Demographic, social, and clinical aspects associated with access to COVID-19 health care in Pará province, Brazilian Amazon.

Internal social disparities in the Brazilian Amazon became more evident during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this work was to examine the demographic, social and clinical factors associated with access to COVID-19 health care in Pará Province in the Brazilian Amazon. This was an observational, cross-sectional, analytical study using a quantitative method through an online survey conducted from May to August 2023. People were eligible to participate if they were current residents of Pará, 18-years-old or older, with self-reported diagnoses of COVID-19 through rapid or laboratory tests. Participants completed an electronic survey was developed using Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) software-The adapted questionnaire "COVID-19 Global Clinical Platform: Case Report Form for Post-COVID Condition". Questions focused on access to COVID-19 treatment, demographic characteristics, COVID-19 vaccine and clinical characteristics. Respondent-driven sampling was applied to recruit participants. Multiple logistic regression was utilized to identify the associated factors. Overall, a total of 638 participants were included. The average age was 31.1 years. Access to COVID-19 health care was 68.65% (438/638). The participants most likely to access health care were those with moderate or severe COVID-19 (p = 0.000; OR: 19.8) and females (p = 0.001; OR: 1.99). Moreover, participants who used homemade tea or herbal medicines were less likely to receive health care for COVID-19 in health services (p = 0.002; OR: 0.54). Ensuring access to healthcare is important in a pandemic scenario.

Patterns of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in different anatomical sites among Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) users in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: The presence of untreated sexually transmitted infections (STIs) significantly increases the chance of acquiring HIV. In Brazil, testing for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) among Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) users is insufficient, and syndromic treatment is a priority in clinical practice. Multi-site testing for CT/NG improves thescreening of asymptomatic cases and ensures timely treatment. Therefore, it is essential for HIV prevention. This study aims to test the importance of two-site testing for better screening of these pathogens and to determine whether the presence of symptoms is an indicator of CT/NG infection. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study carried out in four public infectious diseases clinics in São Paulo State, Brazil between January of 2022 and March of 2023. All participants had an anal swab and a first-pass or mid-stream urine collected for CT/NG analysis by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Data about sociodemographic, sexual behavioural and clinical aspects were collected. Pathway analysis was used to examine the direct and indirect relationships between variables according to the theoretical model. RESULTS: We screened 171 PrEP users which had two samples collected, resulting in 342 samples. Comparing the anatomic sites, the urine samples showed lower sensitivity for CT and NG than anal samples. Gonorrhoea was directly linked to lower age (ß= -0.161, p = 0.001). Time of PrEP use was directly associated with CT infection (ß = 0.202; p = 0.042) and inversely associated with dysuria (ß= -0.121, p = 0.009). Lower occurrence of yellow-green secretion was linked to detection of CT (ß= -0.089, p = 0.005) and NG (ß= -0.048, p = 0.002) infections. Foul-smelling discharge was directly associated with CT (ß = 0.275, p = 0.004) and NG (ß = 0.295, p = 0.037) infection. CONCLUSION: The symptoms are a bad indicator of CT and NG infection, and the screening must be done in more than one site since most of the positive results would be missed if only urines were tested. In the case of testing only one anatomical site, specifically the urethra, the CT/NG incidence and prevalence would be underestimated. The two-sites testing improves detection rates of CT/NG, and PrEP follow-up benefits people offering STI testing.

A pre-post quasi-experimental study: effect of an educational intervention on the quality of life, and coping strategies of people living with HIV (PLHIV).

INTRODUCTION: The current study provides people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) the support to cope with this disease and to improve their quality of life, since their longevity has significantly increased. AIM: Investigating the effect of an educational intervention on PLHIV's strategies to cope with HIV. METHODOLOGY: Quasi-experimental, before-and-after study type, whose data were collected before and after educational intervention, was carried out with 75 PLHIV at a School Outpatient Clinic. The Brazilian version of the Ways of Coping Scale was herein used. It is a questionnaire comprising 4 disease-coping domains, namely: coping focused on problem, emotion and on seeking social support and religious practices. RESULTS: There was increased use of all coping-strategy domains after the educational intervention, as well as reduced standard deviation, and it pointed out that the recorded values were grouped closer to the mean therefore showing less variability. Coping focused on social support was the strategy mostly used after the educational intervention; it was followed by strategies focused on both emotion and problem. The least used strategy was the one focused on religion/fantasy. DISCUSSION: This study identified the need of introducing a new coping strategy focused on prejudice against patients with HIV.

Uso inconsistente del preservativo masculino en hombres VIH negativos que tienen sexo con hombres / Inconsistent use of male condoms among HIV-negative men who have sex with other men / Uso inconsistente do preservativo masculino entre homens HIV negativos que fazem sexo com homens

Objetivo: analizar los factores asociados con el uso inconsistente del preservativo masculino en hombres VIH negativos que tienen sexo con hombres. Método: estudio transversal, analítico, nacional realizado de forma online en todas las regiones de Brasil, en 2020, a través de redes sociales y sitios de citas. El uso inconsistente del preservativo se definió como el uso ocasional o no usarlo nunca. Se realizaron análisis estadísticos descriptivos, pruebas de asociación y regresión logística binaria. Resultados: 1222 (85%) de los 1438 participantes informaron uso inconsistente del preservativo. Las variables "homosexuales" (ORA: 2,03; IC 95%: 1,14-3,59; p = 0,016), "tener pareja estable" (ORA: 2,19; IC 95%: 1,55-3,09; p<0,001), "sexo oral" (ORA: 2,41; IC 95%: 1,31-4,43; p = 0,005), "anal insertivo" (ORA: 1,98; IC 95%: 1,10-3,58; p = 0,023) y "diagnóstico de ITS" (ORA: 1,59; IC 95%: 1,13-2,24; p = 0,007) se asociaron de forma independiente con el uso inconsistente del preservativo masculino. Las variables "recibió consejo de un amigo sobre la prueba del VIH" (ORA: 0,71; IC 95%: 0,52-0,96; p = 0,028) y "trabajador sexual" (ORA: 0,26; IC 95%: 0,11-0,60; p = 0,002) fueron factores protectores. Conclusión: las variables estudiadas indicaron que hay una fuerte relación entre las parejas estables y el aumento de la confianza y la baja adherencia al uso del preservativo, lo que coincide con otros estudios.

Objective: to analyze the factors associated with inconsistent use of male condoms among HIV-negative men who have sex with other men. Method: a cross-sectional, analytical and nationwide study conducted online in all the Brazilian regions in 2020, via networks and in dating websites. Inconsistent condom use was defined as occasional use or as never using it. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed, as well as association and binary logistic regression tests. Results: inconsistent condom use was reported by 1,222 (85%) of all 1,438 participants. The "homosexuals" (ORAdj: 2.03; 95% CI: 1.14-3.59; p=0.016), "having a fixed partner" (ORAdj: 2.19; 95% CI: 1.55-3.09; p<0.001), "oral sex" (ORAdj: 2.41; 95% CI: 1.31-4.43; p=0.005), "insertive anal" (ORAdj: 1.98; 95% CI: 1.10-3.58; p=0.023) and "STI diagnosis" (ORAdj: 1.59; 95% CI: 1.13-2.24; p=0.007) variables were independently associated with inconsistent use of male condoms. The "receiving advice on HIV test from a friend" (ORAdj: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.52-0.96; p=0.028) and "sex worker" (ORAdj: 0.26; 95% CI: 0.11-0.60; p=0.002) variables were protective factors. Conclusion: the variables under study pointed to a strong relationship between steady partners and increased trust and low adherence to condom use, corroborating other studies.

Objetivo: analisar os fatores associados ao uso inconsistente do preservativo masculino entre homens HIV negativos que fazem sexo com homens. Método: estudo transversal, analítico, de abrangência nacional realizado on-line em todas as regiões do Brasil, em 2020, por meio de redes sociais e em sites de relacionamento. O uso inconsistente do preservativo foi definido como uso ocasional ou nunca ter usado. Foram realizadas análises estatísticas descritivas, testes de associação e regressão logística binária. Resultados: o uso inconsistente do preservativo foi relatado por 1222 (85%) dos 1438 participantes. As variáveis "homossexuais" (ORA: 2,03; IC 95%: 1,14- 3,59; p = 0,016), "ter parceiro fixo" (ORA: 2,19; IC 95%: 1,55-3,09; p<0,001), "sexo oral" (ORA: 2,41; IC 95%: 1,31-4,43; p = 0,005), "anal insertivo" (ORA: 1,98; IC 95%: 1,10-3,58; p = 0,023) e "diagnóstico de IST" (ORA: 1,59; IC 95%: 1,13-2,24; p = 0,007) foram independentemente associadas ao uso inconsistente do preservativo masculino. As variáveis "recebeu aconselhamento de amigo sobre teste de HIV" (ORA: 0,71; IC 95%: 0,52-0,96; p = 0,028) e "profissional do sexo" (ORA: 0,26; IC 95%: 0,11-0,60; p = 0,002) foram fatores de proteção. Conclusão: as variáveis estudadas apontaram uma forte relação das parcerias fixas com o aumento da confiança e uma baixa adesão ao uso do preservativo, o que corrobora com outros estudos.

Lesiones cutáneas asociadas con el uso de respiradores N95 en profesionales de la salud de Brasil durante 2020 / Skin lesions associated with the use of N95 respirators among health professionals in Brazil in 2020 / Lesões de pele associadas ao uso de respiradores N95 entre profissionais de saúde no Brasil em 2020

Objetivo: investigar la prevalencia de lesiones cutáneas y factores asociados con el uso de respiradores N95 en profesionales de la salud de Brasil. Método: estudio transversal realizado con 11.368 profesionales de la salud en el que se empleó un método de muestreo dirigido por encuestados adaptado para entornos en línea. Se ejecutaron análisis univariados y multivariados para investigar la asociación entre la variable "lesiones cutáneas por utilizar respiradores N95" y sexo, categoría profesional, lugar de trabajo, capacitación, diagnóstico de COVID-19 y disponibilidad de suficiente provisión de Equipo de Protección Personal de buena calidad. Resultados: la prevalencia de lesiones cutáneas fue del 61,8%. Las mujeres fueron 1,203 veces (IC 95%: 1,154-1,255) más propensas a desarrollar lesiones que los hombres. La probabilidad de lesiones cutáneas en psicólogos (RP=0,805; IC 95%: 0,678-0,956) y dentistas (RP=0,884; IC 95%: 0,788-0,992) fue menor en comparación con la encontrada en los profesionales de Enfermería. Los profesionales con diagnóstico positivo de COVID-19 y que trabajan en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos son más propensos a sufrir lesiones cutáneas (RP=1,074; IC 95%: 1,042-1,107); (RP=1,203; IC 95%: 1,168-1,241), respectivamente, Conclusión: la prevalencia de lesiones cutáneas causadas por utilizar respiradores N95 fue del 61,8% y estuvo asociada al sexo femenino, a la categoría profesional, al lugar de trabajo, a la capacitación, a diagnóstico de COVID-19 y a la disponibilidad de suficiente provisión de Equipo de Protección Personal de buena calidad.

Objective: to investigate the prevalence of skin lesions and factors associated with the use of N95 respirators among health professionals in Brazil. Method: cross-sectional study conducted with 11,368 health professionals using a respondent-driven sampling method adapted for online environments. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to investigate the association between the "skin lesions with the use of N95 respirators" variable and gender, professional category, workplace, training, COVID-19 diagnosis, and availability of sufficient and high-quality Personal Protective Equipment. Results: the prevalence of skin lesions was 61.8%. Women were 1.203 times (95% CI: 1.154-1.255) more likely to develop a lesion than men. The chances of skin lesions in psychologists (PR=0.805; 95% CI: 0.678-0.956) and dentists (PR=0.884; 95% CI: 0.788-0.992), were lower when compared to Nursing professionals. Professionals with a positive COVID-19 diagnosis and working in the Intensive Care Unit have an increased chance of presenting skin lesions (PR=1.074; 95% CI: 1.042-1.107); (PR=1.203; 95% CI: 1.168-1.241), respectively. Conclusion: the prevalence of skin lesions caused by the use of N95 respirators was 61.8% and was associated with female gender, professional category, workplace, training, COVID-19 diagnosis, and availability of sufficient and highquality Personal Protective Equipment.

Objetivo: investigar a prevalência de lesões de pele e fatores associados ao uso de respiradores N95 entre profissionais de saúde no Brasil. Método: estudo transversal realizado com 11.368 profissionais de saúde por meio de um método de amostragem dirigido por respondentes adaptado para ambientes online. Análises univariadas e multivariadas foram realizadas para investigar a associação entre a variável "lesão de pele com uso de respirador N95" e sexo, categoria profissional, local de trabalho, treinamento, diagnóstico de COVID-19 e disponibilidade suficiente de equipamentos de proteção individual de qualidade. Resultados: a prevalência de lesões cutâneas foi de 61,8%. As mulheres foram 1,203 vezes (IC 95%: 1.154-1.255) mais propensas a desenvolver uma lesão do que os homens. As chances de lesão de pele em psicólogos (RP=0,805; IC 95%: 0,678-0,956) e dentistas (RP=0,884; IC 95%: 0,788-0,992) foram menores quando comparados aos profissionais de Enfermagem. Profissionais com diagnóstico positivo para COVID-19 e que trabalham em Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos têm maior chance de apresentar lesões de pele (RP=1,074; IC 95%: 1,042-1,107); (RP=1,203; IC 95%: 1,168- 1,241), respectivamente. Conclusão: a prevalência de lesões de pele causadas pelo uso do respirador N95 foi de 61,8% e esteve associada ao sexo feminino, categoria profissional, local de trabalho, treinamento, diagnóstico de COVID-19 e disponibilidade suficiente de equipamentos de proteção individual de qualidade.

Factors Associated with Late Diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in a University Hospital in Brazil: Challenges to Achieving the 2030 Target.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to identify factors associated with late diagnosis and clinically monitor newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS patients. METHOD: Retrospective study, based on secondary data from a specialized unit at the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto of the University of Sao Paulo. Data collection included sociodemographic, behavioral, clinical, and laboratory data of newly diagnosed HIV patients between 2015 and 2019. Data analysis was undertaken using inferential statistical tests. RESULTS: A total of 314 individuals were newly diagnosed with HIV/AIDS, 86.6% (272) had a late diagnosis and 53.8% (169) were diagnosed very late. Using the adjusted odds ratio, we observed that bisexual and MSM patients were less likely to have a late diagnosis compared to straight patients. Individuals who entered through the emergency department and Outpatient Clinic had a lower chance of having a very late diagnosis compared to those diagnosed in the ward/inpatient unit. Having a higher education and university education were protective factors against having a very late diagnosis of HIV infection compared to elementary school education only. In addition, male patients were more likely to have a very late diagnosis compared to female patients. CONCLUSIONS: This study evidenced a high prevalence of late and very late diagnoses. Therefore, attention should be directed towards factors related to late and very late presentation.

Resilience, depression and self-efficacy among Brazilian nursing professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. / Resiliência, depressão e autoeficácia entre profissionais de enfermagem brasileiros na pandemia de COVID-19.

This aim of this study was to analyze levels of resilience, depression and self-efficacy among Brazilian nursing professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted an analytical cross-sectional study between October and December 2020. Student's t test, analysis of variance and multiple linear regression were used to investigate the impact of two main factors (Resilience and Self-efficacy) on depression. A total of 8,792 nursing professionals participated in the study; 5,124 (58.8%) had low levels of resilience. The mean overall score for Depression was 0.74, ranging from 0.59 to 0.80, while the mean overall score for Self-efficacy was 0.68, ranging from 0.56 to 0.80. The variable that had the strongest impact on depression levels was Resilience, explaining 6.6% of the outcome (p < 0.001, AdjustedR2 = 0.066). In general, respondents had low levels of resilience and self-efficacy and showed high mean depression scores. Level of resilience had an impact on depression. The findings reveal an urgent need for actions to promote the psychological health of nursing professionals working in crisis situations such as pandemics.

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar os níveis de resiliência, depressão e autoeficácia entre profissionais de enfermagem brasileiros na pandemia de COVID-19. Estudo transversal analítico realizado entre os meses de outubro e dezembro de 2020. Foram empregados o teste T de Student, a análise de variância e a regressão linear múltipla com o objetivo de investigar em que medida os dois grandes fatores (resiliência e autoeficácia) impactavam nos níveis de depressão. Participaram do estudo 8.792 profissionais de enfermagem, 5.124 (58,8%) tiveram baixos níveis de resiliência. A média da pontuação geral para "depressão" foi de 0,74 e variou de 0,59 a 0,80. A média da pontuação geral para "autoeficácia" foi de 0,68 e variou de 0,56 a 0,80. Quanto aos preditores de depressão, a variável que mais fortemente impactou os níveis de depressão foi resiliência, explicando 6,6% do desfecho (p < 0,001, R2 Ajustado = 0,066). Os participantes deste estudo tiveram, em geral, baixos níveis de resiliência e autoeficácia e maiores pontuações médias para depressão. Os níveis de resiliência impactaram a variável depressão. Urge a necessidade de ações voltadas para a promoção da saúde psicológica de profissionais de enfermagem inseridos em contextos pandêmicos.

Resiliência, depressão e autoeficácia entre profissionais de enfermagem brasileiros na pandemia de COVID-19 / Resilience, depression and self-efficacy among Brazilian nursing professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar os níveis de resiliência, depressão e autoeficácia entre profissionais de enfermagem brasileiros na pandemia de COVID-19. Estudo transversal analítico realizado entre os meses de outubro e dezembro de 2020. Foram empregados o teste T de Student, a análise de variância e a regressão linear múltipla com o objetivo de investigar em que medida os dois grandes fatores (resiliência e autoeficácia) impactavam nos níveis de depressão. Participaram do estudo 8.792 profissionais de enfermagem, 5.124 (58,8%) tiveram baixos níveis de resiliência. A média da pontuação geral para "depressão" foi de 0,74 e variou de 0,59 a 0,80. A média da pontuação geral para "autoeficácia" foi de 0,68 e variou de 0,56 a 0,80. Quanto aos preditores de depressão, a variável que mais fortemente impactou os níveis de depressão foi resiliência, explicando 6,6% do desfecho (p < 0,001, R2 Ajustado = 0,066). Os participantes deste estudo tiveram, em geral, baixos níveis de resiliência e autoeficácia e maiores pontuações médias para depressão. Os níveis de resiliência impactaram a variável depressão. Urge a necessidade de ações voltadas para a promoção da saúde psicológica de profissionais de enfermagem inseridos em contextos pandêmicos.

Abstract This aim of this study was to analyze levels of resilience, depression and self-efficacy among Brazilian nursing professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted an analytical cross-sectional study between October and December 2020. Student's t test, analysis of variance and multiple linear regression were used to investigate the impact of two main factors (Resilience and Self-efficacy) on depression. A total of 8,792 nursing professionals participated in the study; 5,124 (58.8%) had low levels of resilience. The mean overall score for Depression was 0.74, ranging from 0.59 to 0.80, while the mean overall score for Self-efficacy was 0.68, ranging from 0.56 to 0.80. The variable that had the strongest impact on depression levels was Resilience, explaining 6.6% of the outcome (p < 0.001, AdjustedR2 = 0.066). In general, respondents had low levels of resilience and self-efficacy and showed high mean depression scores. Level of resilience had an impact on depression. The findings reveal an urgent need for actions to promote the psychological health of nursing professionals working in crisis situations such as pandemics.

Human immunodeficiency virus epidemic scenery among brazilian women: a spatial analysis study.

BACKGROUND: Approximately 37.7 million people worldwide are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Although HIV detection among women, they still representing 53% of population living with the virus. Spatial analysis techniques are powerful tools for combating HIV allowing the association of the phenomenon with socioeconomic and political factors. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to spatially analyze HIV prevalence among Brazilian women from 2007 to 2020. METHODS: ecological study was conducted using secondary databases of the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) for HIV and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrom (AIDS) in Brazilian women 15 years old and over. Age-adjusted HIV/AIDS incidence rates were analyzed using spatial distribution, autocorrelation, and spatiotemporal risk analysis techniques. RESULTS: During the study period, 119,890 cases of HIV/AIDS were reported among Brazilian women. The southeastern region had a higher age-adjusted HIV/AIDS incidence than other Brazilian regions. Hotspot HIV/AIDS incidence rates decreased in all Brazil. Piauí, Paraná, and Minas Gerais were the only states with an increased number of cold spots. Previous spatiotemporal risk zones were observed in the states of São Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul, and Rio de Janeiro. Belém was a risk zone with a later spatiotemporal risk. CONCLUSIONS: The efficiency of public policies fighting HIV has not been uniform among municipalities, although HIV/AIDS cases have decreased among Brazilian women. The social determinants of health in each municipality should be considered when local health authorities implement policies. Women empowerment should be promoted, and access to preventive, diagnostic, and treatment healthcare places should be expanded and guaranteed.

Effectiveness of educational intervention among seropositive women about knowledge about HIV sexual transmission.

OBJECTIVES: to assess the effectiveness of a group and telephone educational intervention with seropositive women about knowledge about HIV sexual transmission prevention. METHODS: a quasi-experimental before-and-after study, carried out with 151 women living with HIV in a Specialized Care Service in a Brazilian capital. The educational intervention was carried out in three moments, with the assessment being carried out before the first and after the last moment. RESULTS: 97.4% of study participants were cisgender women aged between 18 and 58 years; 55.6% considered themselves brown; and 32.5% of interviewees had elementary school. Regarding knowledge about HIV sexual transmission, in 78.5% of items, there was an association (p<0.005) with increased participants' knowledge after receiving the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: the educational intervention helped to increase the knowledge of women living with HIV about the sexual transmission of the infection.

Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Barriers to HIV Testing Scale-Karolinska Version for Brazilian Men Who Have Sex With Men.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to perform the cultural adaptation and validation of the Barriers to HIV testing scale-Karolinska version for Brazilian men who have sex with men. A methodological study was conducted for cultural adaptation and validation of the scale. Reliability analyses, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and convergent and discriminant validity tests were performed. Four factors were extracted: F1, personal consequences; F2, structural barriers; F3, confidentiality; F4, economic consequences and individual concerns. Good fit indexes were obtained: (χ 2 )/GL (2.71); goodness of fit index (0.94); root-mean-square error of approximation (0.052; 90% CI [0.045-0.059]); Tucker-Lewis index (0.94); normed fit index (0.93); IFI (0.95); comparative fit index (0.95). Convergent validity results were greater than 0.7 for the four factors. The adapted version of the scale showed satisfactory reliability and validity for assessing barriers to HIV testing among men who have sex with men.

Amplified HIV Transmission Risk Among People Living With HIV in Southeast Brazil.

ABSTRACT: This study investigated the factors associated with amplified HIV transmission risk among people living with HIV from a city in southeast Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 397 people living with HIV recruited in infectious diseases clinics. Data on risk of HIV transmission, sociodemographic characteristics, sexual behaviors, professional counseling, serological HIV status, HIV-related clinical data, and beliefs about risk of HIV transmission were collected through interviews and medical records. Hierarchical ordered multinomial regression analyses were performed. Amplified HIV risk transmission was associated with lower age, alcohol consumption before having sex, illicit drug use before sexual intercourse, and not receiving professional counseling about HIV transmission. The belief that HIV can be transmitted to a partner not living with HIV was associated with lower likelihood of amplified risk for HIV transmission. Our findings suggest the importance of minimizing substance use before having sex, professional counseling, and beliefs about HIV transmission on amplified HIV risk transmission.

Barriers to Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) use for HIV: an integrative review.

OBJECTIVES: to identify and synthesize scientific evidence on the barriers and difficulties for Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) use and compliance for HIV. METHODS: an integrative literature review, using the MEDLINE/PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Academic Search Premier and Scopus (Elsevier) databases. RESULTS: all (100%) the articles included identified that PrEP users experience some type of structural barrier related to health services such as long distance from the units, suboptimal logistics for taking pills and professional resistance to prescribing PrEP. Furthermore, 63.21% identified social barriers, such as stigma about sexuality and HIV, in addition to individual barriers such as alcohol use, adverse effects, and concerns about long-term toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: the barriers to PrEP use are multifactorial. Effective interventions are needed to support PrEP users in accessing, complying with, and retaining health services.

Inconsistent use of male condoms among HIV-negative men who have sex with other men. / Uso inconsistente del preservativo masculino en hombres VIH negativos que tienen sexo con hombres.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the factors associated with inconsistent use of male condoms among HIV-negative men who have sex with other men. METHOD: a cross-sectional, analytical and nationwide study conducted online in all the Brazilian regions in 2020, via networks and in dating websites. Inconsistent condom use was defined as occasional use or as never using it. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed, as well as association and binary logistic regression tests. RESULTS: inconsistent condom use was reported by 1,222 (85%) of all 1,438 participants. The "homosexuals" (ORAdj: 2.03; 95% CI: 1.14-3.59; p=0.016), "having a fixed partner" (ORAdj: 2.19; 95% CI: 1.55-3.09; p<0.001), "oral sex" (ORAdj: 2.41; 95% CI: 1.31-4.43; p=0.005), "insertive anal" (ORAdj: 1.98; 95% CI: 1.10-3.58; p=0.023) and "STI diagnosis" (ORAdj: 1.59; 95% CI: 1.13-2.24; p=0.007) variables were independently associated with inconsistent use of male condoms. The "receiving advice on HIV test from a friend" (ORAdj: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.52-0.96; p=0.028) and "sex worker" (ORAdj: 0.26; 95% CI: 0.11-0.60; p=0.002) variables were protective factors. CONCLUSION: the variables under study pointed to a strong relationship between steady partners and increased trust and low adherence to condom use, corroborating other studies.

Skin lesions associated with the use of N95 respirators among health professionals in Brazil in 2020. / Lesiones cutáneas asociadas con el uso de respiradores N95 en profesionales de la salud de Brasil durante 2020.

OBJECTIVE: to investigate the prevalence of skin lesions and factors associated with the use of N95 respirators among health professionals in Brazil. METHOD: cross-sectional study conducted with 11,368 health professionals using a respondent-driven sampling method adapted for online environments. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to investigate the association between the "skin lesions with the use of N95 respirators" variable and gender, professional category, workplace, training, COVID-19 diagnosis, and availability of sufficient and high-quality Personal Protective Equipment. RESULTS: the prevalence of skin lesions was 61.8%. Women were 1.203 times (95% CI: 1.154-1.255) more likely to develop a lesion than men. The chances of skin lesions in psychologists (PR=0.805; 95% CI: 0.678-0.956) and dentists (PR=0.884; 95% CI: 0.788-0.992), were lower when compared to Nursing professionals. Professionals with a positive COVID-19 diagnosis and working in the Intensive Care Unit have an increased chance of presenting skin lesions (PR=1.074; 95% CI: 1.042-1.107); (PR=1.203; 95% CI: 1.168-1.241), respectively. CONCLUSION: the prevalence of skin lesions caused by the use of N95 respirators was 61.8% and was associated with female gender, professional category, workplace, training, COVID-19 diagnosis, and availability of sufficient and highquality Personal Protective Equipment. (1) The overall prevalence of skin lesions was 61.8%. (2) The most affected professional category was Nursing. (3) Women were more likely to develop skin lesions than men.

Construção e validação de um e-book sobre risco cardiovascular em pessoas vivendo com o vírus da imunodeficiência humana / Elaboración y validación de un libro electrónico sobre riesgo cardiovascular en personas que viven con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana / Construction and validation of an e-book about cardiovascular risk in people living with the human immunodeficiency virus

Resumo Objetivo Construir e validar um e-book sobre risco cardiovascular em pessoas vivendo com o vírus da imunodeficiência humana. Métodos Estudo metodológico fundamentado na teoria da pesquisa avaliativa com análise de resultado. Envolveu a produção tecnológica compreendendo as fases de análise e planejamento, modelagem, implementação e avaliação. Foram discutidos os fatores de risco cardiovascular e as estratégias para reduzi-los. O e-book foi validado por especialistas de todo o país entre outubro de 2017 e agosto de 2018 por meio do Índice de Validade de Conteúdo. Resultados Como o e-book foi escrito para atender as necessidades da população, adotou-se uma linguagem acessível para facilitar a compreensão do conteúdo. Vários aspectos do e-book foram avaliados por especialistas. Em seguida, foram analisadas as críticas e/ou sugestões mais frequentes. Após análise do IVC global, foi encontrada uma taxa de concordância de 80,5%. Todos os itens tiveram índices de concordância satisfatórios, com IVC de 86,6% para impressão geral, 96,8% para objetivo, 92,0% para conteúdo e 90,4% para relevância. Conclusão O e-book foi avaliado em diversos aspectos pelos especialistas, encontrando um índice de concordância global de 80,5%. As sugestões foram acatadas com o objetivo de garantir um material mais completo, coeso, de fácil leitura e atualizado. De acordo com a avaliação dos especialistas, o material se mostrou válido para utilização por pessoas vivendo com HIV, no entendimento de seu risco cardiovascular e conhecimento de hábitos mais saudáveis que ajudem na prevenção de doenças cardiovasculares.

Resumen Objetivo Elaborar y validar un libro electrónico sobre riesgo cardiovascular en personas que viven con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana. Métodos Estudio metodológico fundamentado en la teoría de la investigación evaluativa con análisis de resultado. Incluyó la producción tecnológica, que comprendió las fases de análisis y planificación, creación de modelo, implementación y evaluación. Se discutieron los factores de riesgo cardiovascular y las estrategias para reducirlos. El libro electrónico fue validado por especialistas de todo el país entre octubre de 2017 y agosto de 2018, mediante el Índice de Validez de Contenido. Resultados Como el libro electrónico se escribió para cubrir las necesidades de la población, se adoptó un lenguaje accesible para facilitar la comprensión del contenido. Varios aspectos del libro electrónico fueron evaluados por especialistas. Luego, se analizaron las críticas o sugerencias más frecuentes. Después de analizar el IVC global, se observó un índice de concordancia del 80,5 %. Todos los ítems tuvieron índices de concordancia satisfactorios, con un IVC del 86,6 % en impresión general, 96,8 % en objetivo, 92,0 % en contenido y 90,4 % en relevancia. Conclusión Se evaluaron diversos aspectos del libro electrónico por parte de especialistas y se observó un índice de concordancia global del 80,5 %. Se acataron las sugerencias con el objetivo de garantizar un material más completo, cohesivo, de fácil lectura y actualizado. De acuerdo con la evaluación de los especialistas, el material demostró ser válido para ser utilizado por personas que viven con el VIH, para la comprensión de su riesgo cardiovascular y el conocimiento de hábitos más saludables que ayuden a prevenir enfermedades cardiovasculares.

Abstract Objective To build and validate an e-book about cardiovascular risk in people living with the human immunodeficiency virus. Methods Methodological study based on the evaluation research theory with analysis of outcome. It involved technological production comprising the phases of analysis and planning, modeling, implementation, and evaluation. Cardiovascular risk factors and strategies to reduce them were discussed. The e-book was validated with experts from all over the country between October 2017 and August 2018 using the Content Validity Index. Results As the e-book was written to meet the needs of the population, accessible language was used for an easier understanding of the content. Several aspects of the e-book were evaluated by experts. Afterwards, the most frequent criticisms and/or suggestions were analyzed. A concordance rate of 80.5% was observed after analysis of the global CVI. All items had satisfactory agreement rates, with a CVI of 86.6% for general impression, 96.8% for objective, 92.0% for content and 90.4% for relevance. Conclusion The e-book was evaluated in several aspects by experts and a global agreement index of 80.5% was found. Suggestions were accepted aiming at ensuring a more complete, cohesive, easy to read and updated material. According to the evaluation between experts, the material proved to be valid for use by people living with HIV in order to understand their cardiovascular risk and to know healthier habits that may help in prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

Effectiveness of educational intervention among seropositive women about knowledge about HIV sexual transmission / Eficacia de la intervención educativa entre mujeres seropositivas sobre conocimientos sobre la transmisión sexual del VIH / Efetividade de intervenção educativa entre mulheres soropositivas acerca do conhecimento sobre transmissão sexual do HIV

ABSTRACT Objectives: to assess the effectiveness of a group and telephone educational intervention with seropositive women about knowledge about HIV sexual transmission prevention. Methods: a quasi-experimental before-and-after study, carried out with 151 women living with HIV in a Specialized Care Service in a Brazilian capital. The educational intervention was carried out in three moments, with the assessment being carried out before the first and after the last moment. Results: 97.4% of study participants were cisgender women aged between 18 and 58 years; 55.6% considered themselves brown; and 32.5% of interviewees had elementary school. Regarding knowledge about HIV sexual transmission, in 78.5% of items, there was an association (p<0.005) with increased participants' knowledge after receiving the intervention. Conclusions: the educational intervention helped to increase the knowledge of women living with HIV about the sexual transmission of the infection.

RESUMEN Objetivos: evaluar la efectividad de una intervención educativa grupal y telefónica con mujeres seropositivas sobre conocimientos sobre la prevención de la transmisión sexual del VIH. Métodos: estudio cuasi-experimental de antes y después, realizado con 151 mujeres viviendo con VIH en un Servicio de Atención Especializada de una capital brasileña. La intervención educativa se realizó en tres momentos, realizándose la evaluación antes del primero y después del último momento. Resultados: el 97,4% de los participantes del estudio eran mujeres cisgénero con edades entre 18 y 58 años; el 55,6% se consideraba moreno; y el 32,5% de los entrevistados tenía educación primaria. En cuanto al conocimiento sobre la transmisión sexual del VIH, en el 78,5% de los ítems, hubo asociación (p<0,005) con mayor conocimiento de los participantes después de recibir la intervención. Conclusiones: la intervención educativa ayudó a aumentar el conocimiento de las mujeres que viven con VIH sobre la transmisión sexual de la infección.

RESUMO Objetivos: avaliar a efetividade de uma intervenção educativa em grupo e por telefone com mulheres soropositivas acerca do conhecimento sobre a prevenção da transmissão sexual do HIV. Métodos: estudo quase-experimental do tipo antes e depois, realizado com 151 mulheres vivendo com HIV em um Serviço de Atenção Especializada de uma capital do Brasil. A intervenção educativa foi realizada em três momentos, com a avaliação sendo feita antes do primeiro e após o último momento. Resultados: 97,4% das participantes do estudo eram mulheres cisgênero e tinham idade entre 18 e 58 anos; 55,6% se consideravam pardas; e 32,5% das entrevistadas possuíam ensino fundamental. Em relação ao conhecimento sobre a transmissão sexual do HIV, em 78,5% dos itens, houve associação (p<0,005) com aumento do conhecimento das participantes após receberem a intervenção. Conclusões: a intervenção educativa colaborou para o aumento do conhecimento das mulheres vivendo com HIV sobre a transmissão sexual da infecção.

Barriers to Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) use for HIV: an integrative review / Barreras para el uso de la Profilaxis Previa a la Exposición (PrEP) para el VIH: una revisión integradora / Barreiras para o uso da Profilaxia Pré-Exposição (PrEP) ao HIV: uma revisão integrativa

ABSTRACT Objectives: to identify and synthesize scientific evidence on the barriers and difficulties for Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) use and compliance for HIV. Methods: an integrative literature review, using the MEDLINE/PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Academic Search Premier and Scopus (Elsevier) databases. Results: all (100%) the articles included identified that PrEP users experience some type of structural barrier related to health services such as long distance from the units, suboptimal logistics for taking pills and professional resistance to prescribing PrEP. Furthermore, 63.21% identified social barriers, such as stigma about sexuality and HIV, in addition to individual barriers such as alcohol use, adverse effects, and concerns about long-term toxicity. Conclusions: the barriers to PrEP use are multifactorial. Effective interventions are needed to support PrEP users in accessing, complying with, and retaining health services.

RESUMEN Objetivos: identificar y sintetizar evidencias científicas sobre las barreras y dificultades para el uso y la adherencia a la Profilaxis Pre-Exposición (PrEP) para el VIH. Métodos: revisión integrativa de la literatura, utilizando las bases de datos MEDLINE/PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Academic Search Premier y Scopus (Elsevier). Resultados: todos (100%) de los artículos incluidos identificaron que los usuarios de PrEP experimentan algún tipo de barrera estructural relacionada con los servicios de salud, como la larga distancia de las unidades, la logística subóptima para la toma de pastillas y la resistencia profesional a prescribir la PrEP. Además, el 63,21% identificó barreras sociales, como el estigma sobre la sexualidad y el VIH, además de las barreras individuales como el consumo de alcohol, los efectos adversos y las preocupaciones sobre la toxicidad a largo plazo. Conclusiones: las barreras para el uso de la PrEP son multifactoriales. Se necesitan intervenciones eficaces para ayudar a los usuarios de la PrEP a acceder, adherirse y conservar los servicios de salud.

RESUMO Objetivos: identificar e sintetizar as evidências científicas sobre as barreiras e dificuldades para o uso e adesão da Profilaxia Pré-exposição (PrEP) para o HIV. Métodos: revisão integrativa da literatura, utilizando as bases de dados MEDLINE/PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Academic Search Premier e Scopus (Elsevier). Resultados: todos (100%) os artigos incluídos identificaram que os usuários da PrEP experimentam algum tipo de barreira estrutural relacionada aos serviços de saúde, como longa distância das unidades, logística subótima para retirada de pílulas e resistência profissional para prescrição da PrEP. Ademais, 63,21% identificaram barreiras sociais, como estigma sobre a sexualidade e HIV, além de barreiras individuais, como uso de álcool, efeitos adversos e preocupações com a toxicidade a longo prazo. Conclusões: multifatoriais são as barreiras para o uso da PrEP. Intervenções efetivas são necessárias para apoiar os usuários da PrEP no acesso, adesão e retenção nos serviços de saúde.

Prevalência de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis em pessoas vivendo com HIV / Prevalencia de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles en personas que viven con el VIH / Prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases in people living with HIV

Resumo Objetivo Identificar a prevalência de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis e fatores associados em pessoas vivendo com HIV (PVHIV). Métodos Trata-se de um estudo transversal retrospectivo realizado por meio de uma análise secundária dos dados coletados entre outubro de 2014 a maio de 2018. O banco analisado incluiu amostra de 550 pessoas, provenientes de cinco Serviços de Atendimento Especializado. Foi realizado teste qui-quadrado, Odds Ratio (OR), Razão de Prevalência (RP) e seus respectivos Intervalos de Confiança (IC) de 95%, teste de Wald da estimativa e valor p<0,05. Resultados As doenças crônicas não transmissíveis mais prevalentes foram hipertensão arterial (17,89%), diabetes mellitus (7,51%) e Doença Renal Crônica (4,83%). Ter doença crônica foi associado ao sexo feminino (RP=1,18, OR=1,3, p=0,022), idade maior que 45 anos (RP=2,15, OR=6,36, p=0,001), tempo de estudo menor ou igual a oito anos (RP=1,23, OR=1,92, p=0,005), ter dislipidemia (RP=1,16, OR=2,01, p=0,001), carga viral detectável (RP=2,32, OR=2,59, p=0,001) e a contagem de células TCD4+ menor que 350 células/mm3 (RP=1,5, OR= 1,6, p=0,019), o padrão se repetiu com a razão de prevalência. Conclusão Identificou-se alta prevalência de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis entre pessoas vivendo com HIV e diversos fatores associados, considerando assim uma exposição multifatorial. Neste contexto, ressalta-se o importante papel da equipe multiprofissional na prevenção das comorbidades.

Resumen Objetivo Identificar la prevalencia de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles y factores asociados en personas que viven con el VIH (PVVIH). Métodos Se trata de un estudio transversal retrospectivo realizado mediante un análisis secundario de los datos recopilados entre octubre de 2014 y mayo de 2018. El banco analizado incluyó la muestra de 550 personas provenientes de cinco Servicios de Atención Especializada. Se realizó la prueba χ2 de Pearson, Odds Ratio (OR), Razón de Prevalencia (RP) y sus respectivos Intervalos de Confianza (IC) del 95 %, prueba de Wald de la estimación y valor p<0,05. Resultados Las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles más prevalentes fueron la hipertensión arterial (17,89 %), diabetes mellitus (7,51 %) y enfermedad renal crónica (4,83 %). Padecer enfermedad crónica estuvo asociado al sexo femenino (RP=1,18, OR=1,3, p=0,022), edad superior a 45 años (RP=2,15, OR=6,36, p=0,001), tiempo de estudio inferior o igual a ocho años (RP=1,23, OR=1,92, p=0,005), padecer dislipidemia (RP=1,16, OR=2,01, p=0,001), carga viral detectable (RP=2,32, OR=2,59, p=0,001) y el recuento de células TCD4+ inferior a 350 células/mm3 (RP=1,5, OR= 1,6, p=0,019), el patrón se repitió con la razón de prevalencia. Conclusión Se Identificó alta prevalencia de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles en personas que viven con el VIH y distintos factores asociados, considerando, de esa forma, una exposición multifactorial. En este contexto, se destaca el importante papel del equipo multiprofesional para la prevención de las comorbilidades.

Abstract Objective To identify the prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases and associated factors in people living with HIV (PLHIV). Methods This is a retrospective cross-sectional study carried out through a secondary data analysis, collected between October 2014 and May 2018. The analyzed database included a sample of 550 people from five Specialized Care Services. Chi-square test, Odds Ratio (OR), Prevalence Ratio (PR) and their respective Confidence Intervals (CI) of 95%, Wald test of the estimate and p-value <0.05 were performed. Results The most prevalent chronic non-communicable diseases were hypertension (17.89%), diabetes mellitus (7.51%) and chronic kidney disease (4.83%). Having a chronic disease was associated with being female (PR=1.18, OR=1.3, p=0.022), age greater than 45 years (PR=2.15, OR=6.36, p=0.001), study time less than or equal to eight years (PR=1.23, OR=1.92, p=0.005), having dyslipidemia (PR=1.16, OR=2.01, p=0.001), detectable viral load (PR=2.32, OR=2.59, p=0.001) and TCD4+ cell count less than 350 cells/mm3 (PR=1.5, OR= 1.6, p=0.019). The pattern was repeated with the Prevalence Ratio. Conclusion A high prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases was identified among people living with HIV and several associated factors, thus considering a multifactorial exposure. In this context, the important role of a multidisciplinary team in comorbidity prevention is emphasized.