RESUMO
Shotgun proteomic analyses are increasingly becoming methods of choice for complex samples. The development of effective methods for fractionating peptides to reduce the complexity of the sample before mass analysis is a key point in this strategy. The OFFGEL technology has recently become a tool of choice in proteomic analysis at peptide level. This OFFGEL electrophoresis (OGE) approach allows the in-solution separation of peptides from various biological sources by isoelectric focusing in highly resolved 24 fractions. It was also demonstrated that OGE technology is a filtering tool for pI-based validation of peptide identification. As peptide OGE is compatible with iTRAQ labeling, OGE is finding valuable applications in quantitative proteomics as well. The aim of this study is to explain a new 2D-OGE approach that improves the proteomic coverage of complex mixtures such as colorectal cell line lysates, and which is compatible with iTRAQ labeling.
Assuntos
Eletroforese em Gel Bidimensional/métodos , Marcação por Isótopo/métodos , Peptídeos/isolamento & purificação , Proteoma/análise , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Peptídeos/análise , Peptídeos/química , Proteoma/química , Proteômica/métodos , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB) is a regulatory splicing repressor. Raver1 acts as a PTB corepressor for splicing of alpha-tropomyosin (Tpm1) exon 3. Here we define a minimal region of Raver1 that acts as a repressor domain when recruited to RNA. A conserved [S/G][I/L]LGxxP motif is essential for splicing repressor activity and sufficient for interaction with PTB. An adjacent proline-rich region is also essential for repressor activity but not for PTB interaction. NMR analysis shows that LLGxxP peptides interact with a hydrophobic groove on the dorsal surface of the RRM2 domain of PTB, which constitutes part of the minimal repressor region of PTB. The requirement for the PTB-Raver1 interaction that we have characterized may serve to bring the additional repressor regions of both proteins into a configuration that allows them to synergistically effect exon skipping.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Transporte/química , Proteínas de Transporte/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares/química , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Proteína de Ligação a Regiões Ricas em Polipirimidinas/química , Proteína de Ligação a Regiões Ricas em Polipirimidinas/metabolismo , Splicing de RNA/genética , Motivos de Aminoácidos , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Transferência Ressonante de Energia de Fluorescência , Células HeLa , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Mutação/genética , Prolina/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , RNA/genética , RNA/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/metabolismoRESUMO
Regulated switching of the mutually exclusive exons 2 and 3 of alpha-tropomyosin (TM) involves repression of exon 3 in smooth muscle cells. Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB) is necessary but not sufficient for regulation of TM splicing. Raver1 was identified in two-hybrid screens by its interactions with the cytoskeletal proteins actinin and vinculin, and was also found to interact with PTB. Consistent with these interactions raver1 can be localized in either the nucleus or cytoplasm. Here we show that raver1 is able to promote the smooth muscle-specific alternative splicing of TM by enhancing PTB-mediated repression of exon 3. This activity of raver1 is dependent upon characterized PTB-binding regulatory elements and upon a region of raver1 necessary for interaction with PTB. Heterologous recruitment of raver1, or just its C-terminus, induced very high levels of exon 3 skipping, bypassing the usual need for PTB binding sites downstream of exon 3. This suggests a novel mechanism for PTB-mediated splicing repression involving recruitment of raver1 as a potent splicing co-repressor.