Bovine Allergens in a Ruminant Clinic and Dairy Barns: Exposure Levels, Determinants, and Variability.

Background: Dairy farmers may develop specific sensitization and allergic airway diseases due to bovine allergens. However, dose-response relationships are lacking, and as yet little is known on bovine allergen exposure levels. Objective: To investigate bovine allergen exposure levels in a ruminant clinic and dairy barns, and to assess exposure determinants and variability of exposure. Methods: Samples were collected using active and passive airborne dust measurements in a ruminant clinic and several dairy barns. Bovine allergen levels were determined by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Linear mixed models were applied to explore the association between bovine allergen exposure levels and potential exposure determinants. Day-to-day within-worker and between-worker exposure variability was determined, as well as how exposure determinants affect exposure variability. Results: Bovine allergens were measureable in all samples. Personal bovine allergen exposure levels in the ruminant clinic ranged from 0.10 to 24.8 µg/m3, geometric mean (GM) 1.34 µg/m3. Exposure levels varied dependent on job titles. Personal exposure levels in dairy barns ranged from 0.10 to 46.8 µg/m3, GM 1.47 µg/m3. Type of bedding materials in the barns appeared to be a significant determinant of bovine allergen levels. Compost bedding, particularly, increased allergen levels. Milking by robot was the most important determinant explaining between-worker exposure variability, while bedding was important as well. Bovine allergen levels in stationary measurements were somewhat lower than personal measurements (GM ratio 0.47). Bovine allergens could be readily detected in electrostatic dust-fall collector measurements. Conclusion: This study provides insight in bovine allergen exposure levels and their determinants, which is a first step to investigate dose-response relationships between sensitization/allergy associated with exposure to bovine allergen levels in future studies.

Endotoxin and ß-(1 → 3)-glucan exposure in poultry and ruminant clinics.

BACKGROUND: Exposure to organic dust is a well-known hazard for farm animal workers leading to respiratory diseases. Organic dust exposure has not been adequately evaluated in environmental settings in relation to veterinarians. OBJECTIVE: To investigate inhalable dust, endotoxin, and ß-(1 → 3)-glucan exposure among caretakers, veterinarians, and veterinary students. Task-based determinants of exposure were studied. METHODS: This study investigated the exposure during veterinary education in the ruminant and poultry clinics. Dust measurements were performed using the conical inhalable samplers (CIS). Endotoxin and ß-(1 → 3)-glucan were determined by the kinetic limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay and inhibition enzyme immunoassay (EIA), respectively. Determinants of exposure were identified by multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS: Personal exposure levels of dust, endotoxin, and ß-(1 → 3)-glucan were higher for poultry [geometric mean (GM): dust, 1.32 mg m(-3) (below the lower limit of detection (