Development of a Dundee Ground Truth imaging protocol for recording indoor crime scenes to facilitate virtual reality reconstruction.

Early and accurate visualisation of a crime scene is highly desirable such that a rapid, agile, and informed decision-making process can be undertaken by an investigative team. We present a new standard operating procedure for imaging an indoor scene using DSLR cameras conventionally used by crime scene investigators and examiners. The standard operating procedure (SOP) enables the systematic photography of indoor spaces in such a way that the Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry technique can be implemented, allowing the scene to be recreated in Virtual Reality (VR). To demonstrate the method's validity, we compare two VR-rendered representations of an example scene using (a) photographs taken by an experienced crime scene examiner using a conventional photographic method and (b) photographs taken by a novice photographer following the developed SOP.

The persistence of knuckle creases during finger flexion for the identification of perpetrators from digital images of their hands.

The analysis of knuckle creases is part of the multifactorial assessment of digital images of the hand used to assist in the identification of perpetrators captured in images depicting child sexual abuse and other offending behaviours. To quantify the impact of finger flexion on the appearance of the dorsal knuckle creases associated with the proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) joint in digital images, the collection of knuckle crease images, at different points of flexion, was facilitated through an app-based Citizen Science project, Knuckle Down ID. A method of knuckle crease classification was adapted to assess the images collected and was used to assess the impact of finger flexion on the frequency of different knuckle crease features observed in manual analysis. The results show that the adapted methodology had good intra-observer repeatability when the entire method was assessed (ICC.81). Specifically, the recording of the knuckle crease features had good inter-observer reliability (ICC.99) whereas the tracing aspect of the methodology was less repeatable (DSC of whole trace.24). The impact of flexion on the recorded frequency of knuckle creases was shown to be significant (p = .00). However, when comparing two hands at different points of flexion, only when comparing fingers held at 0° vs 45° (p = .04) as well as fingers held at 90° vs any other finger position was the differences in the knuckle crease feature frequencies significant (p = .00). The comparison of knuckle crease image pairs at 20° of hyperflexion vs 0° (p = .10) and 20° of hyperflexion vs 45° (p = .09) showed that the difference in knuckle crease feature frequencies was not significant. This has implications for examiners and improves understanding of the limitations of the 1:1 comparison of knuckle creases in casework evidence in which perpetrator's hands are unconstrained.