Cardiometabolic Risk in Children and Adolescents: The Paradox between Body Mass Index and Cardiorespiratory Fitness. / Risco Cardiometabólico em Crianças e Adolescentes: O Paradoxo entre Índice de Massa Corporal e Aptidão Cardiorrespiratória.

BACKGROUND: Cardiometabolic risk has been shown to be inversely associated with cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and positively associated with body mass index (BMI). OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to analyze the association of cardiometabolic risk factors with combined BMI and CRF in schoolchildren from a city in southern Brazil. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with a sample of 1252 schoolchildren aged seven to 17 years. Total cholesterol (TC), HDL-c, LDL-c, triglycerides (TG), systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were evaluated. CRF and BMI were grouped into one variable and the schoolchildren were classified as eutrophic/fit, eutrophic/unfit, overweight-obese/fit, and overweight-obese/unfit. Crude and adjusted analyzes were performed using Poisson Regression and an alpha of 0.05 was adopted. RESULTS: Overweight-obese and fit schoolchildren showed a prevalence ratio (PR) of 1.50 (1.04 - 2.16) for altered TG, 3.05 (2.05 - 4.54) for elevated SBP, and 2.70 (1.87 - 3.88) for elevated DBP. Overweight-obese and unfit schoolchildren showed a PR for high TC of 1.24 (1.11 - 1.39) and 1.51(1.11 - 2.04) for low HDL levels. In addition, they had a risk of 2.07 (1.60 - 2.69) for altered TG, 3.36 (2.31 - 4.60) for elevated SBP and 2.42 (1.76 - 3.32) for altered DBP. CONCLUSION: BMI played a central role in the association with risk and CRF was shown to attenuate the association between risk factors and obesity. Overweight-obese children and adolescents had a higher cardiometabolic risk, but the effect size was larger among the unfit.

FUNDAMENTO: Foi demonstrado que o risco cardiometabólico está inversamente associado à aptidão cardiorrespiratória (APCR) e positivamente associado ao índice de massa corporal (IMC). OBJETIVO: Analisar a associação de fatores de risco cardiometabólicos com IMC e APCR combinados em escolares de um município do sul do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com uma amostra de 1252 escolares de sete a 17 anos. Foram avaliados colesterol total (CT), HDL-c, LDL-c, triglicerídeos (TG), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD). APCR e IMC foram agrupados em uma variável e os escolares classificados como eutróficos/aptos, eutróficos/inaptos, excesso de peso/aptos e excesso de peso/inaptos. Análises foram realizadas por meio de Regressão de Poisson e uma alfa de 0,05 foi adotado. RESULTADOS: Escolares classificados com excesso de peso/aptos demonstraram uma razão de prevalência (RP) de 1,50 (1,04 ­ 2,16) para TG alterado, 3,05 (2,05 ­ 4,54) para PAS e 2,70 (1,87 ­ 3,88) para PAD elevada. Escolares com excesso de peso/ inaptos apresentaram RP para CT alto de 1,24 (1,11 ­ 1,39) e 1,51 (1,11 ­ 2,04) para baixos níveis de HDL. Além disso, apresentaram um risco de 2,07 (1,60 ­ 2,69) para TG alterado, 3,26 (2,31 ­ 4,60) para PAS e 2,42 (1,76 ­ 3,32) para PAD elevada. CONCLUSÃO: O IMC apresentou um papel central na associação com o risco e a APCR demonstrou atenuar a associação entre fatores de risco e excesso de peso. Escolares com excesso de peso apresentaram um risco cardiometabólico mais elevado, mas o tamanho do efeito foi maior entre os inaptos.

Risco Cardiometabólico em Crianças e Adolescentes: O Paradoxo entre Índice de Massa Corporal e Aptidão Cardiorrespiratória / Cardiometabolic Risk in Children and Adolescents: The Paradox between Body Mass Index and Cardiorespiratory Fitness

Resumo Fundamento Foi demonstrado que o risco cardiometabólico está inversamente associado à aptidão cardiorrespiratória (APCR) e positivamente associado ao índice de massa corporal (IMC). Objetivo Analisar a associação de fatores de risco cardiometabólicos com IMC e APCR combinados em escolares de um município do sul do Brasil. Métodos Estudo transversal com uma amostra de 1252 escolares de sete a 17 anos. Foram avaliados colesterol total (CT), HDL-c, LDL-c, triglicerídeos (TG), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD). APCR e IMC foram agrupados em uma variável e os escolares classificados como eutróficos/aptos, eutróficos/inaptos, excesso de peso/aptos e excesso de peso/inaptos. Análises foram realizadas por meio de Regressão de Poisson e uma alfa de 0,05 foi adotado. Resultados Escolares classificados com excesso de peso/aptos demonstraram uma razão de prevalência (RP) de 1,50 (1,04 - 2,16) para TG alterado, 3,05 (2,05 - 4,54) para PAS e 2,70 (1,87 - 3,88) para PAD elevada. Escolares com excesso de peso/ inaptos apresentaram RP para CT alto de 1,24 (1,11 - 1,39) e 1,51 (1,11 - 2,04) para baixos níveis de HDL. Além disso, apresentaram um risco de 2,07 (1,60 - 2,69) para TG alterado, 3,26 (2,31 - 4,60) para PAS e 2,42 (1,76 - 3,32) para PAD elevada. Conclusão O IMC apresentou um papel central na associação com o risco e a APCR demonstrou atenuar a associação entre fatores de risco e excesso de peso. Escolares com excesso de peso apresentaram um risco cardiometabólico mais elevado, mas o tamanho do efeito foi maior entre os inaptos.

Abstract Background Cardiometabolic risk has been shown to be inversely associated with cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and positively associated with body mass index (BMI). Objective Our objective was to analyze the association of cardiometabolic risk factors with combined BMI and CRF in schoolchildren from a city in southern Brazil. Methods Cross-sectional study with a sample of 1252 schoolchildren aged seven to 17 years. Total cholesterol (TC), HDL-c, LDL-c, triglycerides (TG), systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were evaluated. CRF and BMI were grouped into one variable and the schoolchildren were classified as eutrophic/fit, eutrophic/unfit, overweight-obese/fit, and overweight-obese/unfit. Crude and adjusted analyzes were performed using Poisson Regression and an alpha of 0.05 was adopted. Results Overweight-obese and fit schoolchildren showed a prevalence ratio (PR) of 1.50 (1.04 - 2.16) for altered TG, 3.05 (2.05 - 4.54) for elevated SBP, and 2.70 (1.87 - 3.88) for elevated DBP. Overweight-obese and unfit schoolchildren showed a PR for high TC of 1.24 (1.11 - 1.39) and 1.51(1.11 - 2.04) for low HDL levels. In addition, they had a risk of 2.07 (1.60 - 2.69) for altered TG, 3.36 (2.31 - 4.60) for elevated SBP and 2.42 (1.76 - 3.32) for altered DBP. Conclusion BMI played a central role in the association with risk and CRF was shown to attenuate the association between risk factors and obesity. Overweight-obese children and adolescents had a higher cardiometabolic risk, but the effect size was larger among the unfit.

Liver and kidney function markers among gym users: the role of dietary supplement usage.

Dietary supplements have been increasingly used by gym users and are often consumed without the guidance of a health professional. Moreover, the indiscriminate supplements use can have adverse health effects, such as changes in liver and kidney function. The aim of this study was to verify the association between dietary supplements intake with alterations in the liver and kidney function among gym users. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 594 gym users (mean age 37 (sd 14) years, 55·2 % women) from a city in southern Brazil. A questionnaire was used to evaluate the use of dietary supplements. The markers of the liver (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyltransferase) and renal (creatinine and urea) function were also evaluated on a subsample of the study population. Data were analysed by binary logistic regression, adjusted for sex, age and education. The prevalence of dietary supplement intake was 36·0 %. Individuals who intake dietary supplements showed a higher prevalence to present slight alterations in the AST enzyme and in the urea after adjustments for potential confounders. In conclusion, the use of dietary supplement was associated with slight alterations in AST enzyme and in the urea among gym users. These findings show the importance of using supplements correctly, especially with guidance from professionals trained to avoid possible risks to health.

Slow Spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Southern Brazil Over a 6-Month Period: Report on 8 Sequential Statewide Serological Surveys Including 35 611 Participants.

Objectives. To evaluate the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) over 6 months in the Brazilian State of Rio Grande do Sul (population 11.3 million), based on 8 serological surveys. Methods. In each survey, 4151 participants in round 1 and 4460 participants in round 2 were randomly sampled from all state regions. We assessed presence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 using a validated lateral flow point-of-care test; we adjusted figures for the time-dependent decay of antibodies. Results. The SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence increased from 0.03% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.00%, 0.34%; 1 in every 3333 individuals) in mid-April to 1.89% (95% CI = 1.36%, 2.54%; 1 in every 53 individuals) in early September. Prevalence was similar across gender and skin color categories. Older adults were less likely to be infected than younger participants. The proportion of the population who reported leaving home daily increased from 21.4% (95% CI = 20.2%, 22.7%) to 33.2% (95% CI = 31.8%, 34.5%). Conclusions. SARS-CoV-2 infection increased slowly during the first 6 months in the state, differently from what was observed in other Brazilian regions. Future survey rounds will continue to document the spread of the pandemic.

Combination of sleep duration, TV time and body mass index is associated with cardiometabolic risk moderated by age in youth.

OBJECTIVES: The combination of sleep duration, television (TV) time and body mass index (BMI) may be related to the alteration of cardiometabolic risk. However, there are few studies that use these variables grouped, and showing the moderating role of age. This study aimed to verify if the combination of sleep duration, TV time and BMI is associated with cardiometabolic risk and the moderating role of age in this relationship in youth. METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted with 1411 adolescents (611 male), aged 10-17 years. Sleep duration, TV time and BMI were assessed and grouped into eight categories. Cardiometabolic risk was assessed by a continuous metabolic risk score, including the following variables: low HDL-cholesterol, elevated triglycerides, dysglycemia, high systolic blood pressure, high waist circumference and low cardiorespiratory fitness. Generalized linear models were used to test moderation of age in the relationship between the eight categories of sleep duration/television time/BMI with cardiometabolic risk. RESULTS: Cardiometabolic risk factor showed association with all overweight or obesity independent of sleep time and TV time. Age moderated the relationship between sleep duration/television time/BMI with cardiometabolic risk. This association was stronger in younger adolescents (11 and 13 years), indicating that individuals with inadequate sleep, prolonged TV time and overweight/obesity present higher cardiometabolic risk values when compared to 15-year-old adolescents. CONCLUSION: Overweight/obesity, independently of sleep duration and TV time, is the main risk factor for cardiometabolic disorders in adolescence. When moderated by age, younger adolescents that presented the combination of risk factors had higher cardiometabolic risk.

Efeitos de um programa de intervenção interdisciplinar sobre o agrupamento de variáveis cardiometabólicas em adolescentes com excesso de peso / Effects of an interdisciplinary intervention program on the grouping of cardiometabolic variables in adolescents with excessive weight

O estudo tem por objetivo investigar alterações nas características de agrupamento de variáveis cardiometabólicas relacionados a resistência à insulina em resposta à um programa de intervenção interdisciplinar em adolescentes com excesso de peso. Estudo realizado em adolescentes co m excesso de peso, composto por grupo controle (n=19) e grupo intervenção (n=20), o qual p articipou de programa interdisciplinar de seis meses. Foi avaliado o índice de massa corporal, a circun ferência da cintura, pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica; realizada coleta sanguínea para avaliação da glicose, insulina e ácido úrico e calculado o índice HOMA-IR, antes e após o programa. Foi realizada análise fatorial exploratória por meio de análise de componentes principais, tendo sido consideradas cargas fatoriais associadas os valores ≥ 0,50. No período pré intervenção, três componentes fatoriais explicavam a variabilidade das variáveis em ambos os grupos, sendo a composição dos componentes igual entre estes, em que variáveis antropométricas e de pressão arterial compunham o fator 1; o segundo componente dizia respeito as variáveis relacionadas à resistência à insulina, insulina e HOMA-IR; e o terceiro comp onente era composto da glicemia e ácido úrico. Pós intervenção, dois componentes explicavam em ambos grupos e a composição era distinta, sendo que no grupo intervenção insulina e HOMA-IR passaram a fazer p arte do fator 1; já no grupo controle, a glicemia correlacionou-se negativamente com os indicadores antropométricos e de pressão arterial no componente 1; e glicemia, insulina, HOMA -IR e ácido úrico associaram-se no fator 2. Conclui-se que o programa de intervenção promoveu modificação no agrupamento das variáveis cardiometabólicas de adolescentes obesos, em que as variáveis insulina e HOMA-IR passaram a pertencer ao fator 1. Não foi encontrado nenhum fator central que ex p licasse o agrupamento das variáveis em nenhuma das análises, confirmando assim, a complexa relação en tre as variáveis analisadas...(AU)

The aim of the study was to investigate changes in the characteristics of grouping of cardiometabolic variables related to insulin resistance in response to an interdisciplin ary in tervention program in overweight adolescents. This study was performed in overweight adolescents, composed o f a control group (n = 19) and an intervention group (n = 20), who participated in a six month interdisciplinary program. Body mass index, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blo o d p ressure were evaluated; blood collection for glucose, insulin and uric acid assessment and HOMA-IR index, before and after the program. An exploratory factorial analysis was performed through analy sis o f m ain components, and factorial loads associated with values ≥ 0.50 were considered. In the p re -interv en tion period, three factorial components explained the variability of the variables in bo th gro ups, an d t he composition of the components was equal, where anthropometric and blood pressure variables comprised factor 1; the second component related to the variables related to insulin resistance, insulin an d HOMAIR; and the third component was composed of glycemia and uric acid. Post-intervention, two components explained in both groups and the composition was distinct, and in the interventio n gro up , in sulin an d HOMA-IR became part of factor 1; in the control group, glycemia was negatively co rrelated wit h t he anthropometric and blood pressure indicators in component 1; and glycemia, insulin, HOMA-IR and uric acid were associated with factor 2. It was concluded that the intervention program promoted modification in the grouping of the cardiometabolic variables of obese adolescents, in which the insulin and HOMA-IR variables belonged to the factor 1. No central factor was found to explain the grouping of variables in an y of the analyzes, thus confirming the complex relationship between the analyzed variables...(AU)

Relação entre indicadores antropométricos, aptidão cardiorrespiratória e perfil hematológico de adolescentes no sul do Brasil / Relationship between anthropometric indicators, cardiorespiratory fitness and hematological profile of adolescents

A obesidade pode influenciar no baixo desempenho da aptidão cardiorrespiratória (APCR), bem como colaborar com alterações nos níveis de indicadores hematológicos. Objetivo: Verificar se existe associação entre indicadores antropométricos, APCR e perfil hematológico de adolescentes no sul do Brasil. Método: Estudo transversal, em que foram avaliados 1 6 98 ado lescentes (742 do sexo masculino) com idade entre 10 e 17 anos, de escolas da rede pública e particular de Santa Cruz do Sul-RS. A avaliação antropométrica foi realizada, utilizando-se os seguintes parâmetros: IMC e circunferência da cintura (CC). Para o teste de APCR, foi utilizado o test e de co rrida/cam inha do s 6 minutos. Para reconhecimento do perfil hematológico, foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: leucócitos (WBC), eritrócitos (RBC), hemoglobina (HBC), hematócrito (HCT) e amplitude de distribuição dos glóbulos vermelhos (RDW). A associação entre as variáveis contínuas foi testada por meio da correlação de Pearson. Foram considerados significativos os valores de p<0,05. Resultados: Nos meninos, identificou-se relação fraca entre IMC com RBC (r=0,293; p<0,001) e com HCT (r=0,271; p <0,001 ). A CC também demonstrou associação fraca com estas duas variáveis hematológicas (RBC: r=0,311; p<0,001; HCT: r=0,291; p<0,001). Os níveis de APCR estiveram associados, também de fo rma fraca e direta, com HBC (r=0,224; p<0,001) e HCT (r=0,258; p<0,001). Para o sexo feminino, os níveis de W BC associaram-se, de forma fraca, com IMC (r=0,208; p<0,001) e com CC (r=0,185; <0,001). Conclusão: Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo evidenciam correlação positiva, porém fraca, entre o perfil hematológico dos adolescentes com as variáveis antropométricas e APCR...(AU)

Obesity might cause cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) to underperform, as well as collaborate with changes in hematological parameters. Aim: To investigate the asso ciation between anthropometric indicators, CRF, and the hematological profiles of adolescents in Southern Brazil. Method: A cross-sectional study of 1,698 adolescents (742 boys, 956 girls), aged between 10 and 17 from p ublic and private schools of Santa Cruz do Sul, State of Rio Grande do Sul, was conducted. Furt h ermore, an anthropometric evaluation of the following parameters was performed: body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). CRF was evaluated using the 6-minute run/walk test. Hematolo gical p rofile was evaluated based on the following parameters: leucocytes (WBC), erythrocytes (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), and red cell distribution width (RDW). The association of continuo us v ariables was tested through Pearson's correlation; p values lower than 0.05 were considered significant. Result s: The boys' BMI presented a weak correlation with RBC (r = 0.293; p < 0.001) and HCT (r = 0.271; p < 0.001). Their WC also presented a weak correlation with both hematological variables (RBC: r = 0.311; p < 0.001; HCT: r = 0.291; p < 0.001). Their CRF levels exhibited a direct but weak asso ciatio n wit h HGB (r = 0.224; p < 0.001) and HCT (r = 0.258; p < 0.001). The WBC levels of girls were fo un d t o be weak ly associated with BMI (r = 0.208; p < 0.001) and WC (r = 0.185; p < 0 .0 01 ). Co nclusio n: Th e result s highlight a positively weak correlation of the hematological profile of adolescents with an throp ometric variables and CRF...(AU)

Metabolic risk associated with liver enzymes, uric acid, and hemoglobin in adolescents.

BACKGROUND: The associations of renal, hepatic, and hematologic markers with metabolic risk (MR) have already been shown in adolescents. However, it is still controversial which marker best predicts metabolic changes in youth. The aim of this study was to verify the association of MR with alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), uric acid, and hemoglobin (Hb) in adolescents. METHODS: We evaluated 1713 Brazilian adolescents aged 10 to 17 years. MR was calculated using a continuous metabolic risk score, including the sum of Z-scores of waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, high-density lipoproteins, triglycerides, and cardiorespiratory fitness. Cutoff points were set for MR prediction for five metabolic components (ALT, AST, AST/ALT ratio, uric acid, and Hb). RESULTS: MR was strongly associated with increased uric acid (odds ratio [OR]: 2.50; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.74-3.59), ALT (OR: 2.64; 95% CI: 1.63-4.27), and AST levels (OR: 2.53; 95% CI: 1.24-5.18). Uric acid was shown to be the best predictor for MR (sensitivity: 55.79%; specificity: 61.35%; area under the curve: 0.616). CONCLUSION: Elevated hepatic, renal, and hematological markers were associated with MR in adolescents, especially ALT, AST, and uric acid levels. IMPACT: Elevated hepatic, renal, and hematological markers were associated with metabolic risk in adolescents, especially ALT, AST, and uric acid levels. It is still controversial which marker best predicts metabolic changes in adolescents. In addition, association of Hb with metabolic risk is under-studied in this population. It is important to further investigate the relationship between elevated Hb and hepatic markers, since there are key aspects not addressed yet. Our results highlight the importance of creating public health policies aimed to child and adolescent population, to prevention of metabolic disorders from an early age.

Efeitos de um programa de intervenção no perfil de risco cardiometabólico de adolescentes com excesso de peso / Effects of an intervention program on the cardiometabolic risk profile of overweight adolescents

O objetivo do estudo é analisar os efeitos de um programa de intervenção interdisciplinar no perfil de risco cardiometabólico de adolescentes com diagnóstico de sobrepeso/ obesidade. Estudo de intervenção, realizado com adolescentes com excesso de peso, constituído por grupo controle e grupo intervenção, o qual participou de um programa interdisciplinar com duração de seis meses. O grupo experimental final é composto por 23 adolescentes (12 sexo feminino e 11 sexo masculino). No início do programa, quatro adolescentes apresentavam sobrepeso e 19 obesidade. O grupo controle é composto pelo mesmo número de sujeitos, uma vez que este foi composto pelos pares dos escolares do grupo experimental. A intervenção contou com sessões de exercícios físicos, em três dias da semana e orientações nutricionais e psicológicas, uma vez por semana. Uma avaliação foi realizada antes do inicio do programa e logo após seu término. As avaliações consistiram em variáveis antropométricas - índice de massa corporal, circunferência da cintura, razão cintura-estatura e razão cintura -quadril, avaliação da pressão arterial, da aptidão cardiorrespiratória e coleta sanguínea para avaliação do perfil lipídico. Para a comparação das variáveis no período pré e pós-intervenção foi utilizado o teste t para amostras pareadas, para as variáveis de distribuição normal e, para as variáveis não paramétricas, foi aplicado o t este de Wilcoxon, considerando o nível de significância de p<0,05. O programa de intervenção foi eficaz n a redução de todos os indicadores antropométricos, na melhora dos níveis de aptidão cardiorrespiratória e na redução dos níveis de colesterol LDL. Entretanto, não modificou de forma significativa o s níveis de pressão arterial e demais parâmetros do perfil lipídico (colesterol total, HDL e triglicerídeos)...(AU)

: The objective of the study is to analyze the effects of an interdisciplinary in terven tion program on the cardiometabolic risk profile of adolescents diagnosed as overweight / obese. Intervention study with overweight adolescents, consisting of a control group and an intervention group, which participated in an interdisciplinary program lasting six months. The final experimental group co nsists o f 23 adolescents (12 females and 11 males). At the beginning of the program, four adolescents were overweight and 19 were obese. The control group is composed of the number of subject s, sin ce it was composed by the pairs of students in the experimental group. The intervention coun ted o n sessio n s o f physical exercises, in three days of the week and nutritional and psychological orientations, once a week . An evaluation was carried out before the start of the program and soon after its completion. The evaluations consisted of anthropometric variable - body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-waist ratio, and waist-to-hip ratio, arterial pressure, cardiorespiratory fitness evaluation and blood collection t o evaluate the lipid profile. For the comparison of the variables in the pre- and post-intervention period, t he t-test for paired samples was used for the variables of normal distribution and fo r th e n on-parametric variables the Wilcoxon test was used, considering the level of significance of p < 0.05. The intervention program was effective in reducing all anthropometric indicators, improving cardiorespiratory fitness levels and reducing LDL cholesterol levels. However, it did not significantly modify the blood pressure levels and other parameters of the lipid profile (total cholesterol, HDL and triglycerides)...(AU)

Cervical cytopathological changes in Pap smear test in the city of Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / Alterações citopatológicas em exames de Papanicolaou na cidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the cytopathologic alterations in women who undergo the Papanicolaou exam by the single health system in a laboratory in the city of Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Methodology: Data were collected from cytopathological reports of the year 2015 by the cancer information system. The variables referring to age and cytopathologic alteration were selected. The analyzes were performed by descriptive statistics, including frequency, mean, standard deviation. The associations between the categorical variables were evaluated by the Qui Quadrado test in SPSS software version 22.0. Results: In the year 2015, 2346 women underwent cytopathological examination, where 34.7% were within the limits of normality, 62.6% presented benign cellular alteration, of which 47.5% were inflammatory. Of the alterations, 1.8% were atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US); 0.6% were low-grad squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL); 0.2% were atypical squamous cells and it was not possible to exclude high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASC-H); and 0.1% were high-grade intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). Regarding the age of the women, a higher frequency was observed in the age group above 55 years and an average of 46.5 years. Conclusion: The benign cellular alterations were the most frequent, with the prevalence of inflammation. The most common precursor lesions of cervical cancer were ASC-US and LSIL.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar los cambios citológicos en mujeres que se hicieron la prueba de Papanicolaou por el sistema público de salud [Sistema Ú;nico de Saúde (SUS)] en un laboratorio de la ciudad de Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Métodos: Los datos fueron recogidos de informes citológicos del año de 2015 por el Sistema de Información de Cáncer. Se eligieron las variables edad y alteración citológica. El análisis fue realizado por estadística descriptiva, utilizando frecuencia, media y desviación estándar. Las relaciones entre las variables categóricas fueron medidas con la distribución ji-cuadrada en el paquete estadístico SPSS versión 22.0. Resultados: En el año de 2015, 2.346 mujeres se hicieron la citología vaginal. Entre ellas, 34,7% mostraron resultados dentro de los rangos de normalidad; 62,6%, cambio celular benigno (47,5% eran inflamatorios). Entre los cambios, 1,8% eran células escamosas atípicas de significado incierto (ASC-US); 0,6%, lesión intraepitelial escamosa de bajo grado (LSIL); 0,2%, células escamosas atípicas de alto grado (ASC-H); y 0,1%, lesión intraepitelial escamosa de alto grado (HSIL). En relación con la edad, mayor frecuencia se ha observado en la franja arriba 55 años, con media de 46,5 años. Conclusión: Los cambios celulares benignos fueron el hallazgo más frecuente, con prevalencia de inflamación. Las lesiones precursoras de cáncer cervical más comunes fueron ASC-US y LSIL.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar as alterações citopatológicas em mulheres que realizam o exame de Papanicolaou pelo Sistema Ú;nico de Saúde (SUS) em um laboratório da cidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Metodologia: Os dados foram coletados de laudos citopatológicos do ano de 2015 pelo Sistema de Informação do Câncer. As variáveis referentes à idade e à alteração citopatológica foram selecionadas. As análises foram realizadas por estatística descritiva, incluindo frequência, média e desvio padrão. As associações entre as variáveis categóricas foram avaliadas pelo teste de qui-quadrado no software SPSS versão 22.0. Resultados: No ano de 2015, 2.346 mulheres realizaram o exame citopatológico. Destas, 34,7% apresentaram resultados dentro dos limites da normalidade; 62,6%, alteração celular benigna (47,5% eram inflamatórias). Das alterações, 1,8% eram células escamosas atípicas de significado indeterminado (ASC-US); 0,6%, lesão intraepitelial de baixo grau (LSIL); 0,2%, células escamosas atípicas, não sendo possível excluir lesão intraepitelial escamosa de alto grau (ASC-H); e 0,1%, lesão intraepitelial de alto grau (HSIL). Em relação à idade, observou-se maior frequência na faixa etária acima de 55 anos, com média de 46,5 anos. Conclusão: As alterações celulares benignas foram as mais ocorrentes, com prevalência de inflamação. As lesões precursoras do câncer cervical mais encontradas foram ASC-US e LSIL.

Hyperuricemia is associated with low cardiorespiratory fitness levels and excess weight in schoolchildren / Hiperuricemia está associada com baixos níveis de aptidão cardiorrespiratória e excesso de peso em escolares

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the possible association between hyperuricemia and cardiorespiratory fitness levels/nutritional profile, grouped into a single variable, in schoolchildren. Method: Cross-sectional study of 2335 students from Elementary schools, aged 7-17 years of both genders, stratified by conglomerates of a municipality in Southern Brazil. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) was assessed by the 6-minute run/walk test. The BMI and CRF were grouped into a single variable, considering: (1) low and normal weight/fit; (2) low and normal weight/unfit; (3) overweight-obesity/fit; (4) overweight-obesity/unfit. The Poisson regression (prevalence ratio, PR) was used for the association between hyperuricemia and BMI/CRF ratio with 95% confidence intervals and differences were considered significant when p < 0.05. Results: There is an association, although subtle, between the presence of hyperuricemia with low levels of CRF and the presence of excess weight, when grouped into a single variable. Boys and girls with this condition have higher prevalence of hyperuricemia (PR: 1.07; p = 0.007 for boys; PR: 1.10; p < 0.001 for girls). Conclusion: Together, excess weight and low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness are associated with the presence of hyperuricemia in schoolchildren.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a possível relação entre hiperuricemia com aptidão cardiorrespiratória e o estado nutricional, agrupados, em escolares. Método: Estudo transversal com 2.335 escolares da educação básica de 7 a 17 anos, de ambos os sexos, estratificados por conglomerados de um munícipio do sul do Brasil. Foi calculado o índice de massa corporal (IMC) e a aptidão cardiorrespiratória (APCR) foi avaliada pelo teste de corrida/caminhada de 6 minutos. O IMC e a APCR foram agrupados em uma única variável, considerando: 1) baixo peso-normal/apto; 2) baixo peso-normal/inapto; 3) sobrepeso-obesidade/apto; 4) sobrepeso-obesidade/inapto. A regressão de Poisson (razão de prevalência; RP) foi usada para associação entre hiperuricemia e a relação APCR/IMC com intervalos de confiança de 95% e diferenças significativas consideradas para p < 0,05. Resultados: Observa-se associação, embora sutil, entre a presença de hiperuricemia com baixos níveis de APCR e a presença de excesso de peso, de forma agrupada. Meninos e meninas, com essa condição, têm maior prevalência de hiperuricemia (RP: 1,07; p = 0,007; RP: 1,10; p < 0,001, respectivamente), em comparação com seus pares com bons níveis de APCR e estado nutricional adequado. Conclusão: De forma conjunta, o excesso de peso e os baixos níveis de aptidão cardiorrespiratória estão associados com a presença de hiperuricemia em escolares.

CYP2B6 516 G>T polymorphism and side effects of the central nervous system in HIV-positive individuals under Efavirenz treatment: Study of a sample from southern Brazil.

This study aimed to identify the 516 G>T polymorphism of the CYP2B6 gene and evaluate its influence on central nervous system (CNS) side effect development in HIV-positive individuals undergoing Efavirenz (EFV) treatment in a population from southern Brazil. Additionally, we performed a survey on the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of our sample. In addition to medical records evaluation, whole blood of 89 individuals was analyzed for viral load, T lymphocyte count (CD4+ and CD8+), and the polymorphism. Considering the side effects of the CNS reported by individuals but without considering the genetic variables, no statistically significant association was noted between the adverse effects and the antiretroviral treatment (including or not EFV). In addition, no statistically significant difference was noted for the influence of genotype on the viral load or the number of T lymphocytes (CD4+ and CD8+) among individuals undergoing EFV treatment. This is the first study that investigated the impact of the 516 G>T polymorphism of the CYP2B6 gene among HIV-positive individuals from southern Brazil. Its clinical significance indicates the need for prospective studies in this population.

CYP2B6 516 G>T polymorphism and side effects of the central nervous system in HIV-positive individuals under Efavirenz treatment: Study of a sample from southern Brazil

ABSTRACT This study aimed to identify the 516 G>T polymorphism of the CYP2B6 gene and evaluate its influence on central nervous system (CNS) side effect development in HIV-positive individuals undergoing Efavirenz (EFV) treatment in a population from southern Brazil. Additionally, we performed a survey on the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of our sample. In addition to medical records evaluation, whole blood of 89 individuals was analyzed for viral load, T lymphocyte count (CD4+ and CD8+), and the polymorphism. Considering the side effects of the CNS reported by individuals but without considering the genetic variables, no statistically significant association was noted between the adverse effects and the antiretroviral treatment (including or not EFV). In addition, no statistically significant difference was noted for the influence of genotype on the viral load or the number of T lymphocytes (CD4+ and CD8+) among individuals undergoing EFV treatment. This is the first study that investigated the impact of the 516 G>T polymorphism of the CYP2B6 gene among HIV-positive individuals from southern Brazil. Its clinical significance indicates the need for prospective studies in this population.

Hyperuricemia is associated with low cardiorespiratory fitness levels and excess weight in schoolchildren.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the possible association between hyperuricemia and cardiorespiratory fitness levels/nutritional profile, grouped into a single variable, in schoolchildren. METHOD: Cross-sectional study of 2335 students from Elementary schools, aged 7-17 years of both genders, stratified by conglomerates of a municipality in Southern Brazil. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) was assessed by the 6-minute run/walk test. The BMI and CRF were grouped into a single variable, considering: (1) low and normal weight/fit; (2) low and normal weight/unfit; (3) overweight-obesity/fit; (4) overweight-obesity/unfit. The Poisson regression (prevalence ratio, PR) was used for the association between hyperuricemia and BMI/CRF ratio with 95% confidence intervals and differences were considered significant when p<0.05. RESULTS: There is an association, although subtle, between the presence of hyperuricemia with low levels of CRF and the presence of excess weight, when grouped into a single variable. Boys and girls with this condition have higher prevalence of hyperuricemia (PR: 1.07; p=0.007 for boys; PR: 1.10; p<0.001 for girls). CONCLUSION: Together, excess weight and low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness are associated with the presence of hyperuricemia in schoolchildren.

Genotypic carriers of the obesity-associated FTO polymorphism exhibit different cardiometabolic profiles after an intervention.

BACKGROUND:: Children and adolescents with at-risk genotypes (AA/AT) of the rs9939609 polymorphism in FTO, a fat mass and obesity-associated gene, may exhibit different cardiometabolic profile responses than subjects with the TT genotype after an interdisciplinary intervention. METHODS:: The sample consisted of 36 school children from southern Brazil. We used DNA quantitation and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for polymorphism genotyping. We measured anthropometric parameters (body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-hip ratio, body fat percentage and skinfold sum), biochemical parameters (glucose, lipid profile, ultra-sensitive C-reactive protein, uric acid, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, insulin and adiponectin) and blood pressure. The 4-month intervention consisted of physical education classes, nutritional counseling, and postural and oral health counseling. RESULTS:: We observed no significant differences among the groups (AA, AT and TT) after the intervention. However, we observed improvements in three parameters (waist circumference, hip circumference and C-reactive protein) in the AT/AA genotype group and in two parameters (hip circumference and uric acid) in the TT genotype group. CONCLUSIONS:: After an intervention program, carriers of at-risk genotypes for obesity (AA/AT) do not exhibit differences in biochemical parameters, blood pressure and anthropometric parameters compared with carriers of the TT genotype.