20) and stored eggs (T20). Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, as well as total antioxidant capacity were greater in egg yolks after storage (T10; T15; T20 compared to T0). Hens supplemented with SM had elevated GPx and SOD activities and decreased oxidative reactions. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Selenium has several nutraceutical properties, with beneficial effects on the health of the animal and the food produced from them (eggs, in this case). Selenomethionine supplementation in the diet of laying hens improves productive efficiency, stimulates the antioxidant system and reduces lipid peroxidation in the egg yolk. Egg-laying hens that received selenomethionine showed minimized lipid peroxidation in stored eggs, possibly improving shelf life of the eggs.
Assuntos
Galinhas/metabolismo , Ovos/análise , Selenometionina/administração & dosagem , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Antioxidantes , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Gema de Ovo/química , Feminino , Armazenamento de Alimentos , Glutationa Peroxidase/metabolismo , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Selênio/análise , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismoRESUMO
The objective of this study was to determine whether the addition of açai (Euterpe oleracea) oil in the diets of lactating sheep under heat stress exerted beneficial effects on health as well as milk production and quality. Eighteen multiparous Lacaune sheep (2 or 3 parities; 28-30 days of lactation; average milk production of 1.7â¯L/sheep/day) were stratified by parity and milk production and were assigned randomly to 1 of 2 treatments (9 sheep/treatment): diet supplemented with 2% of soybean oil (SOY) or 2% of açai oil (AÇAI) in the concentrate for 14 days. The amount of oil added in the diet was equivalent to 0.65% of the total diet (dry matter basis). Blood and milk samples were collected on days 1, 10 and 14. On day 14, the AÇAI group sheep had lower serum concentrations of leukocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes than did the SOY group sheep. On day 14, AÇAI group sheep had lower serum concentration of triglycerides and urea, milk concentration of fat and total solid and milk lipid peroxidation than did SOY group sheep. However, on day 14, AÇAI group sheep had higher serum concentrations of glucose and globulin, serum and milk antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals, milk production and productive efficiency than did SOY group sheep. The fatty acids profile in milk did not differ between groups. These data suggest that açai oil improved the antioxidant activity in serum and milk and improved milk production and quality in dairy sheep under heat stress.
Assuntos
Suplementos Nutricionais , Euterpe , Transtornos de Estresse por Calor/metabolismo , Lactação/efeitos dos fármacos , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/metabolismo , Animais , Contagem de Células Sanguíneas , Dieta/veterinária , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Feminino , Transtornos de Estresse por Calor/sangue , Transtornos de Estresse por Calor/veterinária , Peroxidação de Lipídeos , Leite/química , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/sangueRESUMO
Bacterial infections require special care since the indiscriminate use of antibiotics to treat them has been linked to the emergence of resistant strains. In this sense, phytoterapeutic alternatives such as curcumin and its nanocapsules have emerged as a promising supplement in optimizing availability of bioactives and reducing the development of antimicrobial resistance. Thus, the aim of this study was to verify the effects of pure and nanoencapsulated curcumin in the treatment of experimental listeriosis in gerbils regarding many aspects including antibacterial effect, antioxidant mechanisms involved and the energetic metabolism. Four groups were used containing 6 animals each: T0 (control), T1 (infected), T2 (infected and treated with free curcumin - dose of 30â¯mg/kg/day) and T3 (infected and treated with nanocapsules containing curcumin - a dose of 3â¯mg/kg/day). Treated animals received curcumin for 6 consecutive days starting 24â¯h after Listeria monocytogenes infection. All animals were euthanized on the 12th day after L. monocytogenes infection. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) identified L. monocytogenes DNA in the spleens of all animals of the T1 group, as well as T2 (2 out of 6) and T3 (5 out of 6). The weight of the spleens confirmed the infection, since it was larger in the T1 group, differing statistically from T0, and similarly to T2 and T3. Hepatic histopathological examination showed mild infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages, except for the T3 group (only 1/6). In the liver, the pyruvate kinase activity was higher in T1 and T2 compared to T0 and T3. The adenylate kinase activity did not differ between groups. The Na+/K+ATPase activity was lower in T1 group compared to T0 and T3. Lipoperoxidation was lower in the T3 group compared to groups T0, T1 and T2. The antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals was higher in T1, T2 and T3 groups compared to T0. In conclusion, free curcumin showed potent antibacterial effects; however, the nanoencapsulated form was able to minimize the effects caused by L. monocytogenes regarding tissue injury, changes on enzymes of the energetic metabolism, in addition to an antioxidant effect against lipoperoxidation.
Assuntos
Curcumina/administração & dosagem , Curcumina/uso terapêutico , Listeria monocytogenes/efeitos dos fármacos , Listeriose/tratamento farmacológico , Listeriose/veterinária , Nanocápsulas/química , Adenosina Trifosfatases , Adenilato Quinase/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Curcumina/química , Suplementos Nutricionais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Gerbillinae , Homeostase/efeitos dos fármacos , Inflamação , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Listeriose/microbiologia , Fígado/patologia , Ácidos Polimetacrílicos/química , Ácidos Polimetacrílicos/farmacologia , Ácidos Polimetacrílicos/uso terapêutico , Piruvato Quinase/efeitos dos fármacos , ATPase Trocadora de Sódio-Potássio/efeitos dos fármacos , Baço/patologiaRESUMO
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of grape residue flour (GRF) on antioxidant activities, biochemistry variables, components of the immune system and milk production and quality of Lacaune sheep in heat stress. Twenty-seven multiparous lactating sheep [50⯱â¯1.8 days (d) milking] were stratified by initial body weight, age, date of lambing and milk production and assigned randomly to 1 of 3 treatments (9 sheep/treatment): no GRF supplementation (control group) or supplementation at 1% (10â¯g/kg GRF) or 2% (20â¯g/kg GRF) of GRF (bark and seed) in the concentrate (grains and minerals mixture). Each ewe received 0.8â¯kg/d of concentrate, 3.6â¯kg/d of corn silage, and 0.25â¯kg/d of Cynodon spp hay. Milk production along with blood and milk samples were collected on d 1, 10 and 15. The 2% GRF sheep had increased serum concentrations of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity on d 15 compared to control sheep. Over time (d 10 to 15), lipid peroxidation was reduced in 2% GRF sheep. Total serum antioxidant capacity was greater in 2% GRF sheep compared to control sheep on d 10 and 15. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity in milk samples were greater in 2% GRF sheep compared to control sheep. Supplementation with GRF did not affect milk production but GRF sheep were more efficient compared to control sheep. Protein and lactose concentrations were similar between treatments, but total solids and fat concentrations were greater in 2% GRF sheep compared to control sheep on d 15. Somatic cell count was reduced in GRF sheep compared to control sheep. In summary, supplementation with 2% GRF in dairy sheep in heat stress resulted in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses, which improved milk quality and reduced somatic cell count and lipid peroxidation.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Resposta ao Choque Térmico , Leite/metabolismo , Carneiro Doméstico/fisiologia , Vitis , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Feminino , Transtornos de Estresse por Calor/veterinária , Lactação , Estresse Oxidativo , Vitis/químicaRESUMO
The aims of this study were to investigate whether treatments with zinc edetate (Zn) and diphenyl diselenide ((PhSe)2) enhance performance, immune responses, protein metabolism, and oxidant/antioxidant status in calf serum and muscle. Animals were divided into four groups (n=6 each): control (without supplementation), and groups supplemented on days 50 and 70 of life with (PhSe)2, Zn, and a combination of (PhSe)2 and Zn. Animals treated with (PhSe)2 gained more weight by experimental day 220 than did the control group, but there was no difference by the end of the experiment (day 300). The absolute number of leukocytes and lymphocytes increased in groups Zn and (PhSe)2+Zn on day 20 of experiment, but decreased on day 40 in groups (PhSe)2, and (PhSe)2+Zn. The number of monocytes decreased in all groups compared with control. One of the principal findings was that (PhSe)2+Zn together had beneficial effects on protein metabolism, represented by increases total protein and globulin levels, compared with the control group. The combination of (PhSe)2 and Zn led to low levels of TBARS and ROS in serum and muscle, and stimulated antioxidant enzyme activities. Thus, supplementation with (PhSe)2+Zn may be a compelling approach to augmenting the calf antioxidant system during weaning.
Assuntos
Derivados de Benzeno/administração & dosagem , Bovinos/fisiologia , Ácido Edético/administração & dosagem , Compostos Organosselênicos/administração & dosagem , Desmame , Zinco/administração & dosagem , Fatores Etários , Animais , Antioxidantes/análise , Peso Corporal , Sistema Imunitário/efeitos dos fármacos , Injeções Subcutâneas/veterinária , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Malondialdeído/sangue , Músculos/metabolismo , Proteínas/metabolismo , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Selênio/administração & dosagem , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Glycerol monolaurate (GML), known as lauric acid, is a chemical compound formed from lauric acid and glycerol that presents strong antimicrobial activity. Therefore, our hypothesis is that MGL can replace conventional antimicrobials, being a new alternative to poultry farming. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the addition of GML as a replacement for antibiotics could have positive effects on health and performance of broiler chickens. For this, 240, one-day-old, Cobb 500 broiler chicks were weighed and randomly distributed into four groups with four repetitions each (nâ¯=â¯15). The control group, T0, received a basal diet containing antibiotic (60â¯ppm of bacitracin), while the T100, T200, and T300 groups received a basal diet supplemented with 100, 200, and 300â¯mg/kg of GML, respectively. The birds were weighed at intervals of seven days, as well as at the end of the experiment (day 42). Blood samples were collected for evaluating animal health, stool for counting bacteria and coccidian, as well as muscle (chest) to measure meat quality, respectively. At the end of the experiment (day 42), body weight, weight gain, and daily weight gain of broiler chickens in the T300 group were higher than the T0 group (Pâ¯<â¯0.05). Indeed, feed conversion was lower compared to T0. Animals that received diets containing GML showed lower amounts of Eimeria spp. oocysts on day 42 in comparison to the control group. Low total bacterial counts on day 21 of the experiment were also observed in the treated groups. Conversely, plasma levels of total protein, globulins, uric acid, and glucose were higher in animals that received GML when compared to the control group. It was also observed higher carcass yields in the breast muscle of the T100 group when compared to other groups. Lower water holding capacity was observed in breast meat of animals of the groups T100, T200, and T300 when compared to T0. Histopathological findings were compatible with coccidiosis, and the degree of these lesions did not differ among groups. Based on these results, GML in the diets of broiler chickens, showing potent antimicrobial effect, growth promoter capacity, and lack of toxicity. Therefore, GML is a promising alternative to replace conventional antimicrobials used in the diets of broiler chickens.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/administração & dosagem , Galinhas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Dieta/métodos , Lauratos/administração & dosagem , Monoglicerídeos/administração & dosagem , Animais , Anti-Infecciosos/efeitos adversos , Análise Química do Sangue , Peso Corporal , Dieta/efeitos adversos , Fezes/microbiologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Qualidade dos Alimentos , Lauratos/efeitos adversos , Carne , Monoglicerídeos/efeitos adversos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the addition of grape pomace flour (GPF) in the diet of laying hens at the end of the productive cycle and on heat stress could exert benefits on their health and performance, as well as egg quality. For this, 74-week-old laying hens (nâ¯=â¯64) were divided into four groups with four repetitions each, as follow: T0 (the control group; without GPF), T1 (1% GPF), T2 (2% GPF) and T3 (3% GPF) during 35 days. Percentage of laid eggs was higher in the group T1 compared to T0, and the feed intake was higher in the groups T1, T2 and T3 compared to T0. There was no difference regarding the chemical-physical composition of fresh eggs; however, eggs from GPF-fed chickens showed changes after storage regarding specific gravity, yolk index, pH of yolk, albumen and Haugh unit compared to T0. Fresh or stored egg yolk from GPF groups showed higher antioxidant capacity and lower lipid peroxidation compared to T0. GPF (3%) prevented the reduction of monounsaturated fatty acids in the yolk of stored eggs compared to T0. Glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities, as well as total antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals were higher in the serum of laying hens that received GPF compared to T0, while lipid peroxidation was lower. In summary, the addition of GPF in the diet for laying hens at the end of the productive cycle can be beneficial for animal health and exerted positive effects in their performance and egg quality.
Assuntos
Dieta/veterinária , Ovos/análise , Resposta ao Choque Térmico/efeitos dos fármacos , Preparações de Plantas/farmacologia , Vitis , Ração Animal , Animais , Galinhas , Ácidos Graxos , Feminino , Glutationa Peroxidase/sangue , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Peroxidação de Lipídeos , Soroglobulinas/análise , Superóxido Dismutase/sangue , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/análiseRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the metaphylactic effect of minerals on immunological and antioxidant responses, as well as performance and prevention of coccidiosis in newborn lambs. We divided 110 newborn lambs into two groups (55/group): control (untreated) and treated with two doses of 0.33â¯mL/kg of a mineral complex (zinc, copper, selenium, and manganese) on day of life (DOL) 1 and 30. Total blood was collected at DOL 1, 15, 30 and 45 to measure antioxidant enzymes, biochemical and immunology analyses, and haemogram. Treated animals were heavier (Pâ¯<â¯.05) than untreated lambs on DOL 15 and 45, but not on DOL 30 due to a coccidiosis outbreak. Catalase activity did not differ between groups, while superoxide dismutase and xanthine oxidase activities were higher (Pâ¯<â¯.05) in treated lambs compared with control animals. Serum levels of total protein and globulins were higher (Pâ¯<â¯.05) in treated animals (DOL 15, 30 and 45). A significant increased on the number of lymphocytes (DOL 45), as well as on seric levels of immunoglobulins (IgM and IgG) was observed in treated animals (DOL 15 and 30). Serum Ig levels remained constant throughout the experiment in the treated group, but fluctuated in the control group. Serum glucose levels were greater in treated animals (DOL 15 and 30). It is possible to conclude that subcutaneous administration of minerals has beneficial effects on lambs by increasing antioxidant and immunological defenses, reflected by greater weight gain, which could mitigate the impact of coccidiosis.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Coccidiose/veterinária , Minerais/metabolismo , Doenças dos Ovinos/prevenção & controle , Aumento de Peso/efeitos dos fármacos , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Coccidiose/imunologia , Coccidiose/prevenção & controle , Dieta/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Minerais/administração & dosagem , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/imunologiaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a phytogenic feed additive (PFA) based on essential oils such as carvacrol, thymol and cinnamic aldehyde, could be considered a replacement for antimicrobials used as growth promoters in broiler chickens, as well as to investigate its effect on total bacterial count, biochemical profiles, meat quality and meat fatty acid profile. A total of 240 broiler chicks were randomly distributed into 4 groups with 4 replicates of 15 animals each, as follow: T1 (basal diet only; the control group), T2 (basal diet supplemented with zinc bacitracin), T3 (basal diet with 0.5% of the PFA), T4 (basal diet with 1.0% of the PFA). The addition of 0.5% of the PFA improved live body weight of supplemented birds compared to the control group at 35 and 42 days of age, while the total bacterial count in the environment was reduced when 1.0% of the PFA was used. In addition, intestinal villi height and crypt depth suffered variations during the entire experiment in birds treated with both concentrations of the PFA and zinc bacitracin. Total erythrocyte counts were higher on days 14, 28 and 42 in both treated groups (PFA) compared to the control group, as well as hemoglobin content on days 28 and 42. On the other hand, leukocyte counts were lower on days 14, 28 and 42 due to reduced lymphocyte counts in both PFA treated groups compared to the control group. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were lower in broilers fed with either concentration of PFA on day 14 of life, and the same was observed regarding aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in broiler treated with 0.5% of the PFA. Also, total protein and globulin levels were lower on days 14 and 28 in groups fed with phytogenic compared to the control group. Regarding meat quality, breast meat showed higher red intensity and shear force in groups fed with both concentrations of phytogenic compared to the control group, while weight loss by cooking was lower. Finally, 1.0% of phytogenic showed lower docosadienoic acid (C22:2) content in breast meat. In conclusion, results showed that the use of PFAs based on carvacrol and thymol may be considered an interesting alternative to increase broilers performance, replacing the use of antimicrobials as growth promoters, as well as an interesting alternative to reduce the total bacterial count in the environment of broiler chickens. Moreover, the diet containing phytogenic also showed hepaprotective effects but deserves attention regarding possible alterations on the immune response.
Assuntos
Acroleína/análogos & derivados , Anti-Infecciosos/administração & dosagem , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Peso Corporal , Aditivos Alimentares/administração & dosagem , Monoterpenos/administração & dosagem , Timol/administração & dosagem , Acroleína/administração & dosagem , Alanina Transaminase/sangue , Animais , Aspartato Aminotransferases/sangue , Bactérias/classificação , Carga Bacteriana , Análise Química do Sangue , Galinhas , Cimenos , Microbiologia AmbientalRESUMO
Abstract Objective. Due to the increased parasitic resistance, there is a need to explore alternative insecticides, including natural products, such essential oils. In this sense, the aim of this study was to evaluate, for the first time, the insecticidal and repellent effect of Cinnamomun zeylanicum (free and nanoemulsion forms) in vitro and in vivo. Materials and methods. For that, the insecticidal effect of the free form was tested at 1.0, 5.0 and 10%, while the nanoemulsion form was tested at 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0% against adult house flies, Musca domestica. For validation of the test, the flies were sprayed with the diluent (water and triton 10%) and with blank nanoemulsion (without C. zeylanicum essential oil). Moreover, in vivo test was performed using cows naturally infested with Haemotobia irritans. Results. The results demonstrated that cinnamon oil (10%) and the nanoemulsion (5%) were 100% effective against M. domestica after 90 minutes of exposure. The repellent effect was tested in vivo using 5% of cinnamon oil on Holstein cows naturally infested by Haemotobia irritans. The flies were counted at 0, 1, 2, 3, 9 and 24 h after cinnamon oil treatment. It was verified significant decrease (p<0.05) in the number of flies on cows sprayed with cinnamon in all times. Conclusions. Based on these results, C. zeylanicum showed insecticidal effect (in vitro) against domestic flies and repellent effect (in vivo) against the horn fly.
Resumen Objetivo. Debido a la mayor resistencia parásita, hay una necesidad de explorar insecticidas alternativos, incluidos los productos naturales, tales como aceites esenciales. En este sentido, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar, para el primer equipo, el efecto insecticida y repelente de Cinnamomum zeylanicum (formas libres y nanoemulsión) in vitro e in vivo. Materiales y métodos. Para ello, el efecto insecticida de la forma libre se ensayó a 1.0, 5.0 y 10%, mientras que la forma nanoemulsión se ensayó a 0.5, 1.0 y 5.0% frente a las moscas domésticas adultas, Musca domestica. Para la validación de la prueba, las moscas fueron rociados con el diluyente (agua y triton 10%) y con nanoemulsión en blanco (sin aceite esencial de C. zeylanicum). También, fueron realizados pruebas in vivo usando vacas naturalmente infestadas con Haemotobia irritans. Resultados. Los resultados demostraron que el aceite de canela (10%) y la nanoemulsión (5%) fueron 100% eficaz contra M. domestica después de 90 minutos de exposición. El efecto repelente se ensayó in vivo usando 5% de aceite de canela en vacas Holstein, naturalmente infestados por Haemotobia irritans. Se contaron las moscas a las 0, 1, 2, 3, 9 y 24 h después del tratamiento el aceite de canela. Se verificó disminución significativa (p<0.05) en el número de moscas vivas de vacas canela pulverizada en todo momento. Conclusiones. En base a estos resultados, C. zeylanicum mostró un efecto insecticida (in vitro) contra las moscas domésticas y efecto repelente (in vivo) contra la mosca de los cuernos.
Assuntos
Bovinos , Cinnamomum zeylanicum , Nanotecnologia , Dípteros , Inseticidas , Repelentes de InsetosRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of subcutaneous supplementation with diphenyl diselenide ((PhSe)2) in dairy sheep infected with gastrointestinal nematodes on animal health and possible damage to environment when the feces of these animals will be used for fertilizing. Materials and methods. The experiment was performed using 16 primipara dairy sheep, that were divided into two groups: the group A as control and the group B supplemented with 3 µmol/kg of (PhSe)2 subcutaneously. Blood samples were used to determine the hepatic function, as well as the protein and lipid metabolism in animals. Feces were used to determine the number of helminths eggs per gram of feces (EPG), as well as used for ecotoxicology tests. Results. The (PhSe)2 supplementation not affected the helminths reproduction, since the EPG did not differ (p>0.05) between groups. Total protein and globulin levels increase (p<0.05) in supplemented animals, while the seric alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels decrease (p<0.05) in the end of experimental design. Cholesterol levels increase (p<0.05) in the supplemented animals, while triglycerides, albumin and urea not differ between groups (p>0.05). The feces of supplemented sheep not interfered the springtails reproduction. Conclusions. At the administered dose, the (PhSe)2 is not able to control the parasitism, however, it did increase the globulins and cholesterol levels, that are important to immune response and for sheep reproduction, respectively. Also, the feces of supplemented animals with (PhSe)2 can be used as organic fertilizing, without negative impacts to environment.
RESUMEN Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la influencia de la suplementación subcutánea con diselenuro de difenilo (PhSe)2 en ovejas lecheras infectadas con nematodos sobre la salud animal y posible daño al ambiente cuando las heces de estos animales se utilicen para fertilizar. Materiales y métodos. El experimento se realizó utilizando 16 ovejas lecheras, que se dividieron en dos grupos: el grupo A se usó como control y el grupo B se suplementó con 3 µmol/kg of (PhSe)2 vía subcutánea. Se utilizaron muestras de sangre para determinar la función hepática, así como el metabolismo de proteínas y lípidos en animales. Las heces se utilizaron para determinar el número de huevos por gramo de heces (EPG), así como para las pruebas de ecotoxicología. Resultados . La suplementación (PhSe)2 no afectó la reproducción de helmintos. Los niveles totales de proteína y globulina aumentan (p<0.05) en los animales suplementados, mientras que los niveles séricos de alanina aminotransferasa (ALT) disminuyen (p<0.05) al final del diseño experimental. Los niveles de colesterol aumentan (p<0.05) en los animales suplementados, mientras que los triglicéridos, la albúmina y la urea no difieren entre los grupos (p>0.05). Las heces de ovejas suplementadas no interferían en la reproducción de las colas de caballo. Conclusiones. A la dosis administrada, el (PhSe)2 no es capaz de controlar el parasitismo; sin embargo, aumenta los niveles de globulinas y colesterol, que son importantes para la respuesta inmune y para la reproducción, respectivamente. Las heces de animales suplementados pueden usarse como fertilizantes orgánicos, sin impactos negativos en ambiente.
RESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the addition of curcumin in the diet of commercial laying hens could have an anticoccidial action and improve egg quality. For this, 60 laying hens were divided into three groups: T0 (the control group); T30 and T50 (30 and 50â¯mg/kg of curcumin in the feed, respectively). Eggs recently laid were collected on days 14 and 21 of the experiment, and stored for 21â¯days. It was observed increased specific gravity and yolk index in stored eggs of the groups T30 and T50 compared to T0. The yolk color reduced in the eggs stored from groups T30 and T50 compared to T0. Moreover, TBARS levels were lower in fresh and stored eggs from groups T30 and T50. It was observed increased TAC levels in fresh eggs from groups T30 and T50 and in stored eggs from the group T50. The presence of curcumin was not detected by HPLC in the yolk and albumen. Seric levels of albumin and uric acid did not differ between groups, while seric levels of total proteins increased on day 21 on groups T30 and T50. Finally, it was observed a significant reduction on the number of oocysts in fecal samples on days 14 and 21 of T30 and T50 compared to T0. Based on these evidences, it is possible to conclude that the addition of curcumin in the diet of laying hens has an anticoccidial effect and improves egg quality.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Galinhas , Coccidiostáticos/administração & dosagem , Curcumina/administração & dosagem , Ovos/normas , Bem-Estar do Animal , Animais , Coccidiostáticos/farmacologia , Curcumina/farmacologia , Dieta , Gema de Ovo , Feminino , ÓvuloAssuntos
Anemia Falciforme/patologia , Mediadores da Inflamação/sangue , Síndrome Torácica Aguda/sangue , Síndrome Torácica Aguda/diagnóstico , Anemia Falciforme/diagnóstico , Biomarcadores/sangue , Brasil , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Citocinas/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the capacity of pure and nanostructured cinnamon oil to control the infestation and reproductive efficiency of Rhipicephalus microplus on dairy cows. In vitro (stage I)-engorged female ticks were immersed in concentrations of 1.0, 5.0 and 10% of cinnamon oil on its pure form, and 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0% of the nanostructured form. 10% cinnamon oil (pure form) showed 100% efficacy, whereas concentrations of 1 and 5% were 62 and 97% efficacious, respectively. Nanocapsules and nanoemulsions containing cinnamon oil at 5% showed 95 and 97% efficacy, respectively. In vivo (stage II)-16 naturally tick-infested cows were divided into four groups of four animals each: Group A was composed of dairy cows sprayed with Triton (control); Group B was composed of dairy cows sprayed with cinnamon oil in its pure form (5%), whereas groups C and D were composed of dairy cows sprayed with nanocapsules and nanoemulsions, respectively, containing cinnamon oil at 0.5%. The ticks on each animal were counted on days 0, 1, 4 and 20 after spraying. Animals sprayed with pure and nanoencapsulated cinnamon oil carried significantly fewer ticks on days 1 and 4 post-treatment and were free of ticks on day 20 post-treatment. Ticks collected from these dairy cows (24 h after application) had impaired oviposition and larval inhibition, resulting in 90.5 and 100% efficacy when using pure and nanocapsules, respectively. In conclusion, the pure and nanostructured forms of cinnamon oil interfered with tick reproduction, whereas a significant acaricidal effect was found when applied onto cattle.