RESUMO
Forty percent of pregnant women aged 37 years and over do not have prenatal diagnosis despite being eligible for a free test. The present study aimed to determine how often, and which, untested women were making a choice about this, how many declined an offer and why. A questionnaire was given to untested women, aged 37 years and over, at no less than 24 weeks gestation. A total of 375 (81.5%) women declined, 72 (16%) were not offered a test and 13 presented too late antenatally. There was a three-fold increased likelihood (OR 3.10 95% CI 1.44, 6.65) of no offer for urban non-English speaking background women, compared with the reference group (metropolitan, English speaking). Unpartnered women were also significantly less likely to receive an offer (OR 3.18, 95% CI 1.19, 8.46). Risk to the baby was the main reason for declining. When offered non-invasive prenatal screening, most decliners of prenatal diagnosis accepted, even those who declined because they were opposed to abortion. We estimate that overall 33% of older pregnant women were being offered and declining amniocentesis and/or chorion villus sampling (CVS). Only 6% were not offered a test, but this small proportion is over-represented by minority groups who must be given equal opportunity to make this choice.
Assuntos
Idade Materna , Gravidez de Alto Risco , Diagnóstico Pré-Natal , Adulto , Amniocentese/estatística & dados numéricos , Amostra da Vilosidade Coriônica/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Idioma , Modelos Logísticos , Estado Civil , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Razão de Chances , Satisfação do Paciente , Gravidez , População Rural , Inquéritos e Questionários , Recusa do Paciente ao Tratamento , População UrbanaRESUMO
Elevations in cyclin D1 content increase the phosphorylation status of retinoblastoma (Rb) protein to encourage cell cycle transit. We sought to determine if cyclin D1 content could be used as an index of cell proliferation in mouse lung epithelia following growth manipulations in vitro and in vivo. Rb protein concentration was high in 82-132 and LM2, two fast-growing neoplastic mouse lung epithelial cell lines. The hyperphosphorylated form of Rb predominated in these two cell lines, while Rb in slower-growing cell lines was predominantly hypophosphorylated. Consistent with this, more cyclin D1 protein was expressed in the fast-growing cell lines than in slower-growing cells. We therefore tested whether cyclin D1 content varied with growth status. The amount of cyclin D1 decreased upon serum removal coincident with growth inhibition and then increased upon serum re-addition which stimulated resumption of proliferation. This correlation between cyclin D1 content and growth status also occurred in vivo. Cyclin D1 content increased when lungs underwent compensatory hyperplasia following damage caused by butylated hydroxytoluene administration to mice and in lung tumor extracts as compared with extracts prepared from uninvolved tissue or control lungs. We conclude that elevated cyclin D1 levels account, at least in part, for the hyperphosphorylation of Rb in neoplastic lung cells, and are associated with enhanced lung growth in vitro and in vivo.
Assuntos
Ciclina D1/metabolismo , Pulmão/citologia , Pulmão/metabolismo , Proteína do Retinoblastoma/metabolismo , Animais , Biomarcadores/análise , Divisão Celular/fisiologia , Linhagem Celular , Células Epiteliais/citologia , Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , FosforilaçãoRESUMO
Regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin and sulindac is associated with a decreased mortality from colorectal cancer. Sulindac causes regression of precancerous adenomatous polyps and inhibits the growth of cultured colon cell lines. Whereas induction of apoptotic cell death is thought to account for the growth inhibitory effect of sulindac, less is known about its biochemical mechanism(s) of action. Sulindac is metabolized in vivo to sulfide and sulfone derivatives. Both the sulfide and sulfone metabolites of sulindac as well as more potent cyclic GMP-dependent phosphodiesterase inhibitors were shown to cause inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 phosphorylation at doses (40-600 microM) and times (1-5 days) consistent with the induction of apoptosis by the drugs. Treatment of HCT116 human colon cancer cells with the specific mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, U0126 (5-50 microM) resulted in a time- and dose-dependent inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and induction of apoptosis. U0126 treatment (20 microM) increased basal apoptosis, and potentiated the apoptotic effect of sulindac sulfide and sulindac sulfone. These results suggest that the inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation is responsible for at least part of the induction of programmed cell death by sulindac metabolites. Inhibition of ERK1/2 activity may, therefore, be a useful biochemical target for the development of chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic drugs for human colon cancer.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , MAP Quinase Quinase Quinase 1 , Proteína Quinase 1 Ativada por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Sulindaco/farmacologia , 3',5'-GMP Cíclico Fosfodiesterases/antagonistas & inibidores , 3',5'-GMP Cíclico Fosfodiesterases/metabolismo , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/metabolismo , Apoptose/fisiologia , Butadienos/farmacologia , Caspase 3 , Caspase 7 , Caspases/metabolismo , Neoplasias do Colo/enzimologia , Neoplasias do Colo/patologia , Regulação para Baixo , Ativação Enzimática , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Humanos , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/fisiologia , Proteína Quinase 1 Ativada por Mitógeno/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteína Quinase 1 Ativada por Mitógeno/biossíntese , Proteína Quinase 3 Ativada por Mitógeno , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por Mitógeno/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por Mitógeno/biossíntese , Nitrilas/farmacologia , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Sulindaco/análogos & derivados , Sulindaco/metabolismo , Células Tumorais Cultivadas/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: to examine the perceptions and experience of breast-feeding practices among Thai women who are now living in Australia. DESIGN: ethnographic interviews and participant observation among Thai women in Australia. SETTING: Melbourne Metropolitan Area,Victoria, Australia. FINDINGS: Thai women see breast milk as the most valuable food for newborn babies and young children. Breast milk is seen as 'human milk', while infant formula is referred to as 'animal milk'. Breast feeding is seen as beneficial not only to babies' health, but also to the mother's health. Women consume certain foods such as drinking hot water and consuming hot soup during the confinement period as a way to ensure breast milk production. Women appear to know that 'breast is best', but some lack accurate knowledge about breast feeding. They also receive inaccurate information regarding feeding practices from health professionals. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: there is no doubt that Thai women see that 'breast is best', therefore, the main message for those involved in giving breast-feeding advice is to 'make it easy for women to do it'. Only then can health services and care be made more meaningful to the many women who have decided to breast feed their babies in their new country.
Assuntos
Aleitamento Materno , Cuidado do Lactente/psicologia , Mães/psicologia , Adulto , Atitude Frente a Saúde , Austrália/epidemiologia , Aleitamento Materno/etnologia , Aleitamento Materno/psicologia , Características Culturais , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Relações Mãe-Filho , Inquéritos e Questionários , Tailândia/etnologiaRESUMO
In this paper, I discuss childrearing beliefs and practices in Hmong culture. In particular I focus on issues related to souls and ceremonies for a newborn infant in Hmong society. The Hmong believe that each living body has three souls. For a newborn infant, the first soul enters his or her body when he or she is conceived in the mother's womb. The second soul enters when the baby has just emerged from the mother's body and taken its first breath. The third soul, however, will have to be called on the third morning after birth, as will be discussed in this paper. If all three souls are secured in the infant's body, he or she will be healthy and hence thrive well. On the contrary, the infant may become ill and eventually die if all three souls do not reside in his or her body. This, therefore, makes a soul calling ceremony on the third morning after birth essential in Hmong culture. I will show that for Hmong society to survive, the Hmong strongly adhere to their cultural beliefs and practices related to a newborn infant. These beliefs and practices tie the Hmong with not only their family and their society at large, but also the supernatural world.
Assuntos
Educação Infantil/etnologia , Características Culturais , Recém-Nascido , Adulto , Antropologia Cultural , Comportamento Ritualístico , Humanos , Laos/etnologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Refugiados , VitóriaRESUMO
This study attempts to understand the Vietnamese-Australian grandparenthood and their changing roles and psychological well-being. Using a qualitative approach, thirty-six grandparents participated in four focus group interviews. The findings reveal that Vietnamese grandparents play many important roles such as those of living ancestor, family historian, role model, teacher, mentor, nurturer, crony and mediator although at a reasonably modest level. Through assisting the parents, it creates a vital bridge between grandparents and grandchildren. Grandparents' most important roles are the maintenance of good emotional relationships and support, and the construction of harmony and continuity in their modified extended families. To be able to assume these roles grandparents need to actively explore and accept new values and to adapt values to new cultural context. A successful grandparenthood brings happiness to the family and this in turn positively influences grandparents' life satisfaction and psychological well-being and enhances their quality of life.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To examine traditional and changed beliefs and practices related to the puerperium of Hmong women in Melbourne, Australia. DESIGN: An ethnographic study of reproductive health among Hmong women in Australia. SETTING: Melbourne Metropolitan Area, Victoria, Australia. PARTICIPANTS: 27 Hmong women, three shamans, two medicine women and one magic healer who are now living in Melbourne. FINDINGS: In the Hmong tradition, the first 30 days after birth is seen as the most dangerous period for a new mother. There are several beliefs and practices which women must observe in order to regain strength and avoid poor health in the future. Lying near the fire in the first three days is one such belief. The woman's body during the puerperium is considered polluted. Hence, there are several rules to restrict the woman and the substance of her body. It appears the Hmong continue to observe their post-birth confinement practices regardless of their new environment. Most women mentioned that this is to avoid ill health and misfortune in the future. There are only a few customs which they have to modify due to changes in their living situations in a new country. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Hmong cultural beliefs and practices concerning the puerperium in particular, and childbearing in general, have specific implications for midwifery care. Since midwives will continue to encounter many traditional beliefs and practices of the Hmong when providing birthing care to Hmong women, it is essential that their cultural beliefs and practices be taken into account. This will not only help to avoid misunderstanding, but also result in culturally appropriate and sensitive care for immigrant women.
Assuntos
Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde/etnologia , Trabalho de Parto/etnologia , Medicina Tradicional do Leste Asiático , Tocologia/métodos , Adulto , Antropologia Cultural , Características Culturais , Feminino , Humanos , Laos/etnologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pesquisa Metodológica em Enfermagem , Gravidez , Enfermagem Transcultural/métodos , VitóriaRESUMO
The roles of growth factors in mouse lung neoplasia were investigated by examining receptors for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) in epithelial cell lines. Whereas nontumorigenic lung cells expressed mRNA and protein for PDGF receptor (PDGFR)-alpha, PDGFR-beta, and EGF receptor (EGFR), five of six neoplastic lines did not. Because this exceptional tumorigenic cell line grows slowly, we hypothesized that receptor levels increased with cell stasis. To test this hypothesis, serum concentrations were manipulated, and log-phase and post-confluent cells were compared. Consistent with our hypothesis, PDGFR-alpha and EGFR contents, but not PDGFR-beta contents, increased at stasis. Ki-ras mutation initiates lung tumorigenesis in mice, but activation of Ki-ras did not affect receptor expression. This was determined both by transfecting nontumorigenic cells with activated Ki-ras and neoplastic cells with a Ki-ras antisense construct and by diminishing Ki-ras activation by using a farnesyltransferase inhibitor. Stasis-associated upregulation of growth-factor receptor expression suggests a function in lung cell differentiation that is abrogated during neoplastic growth.
Assuntos
Receptores ErbB/metabolismo , Pulmão/metabolismo , Receptores do Fator de Crescimento Derivado de Plaquetas/metabolismo , Animais , Divisão Celular , Transformação Celular Neoplásica , Células Cultivadas , Células Epiteliais/citologia , Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Receptores ErbB/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/genética , Genes ras , Pulmão/citologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Receptores do Fator de Crescimento Derivado de Plaquetas/genéticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To discuss a range of strategies to address the methodological and practical challenges in designing cross-cultural public health studies. METHOD: The Mothers in a New Country (MINC) Study was an interview study of 318 Vietnamese, Turkish and Filipino recent mothers exploring their views of maternity care and the early months of motherhood. It was carried out in Melbourne between 1994 and 1997. Sampling, recruitment, retention and representativeness all pose problems for studies involving non-English-speaking background immigrant populations, as do selection, training and support processes for bicultural interviewers. These issues are discussed with reference to the strategies undertaken to tackle them in the MINC Study. RESULTS: In the MINC Study, a systematic approach to sampling and recruitment, combined with a flexible and sensitive study protocol were largely successful both in achieving in adequate sample size and a largely representative study sample. Similarly, paying significant attention to the selection, training and ongoing support of the biocultural interviewers employed on the study contributed greatly to its successful completion and enhanced confidence in the study findings. IMPLICATIONS: Both researchers and funders need to take seriously the implications of the many methodological and practical issues involved in designing sound cross-cultural public health studies. In particular, there are major implications for study costs and timelines. However, the benefits to be gained are significant.
Assuntos
Atitude Frente a Saúde/etnologia , Comparação Transcultural , Emigração e Imigração , Entrevistas como Assunto/métodos , Mães/psicologia , Saúde Pública , Projetos de Pesquisa/normas , Feminino , Humanos , Serviços de Saúde Materna/normas , Seleção de Pacientes , Filipinas/etnologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Turquia/etnologia , Vitória , Vietnã/etnologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To describe the dilemmas for cross-cultural research in translating study instruments and implementing quality assurance methods, drawing on strategies utilised in the Mothers in a New Country (MINC) Study. METHOD: To translation of study instruments in the MINC Study included: forward and back translations, a bilingual group review process, consultation with bilingual content experts, piloting of different versions of translations, a process for exploring unresolved difficulties and caution in interpreting unusual study findings. Interview quality was assessed by: 1. An ongoing review of interviewer-prepared English coding schedules to ensure completeness of data and identify problems with interview administration. 2. Analysis of fully translated transcripts of six randomly selected early interviews to assess the accuracy and consistency with which questions were asked. 3. A comparison of data sources for 45 randomly selected interviews (original language interview schedules, English coding schedules and translated interview transcripts) to determine the rate and nature of discrepancies. RESULTS: Translation strategies that went beyond simple forward and back translations achieved more reliable and appropriate translations. The complexity of language and cultural differences sometimes still meant less than satisfactory results. Interview tapes played an important quality assurance role, enabling feedback to the interviewers and providing a basis of comparison for identification of data discrepancies. IMPLICATIONS: Ensuring good data quality in cross-cultural research is both critically important and difficult. Open discussion of the problems and concerted efforts to deal with them would benefit future research.
Assuntos
Atitude Frente a Saúde/etnologia , Comparação Transcultural , Coleta de Dados/normas , Emigração e Imigração , Entrevistas como Assunto/métodos , Mães/psicologia , Projetos de Pesquisa/normas , Tradução , Feminino , Humanos , Filipinas/etnologia , Turquia/etnologia , Vitória , Vietnã/etnologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To describe the experience of postpartum care among Thai women in Melbourne, Australia. DESIGN: Ethnographic interviews and participant observation with women in relation to postpartum care and practices. SETTING: Melbourne Metropolitan Area, Victoria, Australia. PARTICIPANTS: 26 Thai born women who gave birth in Australia. FINDINGS: The Thai women had varying views about the length of time they should spend in hospital and the care they received. Ten of the twelve women who had had a caesarean birth stayed in hospital for six or more days, consistent with the hospital practice. However, most of those who had had a vaginal delivery opted to go home earlier than the standard hospital practice of four days stay. This was because they were unhappy about specific hospital practices, the hospital environment, or because there are several Thai confinement customs, which, traditionally, a new mother must observe in order to maintain good health and avoid future ill health and which they were not able to follow in hospital. Nevertheless, most women were satisfied with their postpartum care. Most women were aware of the Thai cultural beliefs and practices. However, they showed varying ways of coping with the hospital environment in relation to their varying social situations. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Thai women are diverse in their needs, perceptions and experience of postpartum care. Therefore, it is appropriate neither to stereotype all Thai women as requiring to follow traditional confinement practices nor to require them to adjust to standard hospital practices. Rather an environment of caring concern whereby each woman's individual needs can be solicited, understood and, where possible, attended to as required. The challenge is in achieving this.
Assuntos
Emigração e Imigração , Alta do Paciente/normas , Satisfação do Paciente/etnologia , Cuidado Pós-Natal/psicologia , Cuidado Pós-Natal/normas , Período Pós-Parto/etnologia , Período Pós-Parto/psicologia , Adaptação Psicológica , Adulto , Feminino , Ambiente de Instituições de Saúde , Humanos , Tempo de Internação/estatística & dados numéricos , Avaliação das Necessidades , Pesquisa Metodológica em Enfermagem , Gravidez , Inquéritos e Questionários , Tailândia/etnologia , Enfermagem Transcultural , VitóriaRESUMO
There are few population based studies which explore the views immigrant women have of the maternity care they receive in their new homelands. Three hundred and eighteen Vietnamese, Turkish and Filipino women who gave birth in three major city hospitals in Melbourne, Australia were interviewed about their experiences of maternity care. Outcomes and experiences for women with different levels of English fluency were studied, as were women's needs and preferences for assistance with interpreting. Observance of traditional cultural practices surrounding birth and the impact of not being able to observe such practices on women's experiences of care were also explored. Women in the study not fluent in English experienced problems in communicating with their caregivers and these were reflected in less positive experiences of care. Women were less concerned that caregivers knew little about their cultural practices than they were about care they experienced as unkind, rushed, and unsupportive. Maternity care for immigrant women is only likely to improve when barriers to effective communication are addressed and attention is paid to raising standards of care.
Assuntos
Cultura , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Serviços de Saúde Materna , Satisfação do Paciente , Adolescente , Adulto , Barreiras de Comunicação , Feminino , Humanos , Trabalho de Parto , Filipinas/etnologia , Cuidado Pós-Natal , Gravidez , Cuidado Pré-Natal , Relações Profissional-Paciente , Estereotipagem , Turquia/etnologia , Vitória , Vietnã/etnologiaRESUMO
In this paper we discuss the perceptions and experience of prenatal testing among 30 Thai women in Australia. Ethnographic interviews and participant observation were used to elicit information in the study. The results show that most Thai women have positive attitudes toward prenatal testing, particularly that of ultrasound scan. Women see prenatal testing as a means for reassurance about the health and well-being of their foetus, to detect the sex of their foetus, and to create excitement about life in their uterus. However, there are also women who have negative attitudes toward or are ambivalent about prenatal testing. Despite some doubts about prenatal testing, women fell that it offers some answers about the well-being of their foetus and hence in the end they accept it as part of their pregnancy. We also discuss explanations for the acceptance of prenatal testing among Thai women.
Assuntos
Amniocentese/psicologia , Atitude Frente a Saúde/etnologia , Emigração e Imigração , Ciência de Laboratório Médico , Ultrassonografia Pré-Natal/psicologia , Adulto , Feminino , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Humanos , Pesquisa Metodológica em Enfermagem , Gravidez , Segurança , Análise para Determinação do Sexo , Inquéritos e Questionários , Tailândia/etnologia , Enfermagem Transcultural , VitóriaRESUMO
In this paper, traditional Hmong explanations about miscarriage and the ethnomedical knowledge and practices which pertain to it are explored. They are derived from in-depth interviews and participant observation with the Hmong who are now living in Melbourne, Australia. The loss of pregnancy creates considerable anxiety in Hmong society. This is not only because it calls for a socially justifiable explanation for a family's failure to extend their lineage, but also reduces the venue for a soul to be re-born into the family. This is a threat for Hmong society since it means the extinction of the family, clan and lineage and hence Hmong society. The cultural construction of the causes of miscarriage among the Hmong surrounds two main categories: the natural world which is related to the woman's body and her behaviour; and the supernatural world. These explanations point to the influence that individuals, both living and dead, have on pregnancies. In traditional Hmong society, health is perceived as a harmony between the social, and religious or supernatural realm. A woman being unable to bring forth an offspring because of miscarriage indicates disharmony with the living and/or between the living and the dead.
Assuntos
Aborto Espontâneo/etnologia , Atitude Frente a Saúde/etnologia , Emigração e Imigração , Refugiados/psicologia , Mulheres/psicologia , Aborto Espontâneo/etiologia , Aborto Espontâneo/prevenção & controle , Adulto , Imagem Corporal , Feminino , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Humanos , Laos/etnologia , Medicina Tradicional do Leste Asiático , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gravidez , Fatores de Risco , Inquéritos e Questionários , Vitória , Mulheres/educaçãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess Filipino, Turkish and Vietnamese women's views about their care during the postnatal hospital stay. DESIGN: Interviews were conducted with recent mothers in the language of the women's choice, 6-9 months after birth, by three bilingual interviewers. PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred and eighteen women born in the Philippines (107), Turkey (107) and Vietnam (104) who had migrated to Australia. SETTING: Women were recruited from the postnatal wards of three maternity teaching hospitals in Melbourne, Australia, and interviewed at home. FINDINGS: Overall satisfaction with care was low, and one in three women left hospital feeling that they required more support and assistance with both baby care and their own personal needs. The method of baby feeding varied between the groups, with women giving some insight into the reason for their choice. A significant minority wanted more help with feeding, irrespective of the method. The need for rest was a recurrent theme, with women stating that staff's attitudes to individual preferences, coupled with lack of assistance, made this difficult. The majority of comments women made regarding their postnatal stay focused on the attitude and behaviour of staff and about routine aspects of care. Issues related to culture and cultural practices were not of primary concern to women. CONCLUSION: Maternity services need to consider ways in which care can focus on the individual needs and preferences of women.
Assuntos
Emigração e Imigração , Enfermagem Materno-Infantil/normas , Satisfação do Paciente/etnologia , Cuidado Pós-Natal/psicologia , Cuidado Pós-Natal/normas , Apoio Social , Adulto , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Feminino , Humanos , Pesquisa Metodológica em Enfermagem , Filipinas/etnologia , Gravidez , Inquéritos e Questionários , Turquia/etnologia , Vietnã/etnologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To examine the perceptions of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and to describe the role of cultural beliefs and practices on child rearing amongst Thai mothers in Victoria, Australia. METHODOLOGY: In-depth interviews and participant observation conducted with 30 Thai mothers during 1995-96. RESULTS: SIDS was not known amongst these Thai mothers prior to migration to Australia. However, they were aware of SIDS when they gave birth here and all of them expressed fear about their baby's death. Due to this fear, most mothers tended to follow Thai beliefs and practices strictly to prevent death. These included breast-feeding, not leaving the infant alone at nighttime, placing the infant on the side or back to sleep, and bedsharing. It is considered that there are numerous evil spirits who may harm the infant, but some are benevolent and protect the newborn, such as ancestral spirits and the guardian angel of a child. Several Thai rituals are carried out to protect the newborn from ill health and death, including inviting the soul of the infant to reside in his or her body, and ritual clipping and shaving the hair of the newborn within the first month of life. CONCLUSIONS: Cultural beliefs, rituals and child-rearing practices help Thai parents to overcome their fear of SIDS. Hypotheses derived from Asian parents' child rearing practices may be useful in further SIDS research.
Assuntos
Atitude Frente a Saúde/etnologia , Educação Infantil/etnologia , Cultura , Morte Súbita do Lactente , Adulto , Aleitamento Materno/etnologia , Budismo , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Doenças do Recém-Nascido/etnologia , Doenças do Recém-Nascido/mortalidade , Doenças do Recém-Nascido/prevenção & controle , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Religião e Medicina , Estudos de Amostragem , Morte Súbita do Lactente/etnologia , Morte Súbita do Lactente/prevenção & controle , Tailândia/etnologia , VitóriaRESUMO
The sulfone derivative of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), sulindac, has been reported to inhibit mammary and colon tumor formation in rodent models of chemically-induced carcinogenesis. Unlike its parent compound, this metabolite lacks cyclo-oxygenase inhibitory activity. A tumor induction protocol, consisting of NNK administration in the drinking water over several weeks to model chronic human exposure, was used to test whether the sulfone (called FGN-1) could inhibit the formation of primary lung tumors in mice. A total of 150 female, AIN76A-fed, A/J mice received 9 mg of NNK each. Concentrations of FGN-1 that had been previously determined not to affect body weight gain were added to the food at levels of 0, 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg of diet (30 mice/group) starting 2 weeks before NNK administration and continuing for 22 weeks. At that time pleural surface tumors were counted. Tumor incidence decreased significantly from 96 % in the control diet and 93% in the 250 FGN-1 mg/kg diet to 63 and 67% in the 500 and 750 mg FGN-1/kg diet groups, respectively (P < 0.001 by chi-square analysis). Lung tumor multiplicity decreased from 18.1+/-3 tumors/ mouse (mean+/-SEM, control diet) to 12.3+/-3 (250), 5.3+/-1 (500) and 2.1+/-1 (750) (P < 0.0005 by post hoc ANOVA). In previous studies using this carcinogenesis protocol, the maximum tolerated dose of sulindac inhibited lung tumor multiplicity by no more than 50% with no effect on incidence. This dose-dependent reduction in tumorigenesis by a non-toxic dose of FGN-1 indicates a strong chemopreventive activity against experimental induction of lung carcinogenesis. The greater potency of the sulfone over sulindac and its lack of toxic side effects because of its inability to affect cyclo-oxygenase activity suggests that clinical testing in individuals at high risk for lung cancer should be considered.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/prevenção & controle , Sulindaco/análogos & derivados , Animais , Carcinógenos , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Feminino , Neoplasias Pulmonares/induzido quimicamente , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos A , Nitrosaminas , Sulindaco/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
This paper discusses the perceptions and experience of immigrant Thai women who have had a Caesarean or vaginal birth. The ethnographic study showed that there was a considerably high number of emergency Caesarean births among Thai mothers. All women, except one, had prepared for a vaginal birth. However, most had to accept an emergency Caesarean and were told of the birth process just before the birth had taken place. Many women were, therefore, not well prepared for the birth. Most women preferred a vaginal birth over Caesarean birth. However, some believed that Caesarean was a safe method of birth because of the benefits of medical technology. This paper also examines some explanations for a high incidence of emergency Caesarean among Thai women in this study.
Assuntos
Atitude Frente a Saúde/etnologia , Cesárea/métodos , Cesárea/psicologia , Emigração e Imigração , Mães/psicologia , Adulto , Cesárea/estatística & dados numéricos , Comportamento de Escolha , Emergências , Feminino , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Humanos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Tailândia/etnologia , VitóriaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To compare the views of women from non-English-speaking backgrounds who received antenatal care at a public hospital clinic with those whose care was shared between a public hospital clinic and a general practitioner. DESIGN: Structured interviews in the language of the woman's choice. SETTING: Women were recruited from the postnatal wards of three maternity teaching hospitals in Melbourne between July 1994 and November 1995, and interviewed six to nine months later. PARTICIPANTS: Women born in Vietnam, Turkey and the Philippines who gave birth to a live healthy baby (over 1500 g) were eligible. Of 435 women recruited, 318 (Vietnamese [32.7%], Filipino [33.6%] and Turkish [33.6%]) completed the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Women's ratings of their antenatal care overall and views on specific aspects of their antenatal care. RESULTS: Women in shared care (n = 151) were not more likely than women in public clinic care (n = 143) to rate their care as "very good" (odds ratio [OR], 1.38; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.72-2.63). Satisfaction with particular aspects of care (waiting times, opportunity to ask questions, whether caregivers were rushed, whether concerns were taken seriously) did not differ significantly between those in shared care and those in public clinic care. Women in shared care were not happier with their medical care than women in public clinic care (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.35-1.96), but were more likely to see a caregiver who spoke their language (OR, 17.69; 95% CI, 6.15-69.06), although two-thirds still saw a GP who spoke only English. CONCLUSION: Shared antenatal care is not more satisfying than public clinic care for women from non-English-speaking backgrounds. Further evaluation of shared care is clearly needed.
Assuntos
Emigração e Imigração , Medicina de Família e Comunidade , Hospitais , Cuidado Pré-Natal , Feminino , Humanos , Idioma , Filipinas , Gravidez , Cuidado Pré-Natal/normas , Inquéritos e Questionários , Turquia , Vitória , VietnãRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To identify the perceptions and experience of pregnancy care, labour and birth of Thai women in Melbourne, Australia. DESIGN: An ethnographic interview and participant observation with women in relation to pregnancy, labour and birth. SETTING: Melbourne Metropolitan Area, Victoria, Australia. PARTICIPANTS: 30 Thai women who are now living in Melbourne. FINDINGS: Thai women saw antenatal care as an important aspect of their pregnancy and sought care as soon as they suspected they were pregnant. They were more concerned about the well-being of their babies than their own health, therefore they attended all antenatal appointments. In general, these women were satisfied with care during labour, but some also had negative experiences with their caregivers and hospital routine. When asked to compare maternity services between Thailand and Australia, most of the women believed that services in Australia were better. However, women who had had good experiences of childbirth in Thailand, tended to have negative feelings about the Australian experience. There was also evidence in this study that most of these Thai women did not receive adequate information about care. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Women's perceptions and experiences of antenatal care, labour and birth deserve attention, if appropriate and sensitive care is to be provided to women in Australia and elsewhere. It is only when women's voices are heard in all aspects of health-care delivery that we may see better and appropriate health services for women in childbirth.