A review on approach to a twitchy tongue in neurology.

BACKGROUND: Several etiologies are responsible for presentation of a twitching tongue in clinical practice. Some of these etiologies cause an isolated hyperkinetic tongue muscle, and some others cause it along with other signs and symptoms. OBJECTIVES: The present paper aims to review the causes, pathology, and presentations reported with twitchy tongue. An anatomical basis of the etiologies responsible for presentation of a twitchy tongue and hyperkinetic movement disorders of this muscle is pursued. METHOD: The reporting of this systematic review was guided by the standards of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) Statement. All of the research papers conducted with keywords described in the method section between 2000 and 2022 were used, and review articles and articles without any human subject and without any described hyperkinetic movement disorders of the tongue were excluded. RESULTS: All of the etiologies responsible for hyperkinetic movement disorders of tongue were listed in the basis of their anatomical site of effect; cortical region, basal ganglia, cerebellum, brain stem, nucleus and nerve, and neuromuscular junction. One last remained part is the "not classified" section, which contains the etiologies with no particular anatomical origin. CONCLUSION: There are a variety of responsible etiologies for presentation of a twitchy tongue, and in the matter of a complaint of hyperkinetic tongue presentation, physicians should consider anatomical, functional, and psychological etiologies and other signs and symptoms must be participated in the diagnosis process to achieve a proper medical decision.

Meyerozyma guilliermondii species complex: review of current epidemiology, antifungal resistance, and mechanisms.

Meyerozyma guilliermondii has been accepted as a complex composed of Meyerozyma guilliermondii, Meyerozyma carpophila, and Meyerozyma caribbica. M. guilliermondii is a saprophyte detected on human mucosa and skin. It can lead to serious infections in patients with risk factors like chemotherapy, immunodeficiency, gastrointestinal or cardiovascular surgery, and oncology disorders. Most deaths related to M. guilliermondii infections occur in individuals with malignancy. In recent decades, incidence of M. guilliermondii infections is increased. Sensitivity of this microorganism to conventional antifungals (e.g., amphotericin B, fluconazole, micafungin and anidulafungin) was reduced. Prophylactic and empirical uses of these drugs are linked to elevated minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of M. guilliermondii. Drug resistance has concerned many researchers across the world. They are attempting to discover appropriate solution to combat this challenge. This study reviews the most important mechanisms of resistance to antifungals developed by in M. guilliermondii species complex.

Promising effects of corticosteroid treatment in combination with antifungal agents in a patient with Aspergillus meningitis.

Although Aspergillus meningitis is poorly responsive to current guidelines for treatment, we describe a dramatic response of Aspergillus meningitis in a patient to treatment using a combination of corticosteroids with guideline's suggested antifungal agents. Administration of corticosteroids in patients with Aspergillus meningitis is rarely reported in previous studies.

Focal epilepsy presenting as tongue tremor: A case report.

Plenty of etiologies are reported to cause tongue tremor. Focal epilepsy presenting as isolated tongue tremor is a rare condition, suggesting how variable the focal seizure presentation may be. This paper reports a case of focal epilepsy due to presence of a cavernous angioma in the region of cortical motor area related to tongue movements. It is an clinical example of pathological conditions affecting the tongue area in motor homunculus.