A Rare Case of Posterior Fossa Tumor and Central Precocious Puberty: Case Presentation and Review of the Literature.

Central precocious puberty (CPP) is a condition that causes early gonadotropin-dependent sexual development; CPP is idiopathic in girls in most cases, whereas more than 50% of boys have an identifiable etiology. We conducted a qualitative systematic review following the ENTREQ (enhancing transparency in reporting the synthesis of qualitative research) framework. A search was made in MEDLINE/Pubmed and MeSH Database using the terms "precocious puberty" AND "brain tumor" OR "posterior fossa tumor" OR "cerebellar tumor" OR "infratentorial tumor", identifying five cases of pediatric patients with infratentorial tumors and CPP and a case of cerebellar ganglioglioma without hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis involvement and/or intracranial hypertension. Our work highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach and extensive central nervous system imaging for patients presenting with CPP in order to detect possible tumor association. Moreover, we believe that this manuscript could contribute to stimulate other research because the exact mechanism of CPP in infratentorial brain lesions has not been understood yet.

A Unique Case of Bilateral Thalamic High-Grade Glioma in a Pediatric Patient with LI-Fraumeni Syndrome: Case Presentation and Review of the Literature.

Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) is a rare high-penetrance and autosomal-dominant pathological condition caused by the germline mutation of the TP53 gene, predisposing to the development of tumors from pediatric age. We conducted a qualitative systematic review following the ENTREQ (Enhancing Transparency in Reporting the Synthesis of Qualitative Research) framework. A search was made in MEDLINE/Pubmed and MeSH Database using the terms "Li-Fraumeni" AND "pediatric high-grade glioma (HGG)", identifying six cases of HGGs in pediatric patients with LFS. We added a further case with peculiar features such as no familiar history of LFS, association of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma and bithalamic HGG, whose immunohistochemical profile was accurately defined by Next Generation Sequencing. Knowledge synthesis and case analysis grounded the discussion about challenges in the management of this pathology in pediatric age.

Absence of T1 Hyperintensity in the Brain of High-risk Patients After Multiple Administrations of High-dose Gadobutrol for Cardiac Magnetic Resonance.

PURPOSE: A prospective study was conducted to evaluate signal changes in the dentate nucleus, globus pallidus, pons, and thalamus (normalized to the deep cerebellum white matter) in T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images after serial injections of gadobutrol in patients with thalassemia without neurological lesions. METHODS: In this study three groups were scanned at both 1.5 T and 3 T: 15 thalassemia patients transfused and chelated with ≥4 gadobutrol administrations at a high dose (0.2 mmol/kg per scan) for late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) cardiovascular MR, 8 thalassemia patients and 13 healthy subjects who had never received gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCA). RESULTS: Signal intensity (SI) ratios at 1.5 T in all regions were comparable among the three groups and were not correlated with the number of gadobutrol administrations. In healthy subjects SI ratios were significantly different among the 4 regions, being higher in the pallidus. The SI ratios at 1.5 T were significantly higher and not correlated with SI ratios at 3 T or with iron overload in the same regions assessed by the T2* technique. CONCLUSION: This article describes the lack of increased SI in T1-weighted MR images after repeated administration of gadobutrol for cardiovascular MR studies in a high-risk population (high dose per scan, iron overload that can facilitate the transmetalation of gadolinium) scanned at 3 T and 1.5 T.

Mid-term and long-term follow-up of intracranial aneurysms treated by the p64 Flow Modulation Device: a multicenter experience.

BACKGROUND: Experience with the endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms using the p64 Flow Modulation Device is still limited. This study discusses the results and complications of this new flow diverter device. METHODS: 40 patients (30 women, 10 men) with 50 cerebral aneurysms treated in six Italian neurointerventional centers with the p64 Flow Modulation Device between April 2013 and September 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Complete occlusion was obtained in 44/50 aneurysms (88%) and partial occlusion in 3 (6%). In the other three aneurysms (6%), two cases of asymptomatic in-stent thrombosis and one intraprocedural occlusion of the parent vessel occurred. Technical complications were observed in eight procedures (16%). Permanent morbidity due to acute in-stent thrombosis and consequent ischemic stroke occurred in one patient (2.5%). No delayed aneurysm rupture, subarachnoid or intraparenchymal hemorrhage, or ischemic complications occurred and there were no deaths. CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular treatment with the p64 Flow Modulation Device is a safe treatment for unruptured cerebral aneurysms, resulting in a high rate of occlusion. As with other flow diverter devices, we recommend this treatment mainly for large-necked aneurysms of the internal carotid artery siphon. However, endovascular treatment with the p64 device should also be encouraged in difficult cases such as aneurysms of the posterior circulation and beyond the circle of Willis.

Flow diverter stent treatment for ruptured basilar trunk perforator aneurysms.

OBJECTIVE: Basilar trunk perforator (BTP) aneurysms are rare. Treatment options traditionally considered for these uncommon lesions have included direct surgery, endovascular therapy, or conservative management. Flow diverters represent a newer therapeutic option for BTP aneurysms but pitfalls and complications are unknown. We describe three patients with BTP aneurysms treated with flow diverter stents. METHODS: All three patients had ruptured BTP aneurysms and, after loading doses of dual antiplatelet agents, underwent treatment with a flow diverter alone (two patients) or in combination with an intracranial stent (one patient). RESULTS: Complications directly (two thromboembolic events) or indirectly (one hemorrhage at the external ventricular drain site, probably facilitated by the dual antiplatelet therapy) occurred in all three patients and resulted in permanent morbidity in one case. Imaging follow-up confirmed obliteration in all three patients, and no episodes of rebleeding from the aneurysms were observed at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Flow diverters are effective in obliterating BTP aneurysms. However, given the challenges and complications encountered, especially in patients with ruptured lesions, their use must be carefully weighed against other available therapeutic modalities, including observation.