Sloanea chocoana and S. pittieriana (Elaeocarpaceae): Chemical and Biological Studies of Ethanolic Extracts and Skincare Properties.

The Colombian Chocó is known for its rich biodiversity and to harbor plant species that are under-explored, including the genus Sloanea. This study aimed to analyze the chemical composition of derivatized ethanolic extracts from S. chocoana and S. pittieriana using BSTFA and TMCS through GC-MS, and to assess cell viability of immortalized human non-tumorigenic keratinocytes (HaCaT) and periodontal ligament fibroblast cells using crude extracts through MTS assay. Antioxidant and photoprotective properties were determined using DPPH assay and spectrophotometry. Antifungal activity of extracts against Candida species was developed following the CLSI standard M27, 4th ed. The sun protective factor (SPF) and UVA/UVB ratio values were calculated using the Mansur equation and the Boots star rating system. The critical wavelength (λc) was determined by calculating the integrated optical density curve's area. The transmission of erythema and pigmentation was calculated through equations that use constants to calculate the flux of erythema and pigmentation. The GC-MS analysis identified 37 compounds for S. chocoana and 38 for S. pittieriana, including alkaloids, triterpenoids, and polyphenolics, among others. Both extracts exhibited proliferative effects on periodontal ligament fibroblasts, did not affect the viability of HaCaT cells, and showed excellent antioxidant activities (46.1% and 43.7%). Relevant antifungal activity was observed with S. pittieriana extract against Candida albicans (GM-MIC: 4 µg/mL), followed by C. auris and C. glabrata (GM-MIC: 32 µg/mL), while S. chocoana extract was active against C. albicans and C. glabrata (GM-MIC: 16 and 32 µg/mL, respectively). High SPF values (31.0 and 30.0), λc (393.98 and 337.81 nm), UVA/UVB ratio (1.5 and 1.2), and low percentage of transmission of erythema and pigmentation were determined for S. chocoana and S. pittieriana, respectively. Results showed that species of Sloanea constitute a promising alternative as ingredients for developing skincare products, and exhaustive studies are required for their sustainable uses.

Exploring the Potential of Extracts from Sloanea medusula and S. calva: Formulating Two Skincare Gels with Antioxidant, Sun Protective Factor, and Anti-Candida albicans Activities.

Sloanea is a plant genus, native to tropical regions, used in medicinal practices for its anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity, sun protective factor (SPF), and antifungal of extracts obtained from two species of Sloanea and to develop extract-based gels with antioxidants, photoprotective, and anti-Candida albicans effects. Ethanolic extracts from S. medusula and S. calva collected in Chocó, Colombia, were used for antioxidant activity and SPF determination using the DPPH assay and the Mansur equation, respectively. Extracts were characterized using HPLC-MS and used to prepare the gels. The viscosity of the extract-based gels was evaluated using an MCR92 rheometer. In addition, the anti-Candida activity of extracts against five yeasts and anti-C. albicans of gels were evaluated following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M27, 4th Edition. High DPPH radical scavenging activity (42.4% and 44.7%) and a high SPF value (32.5 and 35.4) were obtained for the extracts of S. medusula and S. calva, respectively. Similarly, extract-based gels showed significant DPPH radical scavenging activity of 54.5% and 53.0% and maximum SPF values of 60 and 57. Extract from S. medusula showed an important antifungal activity against C. albicans (minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2 µg/mL). In contrast, S. calva extract was active against C. krusei, C. albicans (MIC of 2 µg/mL) and C. tropicalis (MIC of 4 µg/mL). Sloanea medusula gel (0.15%) exhibited an important C. albicans growth inhibition (98%), while with S. calva gel (0.3%) growth inhibition was slightly lower (76%). Polyphenolic and triterpenoid compounds were tentatively identified for S. medusula and S. calva, respectively. Both extracts can be considered promising sources for developing photoprotective gels to treat skin infections caused by C. albicans.

Photoprotective Agents Obtained from Aromatic Plants Grown in Colombia: Total Phenolic Content, Antioxidant Activity, and Assessment of Cytotoxic Potential in Cancer Cell Lines of Cymbopogon flexuosus L. and Tagetes lucida Cav. Essential Oils.

Photoprotective agents obtained from plants provide benefits for the health of the skin. The present study aims to assess the total phenolic content (TPC) and in vitro UV-protective properties of twelve essential oils (EOs) from plants grown in Colombia and to evaluate the antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of two species identified as photoprotective potentials: Cymbopogon flexuosus and Tagetes lucida. The composition of EOs was studied by GC/MS. The cytotoxicity of both EOs was examined using an MTT assay, and an H2-DCFDA probe was employed to estimate the intracellular production of ROS in HepG2 and Calu-1 cells. Major constituents (≥10%) were neral, geranial, geranyl acetate in C. flexuosus and estragole in T. lucida. The TPC for C. flexuosus and T. lucida EOs were ≥10 mg GAE/g of byproduct. Both EOs showed photoprotective properties (SPFin vitro: 13−14), and long-wavelength UVA protection (λc > 370 nm). HepG2 and Calu-1 cells exposed to C. flexuosus exhibited antiproliferative activity (˂50%) at 125 µg/mL, while T. lucida was at 250 and 500 µg/mL. The IC50 values for C. flexuosus were 75 and 100 µg/mL in HepG2 and Calu-1 cells, respectively, whereas those for T. lucida were >250 µg/mL. These EOs achieved significant inhibitory effects (between 15.6 and 40.4%) against H2O2-induced oxidative stress. The results showed that EO compounds recognized as antioxidants could counteract the effects elicited by H2O2.

Activity of docetaxel, carboplatin, and doxorubicin in patient-derived triple-negative breast cancer xenografts.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is highly responsive to neoadjuvant polychemotherapy regimens including anthracyclines, taxanes, and, more recently, carboplatin. However, there is inadequate information on the individual contribution of each of these agents to the global activity of the combinations, and the use of combinations of up to four of these drugs is associated with relevant toxicity. Identifying single-drug activity in the clinical neoadjuvant setting is challenging. We developed patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) from several chemotherapy-naïve TNBC samples to assess the antitumor activity of single drugs and combinations of drugs. PDXs were established from chemotherapy-naïve TNBC samples. Nine TNBC PDX models (all of which corresponded to a basal-like phenotype according to the PAM50 classifier) were treated with carboplatin, docetaxel, and doxorubicin and the combination of docetaxel and carboplatin. Only one of nine PDX models showed sensitivity to doxorubicin, while eight of nine PDX models showed sensitivity to docetaxel and carboplatin as single agents. The 3 PDX models derived from patients with gBRCA-1 or gPALB2 mutations were very sensitive to carboplatin single agent. All 6 PDX models from patients without hereditary germ-line mutations showed increased sensitivity to the combination of docetaxel and carboplatin. In the present study, docetaxel and carboplatin single agents were active drugs against basal-like TNBC, while doxorubicin monotherapy showed low activity. The combination of docetaxel and carboplatin was more effective than the drugs used as single agents, except in the PDX from patients with gBRCA1/PALB2 mutations.

Maternal and perinatal outcomes in pregnancy-associated melanoma. Report of two cases and a systematic literature review.

OBJETIVES: Melanoma is one of the most frequent malignancies during gestation. However, oncological and perinatal management is still challenging. Our first objective is to describe the cases of pregnancy-associated melanoma (PAM) diagnosed in our centre between January-2004 and May-2015. Secondly, to perform a systematic review of the published articles analysing the maternal-perinatal outcomes of patients diagnosed with PAM. DESIGN, POPULATION AND METHODS: Obstetrical, oncological and perinatal variables were recorded in the case series. For the systematic review we include all published articles assessing the obstetric and neonatal outcomes in PAM cases in Pubmed, Web of Knowledge and Cochrane Library. The search was restricted to articles published in English, between January-2004 and May-2015. Study characteristics, oncological and maternal-perinatal variables were recorded in the systematic review. RESULTS: Two patients were found: the first case presents a newly diagnosed metastatic melanoma at 26-weeks of gestation with fatal maternal and neonatal outcome. The second case presents a patient with metastatic melanoma who got pregnant during her treatment. For the systematic review we found 25 articles, providing data from 489 patients. Maternal-perinatal outcomes, including termination of pregnancy rates, vary depending on the country, gestational age and tumour stage at diagnosis. PAM is usually detected at advanced stages, even with metastasis affecting the placenta and the foetus. CONCLUSIONS: When diagnosed at early stages, melanoma does not seem to alter the evolution of gestation, whereas patients with advanced stages of melanoma frequently deliver prematurely, by caesarean section, with lower neonatal weight, higher neonatal morbidity and mortality rates.

Physical activity in youth dance classes.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The majority of youth are not meeting the US Department of Health and Human Services physical activity guidelines. Dance is a popular activity, particularly for girls, and has the potential to increase physical activity for many youth. This study investigated physical activity of children and adolescents in 7 dance types: ballet, hip-hop, jazz, Latin-flamenco, Latin-salsa/ballet folklorico, partnered, and tap. METHODS: Data were collected in 17 private studios and 4 community centers in San Diego, California. A total of 264 girls from 66 classes participated (n =154 children; n = 110 adolescents). Physical activity was measured with accelerometers, and activity levels during class were calculated. RESULTS: Participants recorded an average of 17.2 ± 8.9 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (36% of class), but this varied by age and dance type. For children, dance type differences were observed with percent of class in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity ranging from 13.6% (Latin-flamenco) to 57% (hip-hop). For adolescents, there were no differences across dance types. Children were more active than adolescents in all types except ballet. Children and adolescents were more active in private compared with community center classes. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, physical activity in youth dance classes was low; 8% of children and 6% of adolescents met the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 30-minute guideline for after-school physical activity during dance. To increase physical activity in dance classes, teaching methods could be employed to increase activity in all types, or emphasis could be placed on greater participation in more active dance types.

[Surveillance of Haemophilus influenzae serotypes and antimicrobial resistance in Colombia, 1994-2002]. / Vigilancia de los serotipos y susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de Haemophilus influenzae en Colombia, 1994-2002.

Invasive disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae serotype b results in high rates of morbidity and mortality among children. In 1994, the Microbiology Group at the Instituto Nacional de Salud (Colombia) initiated a program to detect antimicrobial resistance in H. influenzae. Invasive isolates were collected by hospitals and public health laboratories as part of surveillance programs for acute respiratory infections and acute bacterial meningitis. To determine the evolution of serotypes and antimicrobial resistance patterns, invasive H. influenzae isolates collected from 1994 to 2002 were compared, and the impact of Hib conjugated vaccine in Colombia was reassessed. The analysis included 683 isolates, 379 (55.5%) were recovered from male patients, 370 (54.2%) from children under one year, 227 (33.2%) from children aged 1 to 5, 19 (2.8%) from children aged 6 to 14, and 38 (5.6%) from children over 14 years; 29 (4.2%) with no age data. Clinical classification recorded 493 (72.2%) of the samples were from patients with meningitis, 181 (26.5%) with pneumonia, and 9 (0.9%) with other diseases. Eighty five percent of isolates corresponded to H. influenzae serotype b, 12.9% were non capsular, and 2.0% corresponded to other serotypes (10 a, 1 d, 1 e and 2 f). Of the total number of isolates, 12.0% produced beta lactamase, 13.9% were resistant to ampicillin, 12.7% to trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (SXT), 5.4% to chloramphenicol, 1% to cefuroxime. All isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone. During the 10-year period, resistance to SXT increased from 5% to 13%. A significant decrease in meningitis cases was detected among children under one-year old and in the 1 to 5 age group. Before introducing the vaccine, an annual average of 43 and 23 isolates for each of these groups were received. During 2002, 10 and 6 isolates, respectively, were received for each group. Surveillance of invasive H. influenzae isolates has allowed the evaluation of Hib vaccine impact, as well as the detection of an increase of non-capsular isolates, and changes in resistance patterns.

Vigilancia de los serotipos y susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de Haemophilus influenzae en Colombia, 1994-2002 / Surveillance of Haemophilus influenzae serotipes and antimicrobial resistance in Colombia, 1994-2002

La enfermedad invasora causada por Haemophilus influenzae, serotipo b, ha sido una de las mayores causas de morbilidad y mortalidad en la población infantil; afortunadamente, en algunos países con amplia cobertura de la vacuna conjugada esta situación ha cambiado. En 1994 se inició en el Grupo de Microbiología un programa de vigilancia de la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana y de los serotipos de aislamientos invasores de H. influenzae, remitidos por los hospitales y Laboratorios de Salud Pública del país como componente de los programas de vigilancia en red de infección respiratoria aguda y meningitis bacteriana aguda. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la evolución de los serotipos y los patrones de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de los aislamientos invasores de H. influenzae obtenidos de 1994 al 2002 y realizar un nuevo análisis sobre el impacto de la vacuna conjugada de H. influenzae, serotipo b, en Colombia. De 1994 a 2002 se han estudiado 683 aislamientos; 379 (55,5 por ciento) de pacientes del género masculino; 370 (54,2 por ciento) de menores de 1 año; 227 (33,2 por ciento) de 1 a 5 años; 19 (2,8 por ciento) de 6 a 14 años; 38 (5,6 por ciento) de mayores de 14 años, y de 29 (4,2 por ciento) no se tenía el dato de la edad; 493 (72,2 por ciento) fueron recuperados de pacientes con meningitis, 181 (26,5 por ciento) de neumonía y 9 (0,9 por ciento) de otras enfermedades. El 85,1 por ciento de los aislamientos fueron H. influenzae, serotipo b, 12,9 por ciento no capsulares y 2,0 por ciento de otros serotipos (10 a, 1 d, 1 e y 2 f). Del total de aislamientos, 12 por ciento fueron productores de beta-lactamasa; 13,9 por ciento resistentes a ampicilina; 12,7 por ciento, a trimetoprim sulfametoxazol (SXT); 5,4 por ciento, cloranfenicol, y 1 por ciento de cefuroxima; todos fueron sensibles a ceftriaxona. Durante este período se observó un incremento en la resistencia de los aislamiento a SXT (5 por ciento al 13 por ciento), pero la diferencia no fué estadísticamente significativa (p=0,1). Con la vigilancia se pudo determinar una disminución significativa de los casos de meningitis...