Digital Care Pathway for Patients With Sleep Apnea in Specialized Care: Mixed Methods Study.

BACKGROUND: Sleep apnea is a significant public health disorder in Finland, with a prevalence of 3.7%. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy is the first-line treatment for moderate or severe sleep apnea. From November 18, 2019, all patients who started their CPAP therapy at Oulu University Hospital were attached to a sleep apnea digital care pathway (SA-DCP) and were instructed on its use. Some patients still did not use the SA-DCP although they had started their CPAP therapy. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to study health care professionals' (HCPs') perspectives on the SA-DCP and its usefulness for their work; whether the main targets of SA-DCP can be reached: shortening the initial guiding sessions of CPAP therapy, reducing patient calls and contact with HCPs, and improving patients' adherence to CPAP therapy; and patients' perspectives on the SA-DCP and its usefulness to them. METHODS: Overall, 6 HCPs were interviewed in May and June 2021. The survey for SA-DCP users (58/91, 64%) and SA-DCP nonusers (33/91, 36%) was conducted in 2 phases: from May to August 2021 and January to June 2022. CPAP device remote monitoring data were collected from SA-DCP users (80/170, 47.1%) and SA-DCP nonusers (90/170, 52.9%) in May 2021. The registered phone call data were collected during 2019, 2020, and 2021. Feedback on the SA-DCP was collected from 446 patients between February and March 2022. RESULTS: According to HCPs, introducing the SA-DCP had not yet significantly improved their workload and work practices, but it had brought more flexibility in some communication situations. A larger proportion of SA-DCP users familiarized themselves with prior information about CPAP therapy before the initial guiding session than nonusers (43/58, 74% vs 16/33, 49%; P=.02). Some patients still had not received prior information about CPAP therapy; therefore, most of the sessions were carried out according to their needs. According to the patient survey and remote monitoring data of CPAP devices, adherence to CPAP therapy was high for both SA-DCP users and nonusers. The number of patients' phone calls to HCPs did not decrease during the study. SA-DCP users perceived their abilities to use information and communications technology to be better than nonusers (mean 4.2, SD 0.8 vs mean 3.2, SD 1.2; P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: According to this study, not all the goals set for the introduction of the SA-DCP have been achieved. Despite using the SA-DCP, some patients still wanted to communicate with HCPs by phone. The most significant factors explaining the nonuse of the SA-DCP were lower digital literacy and older age of the patients. In the future, more attention should be paid to these user groups when designing and introducing upcoming digital care pathways.

Citizens Access to Health Information in National Portals in the Nordic Countries.

National eHealth portals for citizens are available in the five Nordic countries. This study describes and compares the Nordic citizen portals and identifies variations in content access and functionality. The findings suggest that availability of information and services depend on the organisation of the health system, the connection to national health information exchange platforms and incentives for providing data and services.

Associations of perceived changes in work due to digitalization and the amount of digital work with job strain among physicians: a national representative sample.

BACKGROUND: Physicians' work is often stressful. The digitalization of healthcare aims to streamline work, but not all physicians have experienced its realization. We examined associations of perceived changes in work due to digitalization and the amount of digital work with job strain among physicians. The moderating role of the length of work experience was investigated for these associations. METHODS: We used representative survey data on Finnish physicians' (N = 4271) experiences of digitalization from 2021. The independent variables included perceptions on statements about work transformations aligned with digitalization goals, and the extent that information systems and teleconsultations were utilized. Stress related to information systems (SRIS), time pressure, and psychological stress were the dependent variables. We analyzed the associations using multivariable linear and logistic regressions. RESULTS: Respondents had a mean SRIS score of 3.5 and a mean time pressure score of 3.7 on a scale of 1-5. Psychological stress was experienced by 60%. Perceptions associated with higher SRIS comprised disagreements with statements asserting that digitalization accelerates clinical encounters (b = .23 [95% CI: .16-.30]), facilitates access to patient information (b = .15 [.07-.23]), and supports decision-making (b = .11 [.05-.18]). Disagreement with accelerated clinical encounters (b = .12 [.04-.20]), and agreements with patients' more active role in care (b = .11 [.04-.19]) and interprofessional collaboration (b = .10 [.02-.18]) were opinions associated with greater time pressure. Disagreeing with supported decision-making (OR = 1.26 [1.06-1.48]) and agreeing with patients' active role (OR = 1.19 [1.02-1.40]) were associated with greater psychological stress. However, perceiving improvements in the pace of clinical encounters and access to patient information appeared to alleviate job strain. Additionally, extensive digital work was consistently linked to higher strain. Those respondents who held teleconsultations frequently and had less than 6 years of work experience reported the greatest levels of time pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians seem to be strained by frequent teleconsultations and work that does not meet the goals of digitalization. Improving physicians' satisfaction with digitalization through training specific to the stage of career and system development can be crucial for their well-being. Schedules for digital tasks should be planned and allocated to prevent strain related to achieving the digitalization goals.

eHealth competence building for future doctors and nurses - Attitudes and capabilities.

BACKGROUND: Digitalisation is rapidly changing health care processes and the health care sector, thus increasing the need to improve the digital competence of future health care professionals. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to describe the attitudes of medical and nursing students towards digital health based on self-evaluation as well as to compare the differences in perceptions between the two student groups. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted as an online survey using the Webropol in April 2021 at the University of Oulu and Oulu University of Applied Sciences in Finland. The survey questionnaire consisted of seven background questions and 16 statements on a five-point Likert scale (fully disagree to fully agree) to survey student attitudes towards eHealth, and their digital capabilities. RESULTS: A total of 250 medical and nursing students were invited to participate in the study and 170 of them took the survey (response rate 68 %). Of those answered, 38 % (n = 64) were nursing and 32 % (n = 106) medical students. Students generally had a positive attitude towards eHealth and health care digitalisation. The differences in perceptions and preparedness between medical and nursing students were surprisingly small in the two student groups. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in three out of 16 statements: these were related to changes in the roles of health care professionals and patients as well as the students' knowledge of information contained in the national patient portal. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study provide a good starting point for further harmonisation of the curriculum for both health professional groups regarding the teaching of eHealth and telemedicine.

Implementation of a new Digi-HTA process for digital health technologies in Finland.

OBJECTIVES: There has been a lack of health technology assessment (HTA) methods for novel digital health technologies (DHTs) such as mHealth, artificial intelligence, and robotics in Finland. The Digi-HTA method has been developed for this purpose. The aim of this study is to determine whether it would be possible to use Digi-HTA recommendations to support healthcare decision-makers. Secondly, from the perspective of companies offering different types of DHT products, this study assesses the suitability of using the Digi-HTA framework to perform HTAs for their products. METHODS: Feedback about Digi-HTA recommendations was collected from healthcare professionals. DHT companies provided input about the Digi-HTA framework. Data were collected via a web-based survey and were analyzed using qualitative methods. RESULTS: Of the twenty-four healthcare professional respondents, twenty said that the Digi-HTA recommendations contained all the necessary information, and twenty-one found them useful for their work. Respondents hoped that the Digi-HTA recommendations would be better integrated into the decision-making processes and healthcare professionals would be more informed about this new HTA process. The questions of the Digi-HTA framework were applicable for different DHT products based on the responses from DHT companies (n = 8). CONCLUSIONS: According to the study participants, although the Digi-HTA recommendations include clear and beneficial information, their integration into healthcare decision-making processes should be improved. Responses from DHT companies indicate that the Digi-HTA framework would be an appropriate tool for performing assessments for their products. To generalize the findings of this study, more comprehensive studies will be needed.

National Development and Regional Differences in eHealth Maturity in Finnish Public Health Care: Survey Study.

BACKGROUND: eHealth increasingly affects the delivery of health care around the world and the quest for more efficient health systems. In Finland, the development of eHealth maturity has been systematically studied since 2003, through surveys conducted every 3 years. It has also been monitored in several international studies. The indicators used in these studies examined the availability of the electronic patient record, picture archiving and communication system, health information exchange, and other key eHealth functionalities. OBJECTIVE: The first aim is to study the national development in the maturity level of eHealth in primary health care and specialized care between 2011 and 2020 in Finland. The second aim is to clarify the regional differences in the maturity level of eHealth among Finnish hospital districts in 2020. METHODS: Data for this study were collected in 2011, 2014, 2017, and 2020, using web-based questionnaires from the Use of information and communication technology surveys in Finnish health care project. In total, 16 indicators were selected to describe the status of eHealth, and they were based on international eHealth studies and Finnish eHealth surveys in 3 areas: applications, regional integration, and data security and information and communications technology skills. The indicators remain the same in all the study years; therefore, the results are comparable. RESULTS: All the specialized care organizations (21/21, 100%) in 2011, 2014, 2017, and 2020 participated in the study. The response rate among primary health care organizations was 86.3% (139/161) in 2011, 88.2% (135/153) in 2014, 85.8% (121/141) in 2017, and 95.6% (130/136) in 2020. At the national level, the biggest developments in eHealth maturity occurred between 2011 and 2014. The development has since continued, and some indicators have been saturated. Primary health care lags behind specialized care organizations, as measured by all the indicators and throughout the period under review. Regionally, there are differences among different types of organizations. CONCLUSIONS: eHealth maturity has steadily progressed in Finland nationally, and its implementation has also been promoted through various national strategies and legislative changes. Some eHealth indicators have already been saturated and achieved an intensity of use rate of 100%. However, the scope for development remains, especially in primary health care. As Finland has long been a pioneer in the digitalization of health care, the results of this study show that the functionalities of eHealth will be adopted in stages, and deployment will take time; therefore, national eHealth strategies and legislative changes need to be implemented in a timely manner. The comprehensive sample size used in this study allows a regional comparison in the country, compared with previous country-specific international studies.

The Interplay of Work, Digital Health Usage, and the Perceived Effects of Digitalization on Physicians' Work: Network Analysis Approach.

BACKGROUND: In health care, the benefits of digitalization need to outweigh the risks, but there is limited knowledge about the factors affecting this balance in the work environment of physicians. To achieve the benefits of digitalization, a more comprehensive understanding of this complex phenomenon related to the digitalization of physicians' work is needed. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine physicians' perceptions of the effects of health care digitalization on their work and to analyze how these perceptions are associated with multiple factors related to work and digital health usage. METHODS: A representative sample of 4630 (response rate 24.46%) Finnish physicians (2960/4617, 64.11% women) was used. Statements measuring the perceived effects of digitalization on work included the patients' active role, preventive work, interprofessional cooperation, decision support, access to patient information, and faster consultations. Network analysis of the perceived effects of digitalization and factors related to work and digital health usage was conducted using mixed graphical modeling. Adjusted and standardized regression coefficients are denoted by b. Centrality statistics were examined to evaluate the relative influence of each variable in terms of node strength. RESULTS: Nearly half of physicians considered that digitalization has promoted an active role for patients in their own care (2104/4537, 46.37%) and easier access to patient information (1986/4551, 43.64%), but only 1 in 10 (445/4529, 9.82%) felt that the impact has been positive on consultation times with patients. Almost half of the respondents estimated that digitalization has neither increased nor decreased the possibilities for preventive work (2036/4506, 45.18%) and supportiveness of clinical decision support systems (1941/4458, 43.54%). When all variables were integrated into the network, the most influential variables were purpose of using health information systems, employment sector, and specialization status. However, the grade given to the electronic health record (EHR) system that was primarily used had the strongest direct links to faster consultations (b=0.32) and facilitated access to patient information (b=0.28). At least 6 months of use of the main EHR was associated with facilitated access to patient information (b=0.18). CONCLUSIONS: The results highlight the complex interdependence of multiple factors associated with the perceived effects of digitalization on physicians' work. It seems that a high-quality EHR system is critical for promoting smooth clinical practice. In addition, work-related factors may influence other factors that affect digital health success. These factors should be considered when developing and implementing new digital health technologies or services for physicians' work. The adoption of digital health is not just a technological project but a project that changes existing work practices.

Informing the Product Development of an mHealth Solution for People with Multiple Sclerosis Through Early Health Technology Assessment.

The potential of mHealth is enormous for chronic conditions, yet the integration of these technologies into the clinical infrastructures and healthcare pathways remains an ongoing challenge. Digi-HTA has been developed to support health technology assessment activities for novel digital healthcare technologies. The use of Early Health Technology Assessment (EHTA) can help product development. The present study describes the way in which EHTA can guide the development of a product to anticipate future needs and market access.

The negative impact of interface design, customizability, inefficiency, malfunctions, and information retrieval on user experience: A national usability survey of ICU clinical information systems in Finland.

INTRODUCTION: Clinical information systems (CISs) used in intensive care units (ICU) integrate large amounts of patient data every minute, and from multiple systems and devices. Intensive care requires efficient use of information technology to acquire, synchronize, integrate, and analyze data in order to make quick decisions and implement interventions in a timely manner. OBJECTIVES: To identify factors affecting poor user experience (UX) of CISs used in ICUs in Finland. METHODS: Data from national Electronic Health Record (EHR) and user experience survey was undertaken in 2017. Those, who used the ICU CIS on a daily or weekly basis were asked supplementary questions and, therefore, comprise a subset of the responses reported in this article. RESULTS: On a 4-10 scale (i.e., "Fail" to "Excellent"), the mean 'grade' for the principally used ICU CIS was 6.9 (SD 1.3) points. Of the respondents, 119 (57%) were categorized as having good UX. The factors identified as affecting poor UX of the ICU CISs related to poor interface design (OR 7.8; 95% CIs 12.5-24.1; p = 0.001), insufficient customizability (OR 7.2; 95% CIs 1.7-30.6; p = 0.008), the inefficiency of performing routine tasks (OR 4.3; 95% CIs 1.0-18.2; p = 0.044), malfunctions (OR 3.5; 95% CIs 1.2-9.6; p = 0.019), and difficulties in information retrieval (OR 3.0; 95% CIs 1.0-8.8; p = 0.044). The most commonly reported usability problems with the main EHR system and ICU CISs were also identified. CONCLUSIONS: Overall satisfaction with the principally used ICU CIS was moderate. However, the overall grades varied significantly. Poor interface design, insufficient customizability, inefficiency, malfunctions, and difficulties in information retrieval all affect poor UX.

A Digital Care Pathway to Access Healthcare Without Time and Place Restrictions.

A digital care pathway is a secure digital service channel for patients in a care relationship with a specialized health care hospital in Finland. It is part of the Health Village portal built in co-operation with the Virtual Hospital project by five Finnish university hospitals led by Helsinki University Hospital. Health Village services make healthcare services available to all Finns regardless of place of residence and income level, thus improving the equality of citizens.

Emergence of teleradiology, PACS, and other radiology IT solutions in Acta Radiologica.

For this historical review, we searched a database containing all the articles published in Acta Radiologica during its 100-year history to find those on the use of information technology (IT) in radiology. After reading the full texts, we selected the presented articles according to major radiology IT domains such as teleradiology, picture archiving and communication systems, image processing, image analysis, and computer-aided diagnostics in order to describe the development as it appeared in the journal. Publications generally follow IT megatrends, but because the contents of Acta Radiologica are mainly clinically oriented, some technology achievements appear later than they do in journals discussing mainly imaging informatics topics.

Health Professionals' Perceptions of Information Quality in the Health Village Portal.

Information quality has an important role in health care as digital services provide patients and healthcare professionals more opportunities for searching and utilising information. Information quality is one of the key factors affecting user satisfaction, perception of digital service usability and intention to use the service. The conceptual framework for this study was the updated Information Systems Success Model of DeLone and McLean. The study was conducted in the context of Health Village, a digital interactive and secured portal providing health services to patients and citizens. The purpose of the study was to survey health professionals' perception (n = 91) of information quality and its effect on user satisfaction. Concerns were raised about the interoperability of the portal with other health information systems and the ease of finding information. Generally, in the Health Village portal, information quality was considered relatively high.

Health information exchange in Finland: Usage of different access types and predictors of paper use.

INTRODUCTION: Timely, complete and accurate patient data is needed in care decisions along the continuum of care. To access patient data from other organizations, there are three types of regional health information exchange systems (RHIS) in use In Finland. Some regions use multiple RHISs while others do not have a RHIS available. The recently introduced National Patient Data Repository (Kanta) is increasingly used for health information exchange (HIE). OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess usage of paper, RHISs and Kanta by context in 2017; evolution of paper use over the years; and predictors of paper use in 2017 among Finnish physicians for HIE system development. METHODS: Data from national electronic health record (EHR) usage and user experience surveys were taken from 2010 (prior to ePrescription system implementation), 2014 (prior to implementation of Kanta) and 2017 (Kanta was in full use in the public sector and in large private organizations). The web-based surveys were targeted to all physicians engaged in clinical work in Finland. RESULTS: Kanta was the most frequently used means of HIE in 2017. Paper use had reduced significantly from 2010 to 2014. The trend continued in 2017. Still, up to half of the physicians reported using paper daily or weekly in 2017. There were great variations in paper use by healthcare sector, available RHIS type and EHR system used. In multivariable analysis (with all other variables constant), predictors of more frequent use of paper than electronic means for HIE were: private sector or hospital, access to Master Patient Index RHIS (type 1), multiple RHIS (type 4) or no RHIS (type 5), two particular EHR systems, older age, less experience, operative, psychiatric or diagnostic specialties, and male gender. CONCLUSIONS: Usability of HIE systems including EHRs as access points to HIE need to be improved to facilitate usage of electronic HIE. Usage ensures more timely and complete patient data for safe, coordinated care. Specialty-specific needs and requirements call for more user participation in HIE design. Especially older professionals need training to better exploit HIS for HIE.

Monitoring and Benchmarking eHealth in the Nordic Countries.

The Nordic eHealth Research Network, a subgroup of the Nordic Council of Ministers eHealth group, is working on developing indicators to monitor progress in availability, use and outcome of eHealth applications in the Nordic countries. This paper reports on the consecutive analysis of National eHealth policies in the Nordic countries from 2012 to 2016. Furthermore, it discusses the consequences for the development of indicators that can measure changes in the eHealth environment arising from the policies. The main change in policies is reflected in a shift towards more stakeholder involvement and intensified focus on clinical infrastructure. This change suggests developing indicators that can monitor understandability and usability of eHealth systems, and the use and utility of shared information infrastructure from the perspective of the end-users - citizens/patients and clinicians in particular.

Assistive technologies at home for people with a memory disorder.

The aim of this study was to assess in practice whether assistive technologies support and facilitate the work of a family caregiver or care staff, and whether these technologies support the independence of a person with a memory disorder. A comprehensive set of supportive devices and alarm systems were experimentally tested in the care of five test subjects in an assisted living facility by eight nurses, and in the care of four test subjects in a home environment by three family caregivers and one care team. Questionnaires, diaries and logged data were used to evaluate the benefits of the devices. Simple aids and alarm systems that did not need much adjusting were considered most useful by caregivers and nurses, though multiple false alarms occurred during the test period. Technical connection problems, complex user interface, and inadequate sound quality were the primary factors reducing the utility of the tested devices. Further experimental research is needed to evaluate the utility of assistive technologies in different stages of a memory disorder.

Testing of the assisting software for radiologists analysing head CT images: lessons learned.

BACKGROUND: Assessing a plan for user testing and evaluation of the assisting software developed for radiologists. METHODS: Test plan was assessed in experimental testing, where users performed reporting on head computed tomography studies with the aid of the software developed. The user testing included usability tests, questionnaires, and interviews. In addition, search relevance was assessed on the basis of user opinions. RESULTS: The testing demonstrated weaknesses in the initial plan and enabled improvements. Results showed that the software has acceptable usability level but some minor fixes are needed before larger-scale pilot testing. The research also proved that it is possible even for radiologists with under a year's experience to perform reporting of non-obvious cases when assisted by the software developed. Due to the small number of test users, it was impossible to assess effects on diagnosis quality. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the tests performed showed that the test plan designed is useful, and answers to the key research questions should be forthcoming after testing with more radiologists. The preliminary testing revealed opportunities to improve test plan and flow, thereby illustrating that arranging preliminary test sessions prior to any complex scenarios is beneficial.

Usability problems do not heal by themselves: National survey on physicians' experiences with EHRs in Finland.

PURPOSE: Survey studies of health information systems use tend to focus on availability of functionalities, adoption and intensity of use. Usability surveys have not been systematically conducted by any healthcare professional groups on a national scale on a repeated basis. This paper presents results from two cross-sectional surveys of physicians' experiences with the usability of currently used EHR systems in Finland. The research questions were: To what extent has the overall situation improved between 2010 and 2014? What differences are there between healthcare sectors? METHODS: In the spring of 2014, a survey was conducted in Finland using a questionnaire that measures usability and respondents' user experiences with electronic health record (EHR) systems. The survey was targeted to physicians who were actively doing clinical work. Twenty-four usability-related statements, that were identical in 2010 and 2014, were analysed from the survey. The respondents were also asked to give an overall rating of the EHR system they used. The study data comprised responses from 3081 physicians from the year 2014 and from 3223 physicians in the year 2010, who were using the nine most commonly used EHR system brands in Finland. RESULTS: Physicians' assessments of the usability of their EHR system remain as critical as they were in 2010. On a scale from 1 ('fail') to 7 ('excellent') the average of overall ratings of their principally used EHR systems varied from 3.2 to 4.4 in 2014 (and in 2010 from 2.5 to 4.3). The results show some improvements in the following EHR functionalities and characteristics: summary view of patient's health status, prevention of errors associated with medication ordering, patient's medication list as well as support for collaboration and information exchange between the physician and the nurses. Even so, support for cross-organizational collaboration between physicians and for physician-patient collaboration were still considered inadequate. Satisfaction with technical features had not improved in four years. The results show marked differences between the EHR system brands as well as between healthcare sectors (private sector, public hospitals, primary healthcare). Compared to responses from the public sector, physicians working in the private sector were more satisfied with their EHR systems with regards to statements about user interface characteristics and support for routine tasks. Overall, the study findings are similar to our previous study conducted in 2010. CONCLUSIONS: Surveys about the usability of EHR systems are needed to monitor their development at regional and national levels. To our knowledge, this study is the first national eHealth observatory questionnaire that focuses on usability and is used to monitor the long-term development of EHRs. The results do not show notable improvements in physician's ratings for their EHRs between the years 2010 and 2014 in Finland. Instead, the results indicate the existence of serious problems and deficiencies which considerably hinder the efficiency of EHR use and physician's routine work. The survey results call for considerable amount of development work in order to achieve the expected benefits of EHR systems and to avoid technology-induced errors which may endanger patient safety. The findings of repeated surveys can be used to inform healthcare providers, decision makers and politicians about the current state of EHR usability and differences between brands as well as for improvements of EHR usability. This survey will be repeated in 2017 and there is a plan to include other healthcare professional groups in future surveys.

Monitoring the Amount of Practical Use of eHealth on National Level by Use of Log Data: Lessons Learned.

This paper set out to define the lessons learned from the process of characterizing the amount of practical use of eHealth on national level by collecting and comparing log data harvested from national logs in the Nordic countries. The health systems of the Nordic countries are quite similar in structure and their eHealth strategies include similar elements, however when confronted with the specific context in the different systems it proved challenging to define a common set of indicators for monitoring the practical use of eHealth. A thorough analysis of context leading to the definitions of the indicators is the basis needed due to the complexity of the data in the national logs. A comprehensive knowledge of the structure that underlines these logs is of utmost importance when striving for collecting comparable data. Although challenging, the process of defining indicators for practical use of eHealth by data harvested trough national logs is not an impossible task, but a task that requires in depth discussions of definitions of indicators as well as a substantial insight into the architecture and content of the national databases. There is need for continuous work on these indicators to ensure their quality and thus make sure that the defined indicators can meaningfully inform eHealth policies.

User experiences with different regional health information exchange systems in Finland.

PURPOSE: The interest in cross-organizational Health Information Exchange (HIE) is increasing at regional, national and cross-European levels. The purpose of our study was to compare user experiences (usability) of different regional health information exchange system (RHIE) types as well as the factors related to the experienced level of success of different RHIE system types. METHODS: A web-based questionnaire was sent to 95% of Finnish physicians aged between 25 and 65 years of age. RHIE systems were mainly available in the public sector and only in certain regions. Those 1693 physicians were selected from the 3929 respondents of the original study, who met these criteria. The preferred means (paper/fax vs. electronic) of cross-organizational HIE, and replies to the 11 questions measuring RHIE success were used as the main dependent variables. RESULTS: Two thirds (73%) of the primary care physicians and one third (33%) of the specialized care physicians replied using an electronic RHIE system rather than paper or fax as a primary means of cross-organizational HIE. Respondents from regions where a regional virtual EHR (type 3) RHIE system was employed had used electronic means rather than paper HIE to a larger extend compared to their colleagues in regions where a master patient index-type (type 1) or web distribution model (type 2) RHIE system was used. Users of three local EHR systems preferred electronic HIE to paper to a larger extend than users of other EHR systems. Experiences with an integrated RHIE system (type 3) were more positive than those with other types or RHIE systems. CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed User preferences for the integrated virtual RHIE-system (type 3) over the master index model (type 1) or web distribution model (type 2). Success of individual HIE tasks of writing, sending and reading were impacted by the way these functionalities were realized in the EHR systems. To meet the expectations of increased efficiency, continuity, safety and quality of care, designers of HIE systems also need to take into account the different HIE needs of primary care clinicians and their secondary care colleagues in hospitals. Both national legislation and local interpretations of data protection possibly hinder the full use of any RHIE systems. These findings should be taken into account when designing usable HIE systems. More qualitative research is needed on specific features of those local systems that are associated with positive or negative user experience.

IEEE802.15.6 -based multi-accelerometer WBAN system for monitoring Parkinson's disease.

In this paper we present a detailed example of a wireless body area network (WBAN) scenario utilizing the recent IEEE802.15.6 standard as applied to a multi-accelerometer system for monitoring Parkinson's disease and fall detection. Ultra wideband physical layer and standard security protocols are applied to meet application requirements for data rate and security.