Identificación de manifestaciones tempranas de enfermedad de addison en consulta odontológica. reporte de caso / Identification of early manifestations of Addison's disease in dental practice. Case report

La enfermedad de Addison es un trastorno raro que afecta progresivamente a las glándulas suprarrenales. La etiología es variada siendo su principal causa autoinmune, el diagnóstico se obtiene mediante valores de laboratorio y exploración clínica. Se expone el caso de paciente femenino que en consulta presentó un evento sincopal, en la revisión clínica se observó pigmentación de mucosas orales y uñas de manos y pies; los valores de laboratorio mostraron: ACTH elevada, cortisol disminuido y alteraciones de electrolitos, confirmándose Enfermedad de Addison. Un diagnóstico oportuno evita complicaciones mortales en quien la padece.

Addison's disease is a rare disorder that progressively affects the adrenal glands. The etiology is varied, being its main autoimmune cause, the diagnosis is obtained through laboratory values and clinical examination. The case of a female patient who presented a syncopal event in the consultation is exposed. In the clinical review, pigmentation of the oral mucosa and fingernails and toenails was observed; Laboratory values showed: elevated ACTH, decreased cortisol and electrolyte disturbances, confirming Addison's disease. A timely diagnosis prevents fatal complications in those who suffer from it.

Síndrome del incisivo central maxilar único: reporte de caso

El síndrome del incisivo central maxilar único es una rara alteración en el desarrollo y formación de órganos ubicados principalmente en la línea media; el cual ocurre de manera temprana entre los días 35 al 38 de vida intrauterina. Su etiología es desconocida, aunque se ha asociado a deleciones de los cromosomas 7 (7q.36.1) y 8, y a mutaciones en el gen Sonic Hedgehog. Presenta una prevalencia de 1/50.000 nacidos vivos y aunque es una anomalía poco frecuente del desarrollo craneofacial, su diagnóstico y tratamiento temprano son importantes para los odontólogos generales o especialistas ya que puede ser un signo de otras anomalías congénitas o del desarrollo graves. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este caso es reportar la fase inicial de tratamiento en un niño con el síndrome de incisivo central maxilar único quien no había sido diagnosticado anteriormente con este síndrome. Caso Clínico: Paciente masculino de 10 años de edad, procedente de Jamundí, Valle del Cauca- Colombia. Reporta ausencia de órgano dentario superior. En el examen intraoral se observa un incisivo central único sobre la línea media del maxilar, ausencia de frenillo labial y papila incisiva, paladar oval y retrognatismo mandibular. Fue tratado en una primera fase con ortopedia funcional maxilar para mejorar la clase II y está a la espera de iniciar la segunda fase de tratamiento con ortodoncia. Conclusiones: El síndrome de incisivo central maxilar único es un síndrome poco frecuente el cual conlleva múltiples afecciones que interfieren en el normal desarrollo y crecimiento de estructuras anatómicas.

A síndrome do incisivo central superior único é uma alteração rara no desenvolvimento e formação de órgãos localizados principalmente na linha média; que ocorre precocemente entre os dias 35 a 38 de vida intrauterina. Sua etiologia é desconhecida, embora tenha sido associada a deleções dos cromossomos 7 (7q.36.1) e 8, e mutações no gene Sonic Hedgehog. Tem uma prevalência de 1/50.000 nascidos vivos e, embora seja uma anomalia rara do desenvolvimento craniofacial, seu diagnóstico e tratamento precoces são importantes para dentistas gerais ou especialistas, pois pode ser sinal de outras anomalias congênitas ou de desenvolvimento graves. Portanto, o objetivo deste caso é relatar a fase inicial do tratamento em uma criança com síndrome do incisivo central superior único que não havia sido previamente diagnosticada com essa síndrome. Caso clínico: Paciente do sexo masculino, 10 anos, procedente de Jamundí, Valle del Cauca- Colômbia. Relata ausência de órgão dentário superior. O exame intraoral mostra um único incisivo central na linha média maxilar, ausência de frênulo labial e papila incisiva, palato oval e retrognatismo mandibular. Foi tratado numa primeira fase com ortopedia funcional maxilar para melhorar a classe II e aguarda para iniciar a segunda fase do tratamento ortodôntico. Conclusões: A síndrome do incisivo central superior único é uma síndrome rara que envolve múltiplas condições que interferem no desenvolvimento e crescimento normal das estruturas anatômicas.

Solitary maxillary central incisor syndrome is a rare alteration in the development and formation of organs located mainly in the midline; which occurs early between days 35 to 38 of intrauterine life. Its etiology is unknown, although it has been associated with deletions of chromosomes 7 (7q.36.1) and 8, and mutations in the Sonic Hedgehog gene. It has a prevalence of 1/50,000 live births and although it is a rare anomaly of craniofacial development, its early diagnosis and treatment are important for general dentists or specialists since it can be a sign of other serious congenital or developmental anomalies. Therefore, the objective of this case is to report the initial phase of treatment in a child with solitary maxillary central incisor syndrome who had not been previously diagnosed with this syndrome. Clinical case: Male patient, 10 years old, from Jamundí, Valle del Cauca- Colombia. Reports absence of upper dental organ. Intraoral examination shows a solitary central incisor on the maxillary midline, absence of labial frenulum and incisive papilla, oval palate and mandibular retrognathism. He was treated in a first phase with maxillary functional orthopedics to improve class II and is waiting to start the second phase of orthodontic treatment. Conclusions: Solitary maxillary central incisor syndrome is a rare syndrome which involves multiple conditions that interfere with the normal development and growth of anatomical structures.

Emergency department observation of patients with acute heart failure prior to hospital admission: impact on short-term prognosis. / Observación en urgencias previa a la hospitalización en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca aguda: impacto sobre el pronóstico a corto plazo.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze whether short-term outcomes are affected when patients diagnosed with acute heart failure (AHF) spend time in an emergency department observation unit (EDOU) before hospital admission. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Baseline and emergency episode data were collected for patients diagnosed with AHF in the EDs of 15 Spanish hospitals. We analyzed crude and adjusted associations between EDOU stay and 30-day mortality (primary outcome) and in-hospital mortality and a prolonged hospital stay of more than 7 days (secondary outcomes). RESULTS: A total of 6597 patients with a median (interquartile range) age of 83 (76-88 years) were studied. Fifty-five percent were women. All were hospitalized for AHF (50% in internal medicine wards, 23% in cardiology, 11% in geriatrics, and 16 in other specialties. Of these patients, 3241 (49%) had had EDOU stays and 3350 (51%) had been admitted immediately, with no EDOU stay. Having an EDOU stay was associated with female sex, dementia or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, long-term treatment with certain drugs for heart failure, greater baseline deterioration in function, and a higher degree of decompensation. Patients in the EDOU group were more often admitted to an internal medicine ward and had shorter stays; cardiology, geriatric, and intensive care admissions were less likely to have had an EDOU stay. Overall, 30-day mortality was 12.6% (13.7% in the EDOU group and 11.4% in the no-EDOU group; P = .004). In-hospital mortality was 10.4% overall (EDOU, 11.1% and no-EDOU, 9.6%; P = .044). Prolonged hospitalization occurred in 50.0% (EDOU, 48.7% and no-EDOU, 51.2%; P = .046). After adjusting for between-group differences, the EDOU stay was not associated with 30-day mortality (hazard ratio, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.99-1.31). Odds ratios for associations between EDOU stay and in-hospital mortality and prolonged hospital stay, respectively, were 1.09 (95% CI, 0.92-1.29) and 0.91 (95% CI, 0.82-1.01). CONCLUSION: Although mortality higher in patients hospitalized for AHF who spend time in an EDO, the association seems to be accounted for by their worse baseline situation and the greater seriousness of the decompensation episode, not by time spent in the EDOU.

OBJETIVO: Analizar si la estancia en el área de observación de urgencias (AOU) de pacientes que han sido diagnosticados de insuficiencia cardiaca aguda (ICA) y que deben ingresar está asociada con algún cambio en la evolución a corto plazo. METODO: Se recogieron datos basales y clínicos de pacientes diagnosticados de ICA en el servicio de urgencias de 15 hospitales españoles. Se analizó la asociación cruda y ajustada de la estancia en el AOU previa a la hospitalización con mortalidad a 30 días (objetivo primario) y con mortalidad intrahospitalaria e ingreso prolongado (> 7 días) (objetivos secundarios). RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 6.597 pacientes (mediana = 83 años, RIC = 76-88; mujeres = 55%) hospitalizados por ICA (50% en medicina interna, 23% en cardiología, 11% en geriatría y 16% en otros servicios); de ellos, 3.241 (49%) permanecieron en observación en urgencias (grupo AOU) y 3.350 (51%) hospitalizaron sin observación previa (grupo no-AOU). La observación en urgencias se asoció con ser mujer, tener demencia o enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, recibir crónicamente fármacos específicos para insuficiencia cardiaca, mayor deterioro funcional basal y mayor gravedad de la descompensación. El grupo AOU más frecuentemente hospitalizó en medicina interna y corta estancia, y menos frecuentemente en cardiología, geriatría y cuidados intensivos. La mortalidad a 30 días fue del 12,6% (AOU = 13,7%, no-AOU = 11,4%, p = 0,004); la mortalidad intrahospitalaria fue del 10,4% (AOU = 11,1%, no-AOU = 9,6%, p = 0,044) y el ingreso prolongado del 50,0% (AOU = 48,7%, no-AOU = 51,2%, p = 0,046). Tras ajustar por las diferencias entre grupos, la estancia en observación en urgencias no se asoció con mortalidad a 30 días (HR = 1,14, IC 95% = 0,99-1,31), mortalidad intrahospitalaria (OR = 1,09, IC 95% = 0,92-1,29) o estancia prolongada (OR = 0,91, IC 95% = 0,82-1,01). CONCLUSIONES: Aunque los pacientes hospitalizados por ICA que permanecen en observación en urgencias presentan mayor mortalidad, esta asociación parece explicarse por su peor situación de base y la mayor gravedad del episodio de descompensación y no por su paso por el AOU.

Impact of hospital and emergency department structural and organizational characteristics on outcomes of acute heart failure.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: To determine whether structural/organizational characteristics of hospitals and emergency departments (EDs) affect acute heart failure (AHF) outcomes. METHODS: We performed a secondary analysis of the EAHFE Registry. Six hospital/ED characteristics were collected and were related to 7 postindex events and postdischarge outcomes, adjusted by the period of patient inclusion, baseline patient characteristics, AHF episode features, and hospital and ED characteristics. The relationship between discharge directly from the ED (DDED) and outcomes was assessed, and interaction was analyzed according to the hospital/ED characteristics. RESULTS: We analyzed 17 974 AHF episodes included by 40 Spanish EDs. Prolonged stays were less frequent in high-technology hospitals and those with hospitalization at home and with high-inflow EDs, and were more frequent in hospitals with a heart failure unit (HFU) and an ED observation unit. In-hospital mortality was lower in high-technology hospitals (OR, 0.78; 95%CI, 0.65-0.94). Analysis of 30-day postdischarge outcomes showed that hospitals with a short-stay unit (SSU) had higher hospitalization rates (OR, 1.19; 95%CI, 1.02-1.38), high-inflow EDs had lower mortality (OR, 0.73; 95%CI, 0.56-0.96) and fewer combined events (OR, 0.87; 95%CI, 0.76-0.99), while hospitals with HFU had fewer ED reconsultations (OR, 0.83; 95%CI, 0.76-0.91), hospitalizations (OR, 0.85; 95%CI, 0.75-0.97), and combined events (OR, 0.84; 95%CI, 0.77-0.92). The higher the percentage of DDED, the fewer the prolonged stays. Among other interactions, we found that more frequent DDED was associated with more 30-day postdischarge reconsultations, hospitalizations and combined events in hospitals without SSUs, but not in hospitals with an SSU. CONCLUSIONS: AHF outcomes were significantly affected by the structural/organizational characteristics of hospitals and EDs and their aggressiveness in ED management.

Síntomas neurológicos motores de inicio súbito en el síndrome de Leriche / Sudden onset motor neurological symptoms in Leriche's syndrome

Resumen El síndrome de Leriche es una enfermedad poco frecuente, con gran morbilidad y mortalidad, que ocurre debido a oclusión de las ramas principales de la aorta abdominal por debajo de la bifurcación de las arterias renales. Clínicamente, se caracteriza por la tríada de claudicación, impotencia y disminución de los pulsos femorales. El diagnóstico se confirma por ecografía Doppler abdominal o angiografía por tomografía computarizada y el tratamiento se basa en el restablecimiento del flujo por debajo del nivel de la oclusión. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con cuadro clínico atípico de dolor lumbar, paraparesia y livideces de miembros inferiores de inicio súbito, con rápido deterioro de su estado general que requirió intervención endovascular urgente. En esta ocasión, los síntomas neurológicos pueden ser explicados por la reducción del flujo sanguíneo de la arteria espinal magna, que en el 25 % de la población se origina en L1 o por debajo de ella y puede generar isquemia de la médula espinal. La presentación atípica de este reporte lo convierte en un desafío clínico de gran importancia.

Abstract Leriche syndrome is a rare disease with high morbidity and mortality that occurs due to occlusion of the main branches of the abdominal aorta below the bifurcation of the renal arteries. Clinically, it is characterized by the triad of claudication, impotence and decreased femoral pulses. Diagnosis is confirmed by abdominal Doppler ultrasound or computed tomography angiography and treatment is based on restoration of arterial flow below the level of occlusion. We present the case of a patient with an atypical clinical presentation of sudden onset of low back pain, paraparesis and lividity of the lower limbs, with rapid deterioration of his general condition that required urgent endovascular intervention. On this occasion, the neurological symptoms can be explained by reduced blood flow in the magna spinal artery, which in 25% of the population originates at or below L1 and can generate spinal cord ischemia. The atypical presentation of this report makes it a clinical challenge of great importance.

Outpatient treatment of COVID-19 with steroids in the phase of mild pneumonia without the need for admission as an opportunity to modify the course of the disease: A structured summary of a randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to explore the effectiveness and safety of oral corticosteroids (prednisone) in the treatment of early stage SARS-Cov-2 pneumonia in patients who do not yet meet hospital admission criteria. TRIAL DESIGN: Randomized clinical trial, controlled, open, parallel group, to evaluate the effectiveness of steroids in adult patients with confirmed COVID-19, with incipient pulmonary involvement, without hospital admission criteria. Patients will be stratified by the presence or not of radiological data on pneumonia. PARTICIPANTS: We will include patients with early stage SARS-Cov-2 pneumonia who do not meet hospital admission criteria from the reference hospital, the Hospital Universitario de Burgos, in the region of Castilla y León, Spain. Patients will be followed-up by specialist physicians and Primary Health Care professionals. INCLUSION CRITERIA: - Men and women. - Age between 18 and 75 years old. - Diagnosed SARS-CoV-2 infection, by PCR and/or IgM+ antibody test and/or antigen test. - Clinical diagnosis of lung involvement: (respiratory symptoms +/- pathological auscultation +/- O2 desaturation) - Chest X-ray with mild-moderate alterations or normal. - Patients who give their verbal informed consent in front of witnesses, which will be reflected in the patients' medical records. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: - Oxygen desaturation below 93% or P02 < 62. - Moderate-severe dyspnea or significant respiratory or general deterioration that makes admission advisable. - Chest X-ray with multifocal infiltrates. - Insulin-dependent diabetes with poor control or glycaemia in the emergency room test greater than 300 mg/ml (fasting or not). - Other significant comorbidities: Severe renal failure (creatinine clearance < 30 mL/min); cirrhosis or chronic liver disease, poorly controlled hypertension. - Heart rhythm disturbances (including prolonged QT). - Severe immunosuppression (HIV infection, long-term use of immunosuppressive agents); cancer. - Pregnant or breast-feeding women. - Patients under use of glucocorticoids for other diseases. - History of allergy or intolerance to any of the drugs in the study (prednisone, azithromycin or hydroxychloroquine). - Patients who took one or more of the study drugs in the 7 days prior to study inclusion. - Patients taking non-suppressible drugs with risk of QT prolongation or significant interactions. - Patients unwilling or unable to participate until study completion. - Participation in another study. INTERVENTION AND COMPARATOR: Eligible patients will be randomized to receive standard outpatient treatment only (group 1) or standard outpatient treatment plus prednisone (group 2). - Group 1: paracetamol 1 g/8 h (on demand) + hydroxychloroquine 400 mg/12h the first day, 200 mg/12 h for 4 days + azithromycin 500 mg/24h for 5 days. - Group 2: paracetamol 1 g/8 h (on demand) + hydroxychloroquine 400 mg/12h the first day, 200 mg/12 h for 4 days + azithromycin 500 mg/24h for 5 days + prednisone 60 mg / 24 h for 3 days, 30 mg / 24 h for 3 days and 15 mg / 24 h for 3 days. MAIN OUTCOMES: If the patient requires ambulatory observation, according to the protocol established in this respect in the Emergency Department, meets all the criteria for inclusion and none for exclusion, data will be taken by the person responsible on the data collection sheet. The main result is admission after 30 days. Secondary outcomes are 30-day ICU admission and hospital stay. The safety variable will be the occurrence of clinical symptoms or delirium related to the steroids. Also, the possible decompensations of diabetes will be measured. All tests will be on an intention-to-treat basis. RANDOMISATION: Treatment will be assigned according to stratified randomization by the presence or absence of radiological data of lung involvement (previously performed by random sequence 1:1 generated with Epidat and kept hidden by opaque, sealed envelopes, which will only be opened after inclusion and basal measurement). BLINDING (MASKING): Participants, caregivers and personnel responsible for outcomes measurement will not be blinded to group assignment, once the patient is included and the basal measurement performed, as per protocol design. NUMBERS TO BE RANDOMISED (SAMPLE SIZE): The percentage of patients with incipient lung involvement is unknown, but given that pulmonary involvement already exists it is estimated to be around 20%. We consider that the intervention could reduce this percentage to 5%, so the necessary sample size would be 200 subjects (100 per group), with a power of 80% and an estimated loss percentage of 10%. TRIAL STATUS: The protocol with code TAC-COVID-19, version 2.0 on date: April 16, 2020 is approved by the Spanish Drug Agency (AEMPS) and the local Ethics Committee. The trial is in the recruitment phase. Recruitment began 19 April, 2020 and is anticipated to be complete by April 2021. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial was registered under the title "OUTPATIENT TREATMENT OF EARLY PULMONARY COVID19 WITH CORTICOSTEROIDS AS AN OPPORTUNITY TO MODIFY THE COURSE OF THE DISEASE" with EudraCT number 2020-001622-64 , registered on 3 April 2020. FULL PROTOCOL: The full protocol is attached as an additional file, accessible from the Trials website (Additional file 1). In the interest in expediting dissemination of this material, the familiar formatting has been eliminated; this Letter serves as a summary of the key elements of the full protocol.

The CRAS-EAHFE study: Characteristics and prognosis of acute heart failure episodes with cardiorenal-anaemia syndrome at the emergency department.

BACKGROUND: The coexistence of other comorbidities confers poor outcomes in patients with acute heart failure. Our aim was to determine the characteristics of patients with acute heart failure and cardiorenal anaemia syndrome and the relationship between renal dysfunction and anaemia, alone or combined as cardiorenal anaemia syndrome, on short-term outcomes. METHODS: We analysed the Epidemiology of Acute Heart Failure in Emergency Departments registry (cohort of patients with acute heart failure in Spanish emergency departments). Renal dysfunction was defined by an estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/min/m2, anaemia by haemoglobin values <12/<13 g/dl in women/men, and cardiorenal anaemia syndrome as the presence of both. Comparisons were made according to cardiorenal-anaemia syndrome positive (CRAS+) with respect to the rest of patients (CRAS-) and according the presence of renal dysfunction (RD+) and anaemia (A+), (alone, RD+/A-, RD-/A+) or in combination (RD+/A+; i.e. CRAS+) with respect to patients without renal dysfunction and anaemia (RD-/A-). The primary outcome was 30-day mortality, and the secondary outcomes were need for admission, prolonged hospitalisation (>10 days), in-hospital mortality during the index event, and reconsultation and the combination of 30-day post-discharge reconsultation/death. These short-term outcomes were compared and adjusted for differences among groups. RESULTS: Of the 13,307 patients analysed, CRAS+ (36.4%) was associated with older age, multiple comorbidities, chronic use of loop diuretics, oedemas and hypotension. The 30-day mortality in CRAS+ was greater than in CRAS- (hazard ratio = 1.46, 95% confidence interval = 1.26-1.68) and RD-/A- (hazard ratio = 1.83, 95% confidence interval = 1.46-2.28) control groups. The mortality level was also higher in RD+/A- (hazard ratio = 1.40, 95% confidence interval = 1.10-1.78) and higher, but not statistically significant, in RD-/A+ (hazard ratio = 1.28, 95% confidence interval = 0.99-1.63) with respect to RD-/A-. All of the secondary outcomes, when related to CRAS- and RD-/A- control groups, were worse for CRAS+ and to a lesser extent, RD+/A-, being more rarely observed in RD-/A+. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiorenal anaemia syndrome in acute heart failure is related to greater mortality and worse short-term outcomes, and the impact of renal dysfunction and anaemia seems to be additive.

High-sensitivity cardiac troponin T 30 days all-come mortality in patients with acute heart failure. A Propensity Score-Matching Analysis Based on the EAHFE Registry. TROPICA4 Study.

BACKGROUND: Acute heart failure (AHF) patients with high troponin levels have a worse prognosis. High-sensitive troponin T (hs-TnT) has been used as a tool to stratify prognosis in many scales but always as a qualitative and not as a quantitative variable. OBJECTIVES: The main objective of this study was to determine the best hs-TnT cut-off for prediction of 30-day all-cause mortality. METHODS: The EAHFE registry, a prospective follow-up cohort of patients with AHF, was analysed. We performed a propensity score analysis of the optimal hs-TnT cut-off point previously determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS: Of the 13 791 patients in the EAHFE cohort, we analysed 3190 patients in whom hs-TnT determination was available. The area under the ROC curve for 30-day all-cause mortality was 0.70 (CI95% 0.68 to 0.71; P < .001), establishing an optimal cut-off of hs-TnT of 35 ng/L. The sensitivity and specificity of this cut-off were 76.2 and 55.5%, respectively, with a negative predictive value (NPV) of 95.3%. A propensity score was made with 34 variables showing differences based on the cut-off of 35 ng/L for hs-TnT. In the analysis of the population obtained with the propensity score, patients with hs-TnT > 35 ng/L showed a greater 30-day all-cause mortality, with a HR of 2.95 (CI95% 1.83-4.75; P < .001). External validation reported similar results. CONCLUSIONS: An hs-TnT value of 35 ng/L is an adequate cut-off to evaluate the prediction of 30-day all-cause mortality with a NPV of 95.3%.

Impacto de la COVID-19 en la salud mental de los profesionales en odontología, como personal de alto riesgo de contagio / Impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of the dentistry as a high-risk staff

Objetivo:se propone identificar la existencia de ansiedad en odontólogos causada por la COVID-19 en Ecuador, dentro de un período comprendido desde el 20 de mayo al 15 de junio del 2020. Métodos:se realizaron encuestas online basadas en la versión validada en español de Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS),Escala de Ansiedad de Hamilton, compuesta por 14 ítems y dirigida a odontólogos ecuatorianos. La participación en este estudio fue de carácter anónimo y voluntario, con el fin de salvaguardar la identidad de los encuestados. Los criterios de clasificación fueron: asintomático: 0 a 7; ansiedad mínima de 8 a 13; ansiedad moderada de 14 a 21; ansiedad obvia de 22 a 29; ansiedad severa mayor de 29. Resultados:se recibió un total de 254 encuestas correctamente diligenciadas,de las cuales participaron 188 mujeres (74%) y 66 hombres (26%); la edad máxima fue 66 y la edad mínima 22 años, con una edad promedio de 34. Del total de participantes se encontraban ejerciendo la práctica privada 189 (74,4%) y pública 65 (25,6%); también, se evidenció que 92 (36%) personas si recibieron ayuda psicológica y 162 (64%) no recibieron. El valor más elevado fue el de ansiedad moderada con un total de 77 odontólogos (30%), seguido por ansiedad mínima con 64 (25%); asintomáticos, 51 (20%); ansiedad obvia, 48 (19%) y ansiedad severa, 14 (6%). Conclusiones:los odontólogos han presentado, con mayor frecuencia, estados de ansiedad moderada como consecuencia de la COVID-19.

Objective: It is proposed to identify the existence of anxiety in dentists caused by CoViD-19 in Ecuador in a period from May 20 to June 15, 2020. Methods: Online surveys of the validated Spanish version of Hamilton Anxiety Rating were conducted Scale (HARS), composed of 14 items for Ecuadorian dentists to fill out; Participation in this study was anonymous and voluntary in order to safeguard the identity of the respondent. The classification criteria are: asymptomatic: 0 to 7; minimal anxiety 8 to 13; moderate anxiety from 14 to 21; obvious anxiety from 22 to 29; severe anxiety greater than 29.Results: A total of 254 correctly completed surveys were received, of which 188 women (74%) and 66 men (26%) participated; the maximum age was 66 and the minimum age 22 years with an average age of 34. Practicing private 189 (74.4%) and public 65 (25.6%); 92 (36%) people did receive psychological help and 162 (64%) did not. The highest value is moderate anxiety with a total of 77 dentists (30%), followed by minimal anxiety with 64 (25%), asymptomatic 51 (20%), obvious anxiety 48 (19%) severe anxiety 14 (6 %). Conclusions: Dentists have more frequently presented moderate anxiety states as a consequence of COVID -19.

CORT-AHF Study: Effect on Outcomes of Systemic Corticosteroid Therapy During Early Management Acute Heart Failure.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated whether systemic corticosteroids (new onset) administered to patients with acute heart failure (AHF) have any association with outcomes, with differentiated analyses for patients with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as a comorbidity. BACKGROUND: Patients with undiagnosed dyspnea frequently receive corticosteroids in emergency departments while determining a final diagnosis, but their effect on the outcomes of patients with AHF without overt COPD exacerbation is unknown. METHODS: We selected patients with AHF from the EAHFE (Epidemiology of Acute Heart Failure in the Emergency Departments) registry, recording key data (new-onset corticosteroid therapy, COPD condition). Patients with and without COPD were analyzed separately. We calculated unadjusted and adjusted ratios for corticosteroid-treated compared with corticosteroid-untreated patients for 2 coprimary endpoints: 90-day all-cause mortality (from index episode) and 90-day post-discharge combined endpoint (all-cause mortality or readmission for AHF), with intermediate time-point estimations. Other secondary endpoints were calculated, and some sensitive and stratified analyses were performed. RESULTS: We analyzed 11,356 patients: 8,635 without COPD (841 corticosteroid-treated, 9.7%) and 2,721 with COPD (753 corticosteroid-treated, 27.7%). There were several differences between treated and untreated patients, essentially because corticosteroid-treated patients were sicker. Although unadjusted outcomes were worse in corticosteroid-treated patients, especially in patients without COPD, these differences disappeared after adjustment: hazard ratios for 90-day mortality (without/with COPD) were 0.91 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.76 to 1.10)/0.99 (95% CI: 0.78 to 1.26), and 1.09 (95% CI: 0.93 to 1.28)/1.02 (95% CI: 0.86 to 1.21) for the post-discharge combined endpoint. Analyses of intermediate time-point coprimary endpoints and secondary outcomes rendered similar estimations. Sensitivity and stratified analysis did not significantly modify these results. CONCLUSIONS: There is no evidence of harm related to the new onset of systemic corticosteroid therapy during an episode of AHF, either in patients with or without concomitant COPD.

Effect of risk of malnutrition on 30-day mortality among older patients with acute heart failure in Emergency Departments.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the prevalence and impact of risk of malnutrition on short-term mortality among seniors presenting with acute heart failure (AHF) in emergency setting. The objective was to determine the impact of risk of malnutrition on 30-day mortality risk among older patients who attended in Emergency Departments (EDs) for AHF. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a secondary analysis of the OAK-3 Registry including all consecutive patients ≥65 years attending in 16 Spanish EDs for AHF. Risk of malnutrition was defined by the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short Form (MNA-SF) < 12 points. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models were used to assess the association between risk of malnutrition and 30-day mortality. RESULTS: We included 749 patients (mean age: 85 (SD 6); 55.8% females). Risk of malnutrition was observed in 594 (79.3%) patients. The rate of 30-day mortality was 8.8%. After adjusting for MEESSI-AHF risk score clinical categories (model 1) and after adding all variables showing a significantly different distribution among groups (model 2), the risk of malnutrition was an independent factor associated with 30-day mortality (adjusted OR by model 1 = 3.4; 95%CI 1.2-9.7; p = .020 and adjusted OR by model 2 = 3.1; 95%CI 1.1-9.0; p = .033) compared to normal nutritional status. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of malnutrition assessed by the MNA-SF is associated with 30-day mortality in older patients with AHF who were attended in EDs. Routine screening of risk of malnutrition may help emergency physicians in decision-making and establishing a care plan.

Patients with acute heart failure discharged from the emergency department and classified as low risk by the MEESSI score (multiple risk estimate based on the Spanish emergency department scale): prevalence of adverse events and predictability. / Eventos adversos en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca aguda clasificados de bajo riesgo por la escala MEESSI y dados de alta desde urgencias: cuantificación y predictibilidad.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the rate of adverse events in patients with acute heart failure (AHF) who were discharged from the emergency department (ED) after classification as low risk according to MEESSI score (multiple risk estimate based on the Spanish ED scale), to analyze the ability of the score to predict events, and to explore variables associated with adverse events. METHODS: Patients in the EAHFE registry (Epidemiology of Acute Heart Failure in EDs) were stratified according to risk indicated by MEESSI score in order to identify those considered at low risk on discharge. All-cause 30-day mortality and revisits related to AHF within 7 days and 30 days were recorded. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was calculated for the MEESSI score's ability to predict these events. Associations between 42 variables and 7-day and 30-day revisits to the ED were analyzed by multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 1028 patients were included. The 30-day mortality rate was 1.6% (95% CI, 0.9%-2.5%). The 7-day and 30-day revisit rates were 8.0% (95% CI, 6.4%-9.8%) and 24.7% (95% CI, 22.1%-25.7%), respectively. The AUCs for MEESSI score discrimination between patients with and without these outcomes were as follows: 30-day mortality, 0.69 (95% CI, 0.58-0.80); 7-day revisiting, 0.56 (95% CI, 0.49-0.63); and 30-day revisiting, 0.54 (95% CI, 0.50-0.59). Variables associated with 7-day revisits were long-term diuretic treatment (odds ratio [OR], 2.45; 95% CI, 1.01-5.98), hemoglobin concentration less than 110 g/L (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.02-2.75), and intravenous diuretic treatment in the ED (OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.31-0.90). Variables associated with 30-day revisits were peripheral artery disease (OR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.01-3.00), prior history of an AHF episode (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.02-1.98), long-term mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist treatment (OR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.09-2.67), Barthel index less than 90 points in the ED (OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.07-2.06), and intravenous diuretic treatment in the ED (OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.40-0.84). CONCLUSION: Patients with AHF who are at low risk for adverse events on discharge from our EDs have event rates that are near internationally recommended targets. The MEESSI score, which was designed to predict 30-day mortality, is a poor predictor of 7-day or 30-day revisiting in these low-risk patients. We identified other factors related to these events.

OBJETIVO: Investigar la tasa de eventos adversos en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca aguda (ICA) clasificados de bajo riesgo por la escala MEESSI y dados de alta desde urgencias, la capacidad discriminativa de dicha escala para estos eventos en dichos pacientes y las variables asociadas. METODO: Se estratificó el riesgo de los pacientes del Registro EAHFE (cohortes 2-5) mediante la escala MEESSI y se analizaron los clasificados de bajo riesgo dados de alta desde urgencias. Se investigó la mortalidad por cualquier causa a 30 días (M-30d), la revisita a urgencias por ICA a 7 días (REV-7d) y la revisita a urgencias u hospitalización por ICA a 30 días (REV-H-30d). Se calculó el área bajo la curva (ABC) de la característica operativa del receptor (COR) de la escala MEESSI para estos eventos. Se analizó la relación entre 42 variables y RV-7d y RV-H-30d mediante regresión logística multivariable. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 1028 pacientes. La M-30d fue 1,6% (IC 95%: 0,9-2,5), la REV-7d fue 8,0% (6,4-9,8) y la REV-H-30d fue 24,7% (22,1-25,7). El ABC ROC de la puntuación MEESSI para discriminar estos eventos adversos fue 0,69 (0,58-0,80), 0,56 (0,49-0,63) y 0,54 (0,50-0,59), respectivamente. Se asociaron con RV-7d: tratamiento diurético crónico (OR 2,45; 1,01-5,98), hemoglobina < 110 g/L (1,68; 1,02-2,75) y tratamiento diurético intravenoso en urgencias (0,53; 0,31-0,90). Se asociaron con REV-H-30d: arteriopatía periférica (1,74; 1,01-3,00), episodios previos de ICA (1,42; 1,02-1,98), tratamiento crónico con inhibidores de receptores mineralocorticoides (1,71; 1,09-2,67), índice de Barthel en urgencias < 90 puntos (1,48; 1,07-2,06) y tratamiento diurético intravenoso en urgencias (0,58; 0,40-0,84). CONCLUSIONES: Los pacientes con ICA de bajo riesgo dados de alta desde urgencias presentan tasas de eventos adversos cercanas a los estándares recomendados internacionalmente. La escala MEESSI, diseñada para predecir M-30d, tiene escasa capacidad predictiva para REV-7d y REV-H-30d en los pacientes de bajo riesgo. Este estudio describe otros factores asociados a tales eventos.

The Usefulness of the MEESSI Score for Risk Stratification of Patients With Acute Heart Failure at the Emergency Department.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The MEESSI scale stratifies acute heart failure (AHF) patients at the emergency department (ED) according to the 30-day mortality risk. We validated the MEESSI risk score in a new cohort of Spanish patients to assess its accuracy in stratifying patients by risk and to compare its performance in different settings. METHODS: We included consecutive patients diagnosed with AHF in 30 EDs during January and February 2016. The MEESSI score was calculated for each patient. The c-statistic measured the discriminatory capacity to predict 30-day mortality of the full MEESSI model and secondary models. Further comparisons were made among subgroups of patients from university and community hospitals, EDs with high-, medium- or low-activity and EDs that recruited or not patients in the original MEESSI derivation cohort. RESULTS: We analyzed 4711 patients (university/community hospitals: 3811/900; high-/medium-/low-activity EDs: 2695/1479/537; EDs participating/not participating in the previous MEESSI derivation study: 3892/819). The distribution of patients according to the MEESSI risk categories was: 1673 (35.5%) low risk, 2023 (42.9%) intermediate risk, 530 (11.3%) high risk and 485 (10.3%) very high risk, with 30-day mortality of 2.0%, 7.8%, 17.9%, and 41.4%, respectively. The c-statistic for the full model was 0.810 (95%CI, 0.790-0.830), ranging from 0.731 to 0.785 for the subsequent secondary models. The discriminatory capacity of the MEESSI risk score was similar among subgroups of hospital type, ED activity, and original recruiter EDs. CONCLUSIONS: The MEESSI risk score successfully stratifies AHF patients at the ED according to the 30-day mortality risk, potentially helping clinicians in the decision-making process for hospitalizing patients.

Time trends in characteristics, clinical course, and outcomes of 13,791 patients with acute heart failure.

OBJECTIVES: To analyse time trends in patient characteristics, clinical course, hospitalisation rate, and outcomes in acute heart failure along a 10-year period (2007-2016). METHODS: The EAHFE registry has prospectively collected 13,971 consecutive AHF patients diagnosed in 41 Spanish emergency departments (EDs) at five different time points (2007/2009/2011/2014/2016). Eighty patient-related variables and outcomes were described and statistically significant changes along time were evaluated. We also compared our data with large ED- and hospital-based registries. RESULTS: Compared to other large registries, our patients were older [80 (10) years], more frequently women (55.5%), and had a higher prevalence of hypertension (83.5%) and a lower prevalence of ischaemic cardiomyopathy (29.4%). De novo AHF was observed in 39.6%. 63.6% showed some degree of functional dependence and 56.1% had preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). 56.8% of the patients arrived at the ED by ambulance, 4.5% arrived hypotensive, and 21.3% hypertensive. Direct discharge from the ED home was seen in 24.9%, and internal medicine (32.5%) and cardiology (15.8%) were the main hospital destinations. Triggers for decompensation were identified in 75.4%, the most being frequent infection (35.2%) and rapid atrial fibrillation (14.7%). The AHF phenotypes were: warm/wet 82.0%, warm/dry 6.2%, cold/wet 11.1%, and cold/dry 0.7%. The length of hospitalisation was 9.3 (8.6) days, and in-hospital, 30-day, and 1-year all-cause mortality were 7.8, 10.2 and 30.3%, respectively; and 30-day re-hospitalisation and ED revisit due to AHF were 16.9 and 24.8%, respectively. Thirty-nine of the eighty characteristics studied showed significant changes over time, while all outcomes remained unchanged along the 10-year period. CONCLUSIONS: The EAHFE Registry is the first European ED-based registry describing the characteristics, clinical course, and outcomes of a cohort resembling the universe of patients with AHF. Significant changes were observed over time in some aspects of AHF characteristics and management, but not in outcomes.

Effects on short term outcome of non-invasive ventilation use in the emergency department to treat patients with acute heart failure: A propensity score-based analysis of the EAHFE Registry.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in emergency department (ED) patients with acute heart failure (AHF) on short term outcomes. METHODS: Patients from the EAHFE Registry (a multicenter, observational, multipurpose, cohort-designed database including consecutive AHF patients in 41 Spanish EDs) were grouped based on NIV treatment (NIV+ and NIV-groups). Using propensity score (PS) methodology, we identified two subgroups of patients matched by 38 covariates and compared regarding 30-day survival (primary outcome). Interaction was investigated for age, sex, ischemic cardiomyopathy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, AHF precipitated by an acute coronary syndrome (ACS), AHF classified as hypertensive or acute pulmonary edema (APE), and systolic blood pressure (SBP). Secondary outcomes were intensive care unit (ICU) admission; mechanical ventilation; in-hospital, 3-day and 7-day mortality; and prolonged hospitalization (>7 days). RESULTS: Of 11,152 patients from the EAHFE (age (SD): 80 (10) years; 55.5% women), 718 (6.4%) were NIV+ and had a higher 30-day mortality (HR = 2.229; 95%CI = 1.861-2.670) (p < 0.001). PS matching provided 2 groups of 490 patients each with no significant differences in 30-day mortality (HR = 1.239; 95%CI = 0.905-1.696) (p = 0.182). Interaction analysis suggested a worse effect of NIV on elderly patients (>85 years, p < 0.001), AHF associated with ACS (p = 0.045), and SBP < 100 mmHg (p < 0.001). No significant differences were found in the secondary endpoints except for more prolonged hospitalizations in NIV+ patients (OR = 1.445; 95%CI = 1.122-1.862) (p = 0.004). CONCLUSION: The use of NIV to treat AHF in ED is not associated with improved mortality outcomes and should be cautious in old patients and those with ACS and hypotension.

Derrame pleural asociado al uso de ácido valproico / Pleural effusion associated with valproic acid use

Resumen Las reacciones adversas medicamentosas son ampliamente conocidas, sin embargo, existen algunas reacciones menos frecuentes que otras. El derrame pleural secundario al uso de ácido valproico, es una entidad clínica excepcional y por lo tanto difícilmente diagnosticada. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 59 años de edad quien padece de parálisis cerebral y epilepsia; recibió manejo con ácido valproico y presento múltiples hospitalizaciones en contexto de neumonía y derrame pleural de difícil manejo, del cual no se encontró etiología infecciosa, oncológica o autoinmune. Después de observar eosinofilia en líquido pleural y en sangre, se sospechó asociación a uso de ácido valproico. Se suspendió el medicamento obteniendo resolución del derrame pleural, confirmando así esta asociación. En la literatura se han reportado muy pocos casos y hacen referencia a aquel derrame pleural de etiología no filiada que puede asociarse con eosinofilia o infiltrado linfocítico (menos frecuente) en el líquido pleural y acompañarse o no de eosinofilia sérica. En todos los reportes se ha encontrado un factor común clínicamente relevante. La resolución completa del derrame pleural al suspender la medicación.

Abstract Adverse drug reactions are widely known; however, there are some reactions less frequent than others. The pleural effusion secondary to the use of Valproic acid is an exceptional clinical entity and therefore difficult to diagnose. The case of a 59-year-old woman who suffers from cerebral palsy and epilepsy is presented. She received management with Valproic acid and presented multiple hospitalizations in the context of pneumonia and pleural effusion of difficult management. Infectious, oncological or autoimmune etiology was not found. After observing eosinophilia in pleural fluid and in blood, association with Valproic acid was suspected. The drug was discontinued obtaining resolution of the pleural effusion, thus confirming this association. In the literature, very few cases have been reported and refer to pleural effusion of non-affiliated etiology that may be associated with eosinophilia or lymphocytic infiltrate (less frequent) in the pleural fluid and with or without serum eosinophilia. A clinically relevant common factor has been found in all reports, which is the complete resolution of pleural effusion upon discontinuation of the medication.