Prolonged physical training decreases mRNA levels of glucocorticoid receptor and inflammatory genes.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Prolonged physical exercise induces adaptive alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, increasing cortisol metabolism, and reducing cortisol synthesis and glucocorticoid sensitivity. The mechanisms responsible for this relative glucocorticoid resistance remain unknown but may involve expression of genes encoding glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and/or inflammatory molecules of nuclear factor kappa B1 (NFkB1) signaling pathway and cytokines. This study aimed to determine the impact of prolonged physical training on the expression of genes involved in glucocorticoid action and inflammatory response. METHODS: Normal sedentary male cadets of the Brazilian Air Force Academy were submitted to 6 weeks of standardized physical training. Eighteen of 29 initially selected cadets were able to fully complete the training program. Fasting glucose, insulin and cortisol levels, cytokine concentration and the expression of genes encoding GR, NFkB1, inhibitor of NFkB1 and IkB kinase A were determined before and after the training period. RESULTS: Prolonged physical exercise reduced the basal cortisol levels and the percent cortisol reduction after dexamethasone. These findings were associated with a significant reduction in the mRNA levels of GR (6.3%), NFkB1 (63%), inhibitor of NFkB1 (25%) and IkB kinase A (46%) with concomitant reduction in cytokine concentrations (ELISA). CONCLUSIONS: Prolonged physical training decreases the glucocorticoid sensitivity and the mRNA levels of the GR gene combined with decreased mRNA of genes related to the NFkB pathway.

Impact of prolonged low-grade physical training on the in vivo glucocorticoid sensitivity and on glucocorticoid receptor-alpha mRNA levels of obese adolescents.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Healthy individuals present variable responses of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis induced by different patterns of physical training. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether prolonged low-grade physical training influences the HPA axis and also glucocorticoid receptor-alpha (GRalpha) mRNA levels in mononuclear cells of obese adolescents. METHODS: We studied 19 patients with BMI above the 95th percentile (male:female ratio 7:12) aged from 9.5 to 15.5 years. Patients underwent a 12-week physical exercise program. Before and after exercise, in vivo glucocorticoid sensitivity was determined by employing a very-low-dose intravenous dexamethasone suppression test, and in vitro GRalpha mRNA levels were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS: After exercise there was a trend to reduce the in vivo glucocorticoid sensitivity (p = 0.071) and a significant increase in GRalpha mRNA levels (p = 0.025). CONCLUSION: For this subset of obese adolescents, prolonged low-grade physical training tended to reduce glucocorticoid sensitivity. The discrepancy of cortisol response to dexamethasone and the GRalpha mRNA measurement suggest a post-receptor phenomenon or should be related to target tissue-specific differences in glucocorticoid sensitivity. Future studies should address the adaptive GRalpha mRNA during different exercise protocols, and also the correlation of pituitary sensitivity with glucocorticoid target tissue sensitivity.

CYP1B1 gene analysis in primary congenital glaucoma Brazilian patients: novel mutations and association with poor prognosis.

PURPOSE: To determine the spectrum of CYP1B1 gene mutations in Brazilian patients with primary congenital glaucoma, and to correlate the presence of alterations in the CYP1B1 gene sequence with clinical aspects of the disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty nonrelated patients with primary congenital glaucoma were studied. Molecular analysis consisted of the codifying region sequencing (exons 2 and 3) and intron/exon boundaries. RESULTS: CYP1B1 gene mutations were present in 9 (30%) of the 30 patients. The structural changes in the CYP1B1 gene previously described in the literature and observed in our study were Q19X, P437L, A443G, g.4340delG, g.7901_79013delGAGTGCAGGCAGA, g.8182delG, and g.8214_8215delG. Three new mutations were observed: 4635delT, 4523delC, and L378Q, in addition to 3793T→C, R48G, A119S, L432V, D449D, and N453S polymorphisms. Patients carrying CYP1B1 gene mutations needed more surgical procedures to control intraocular pressure, either when both eyes were evaluated (P=0.003) or when the worst eye of the patient was analyzed (P=0.011). In relation to the number of affected eyes, all patients with mutations (n=9/9) developed bilateral glaucoma, whereas 11/21 patients without mutations in the CYP1B1 gene had bilateral glaucoma (P=0.013). CONCLUSIONS: In this group of primary congenital glaucoma patients, a 30% mutation frequency in the CYP1B1 gene was observed. The presence of mutations was associated with a more severe form of the disease, requiring more surgeries for intraocular pressure control and with a higher rate of bilateral cases.

Lack of association between optineurin gene variants T34T, E50K, M98K, 691_692insAG and R545Q and primary open angle glaucoma in Brazilian patients.

PURPOSE: To verify the frequencies of T34T, E50K, M98K, 691_692insAG, and R545Q variants in the optineurin (OPTN) gene in Brazilian subjects with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and controls. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ninety-nine patients with POAG and 100 normal controls were enrolled in this study. The frequency of alterations in the OPTN gene was analyzed by direct sequencing and enzymatic digestion of PCR products. RESULTS: None of the five alterations evaluated was significantly associated with POAG when compared to controls. However, the T34T silent change was present in greater frequency in POAG patients (37.37% vs. 23.00% in controls), while the R545Q change was more prevalent in controls (23.00% vs. 10.10% in POAG). The M98K and 691_692insAG presented with low frequencies in POAG patients (1.01% and 2.02%, respectively) and controls (2.00% and 2.00%, respectively). The E50K substitution was not observed. CONCLUSION: Our data show no association between the five evaluated variants and POAG in the Brazilian population.

A very low dose intravenous dexamethasone suppression test as an index of glucocorticoid sensitivity.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The wide variability of responses to corticotherapy suggests a role for individual recognition of steroid sensitivity in order to customize treatment. Oral dexamethasone (DEX) administration may be hindered by the rate of its intestinal absorption and the liver first-passage effect. In this study we suggest that an intravenous very low dose DEX suppression test (VLD IV-DST) can be used as an index for glucocorticoid (GC) sensitivity. METHODS: We evaluated 87 normal subjects: 44 prepubertal children, 23 adolescents and 20 adults with a VLD IV-DST using 20 mug/m(2) of DEX (dose able to recognize GC sensitivity). Cortisol was initially measured at several time-points after DEX prompting us to establish its nadir and subsequent simplification of the test by measuring cortisol at baseline and after 120 min. RESULTS: Baseline cortisol was similar in adolescents and in adults, but lower in children. There was a spectrum of individual responses in all age groups. The percent reduction of cortisol after 120 min was different in these three age groups, with median values of 44.4% in children, 25.9% in adolescents and 61.6% in adults. CONCLUSION: This simplified VLD IV-DST using 20 mug/m(2) of DEX is useful to evaluate individual sensitivity to GC in different age groups.

Evaluation of AC(n) and C(-106)T polymorphisms of the aldose reductase gene in Brazilian patients with DM1 and susceptibility to diabetic retinopathy.

PURPOSE: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most important microvascular complications in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. In Brazil, its proliferative form is the second cause of irreversible blindness among adults of working age. Despite the strong association of DR with disease duration and degree of chronic hyperglycemia, genetic predisposition has been recognized as a possible trigger in the development of this complication. Recent studies have demonstrated that the development of DR in patients with type 1 diabetes is associated with the occurrence of polymorphisms at the 5'-end of the aldose reductase gene (ALR2). There are no reports investigating these polymorphisms in type 1 diabetes Brazilian patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the AC(n) repeat and C(-106)T polymorphisms of the ALR2 gene with the susceptibility to the development of DR in Brazilian patients with type 1 diabetes. METHODS: We selected 64 patients who had diabetes for at least 10 years from Santa Casa de São Paulo and State University of Campinas. The study group was divided into the following: Group 1, patients with no evidence of diabetic retinopathy; group 2, patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR); and group 3, patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), confirmed by fundoscopy. The AC(n) microsatellite region was evaluated through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and automated genotyping and the C(-106)T substitution through polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). RESULTS: When each allele of the AC(n) polymorphism was evaluated, the Z allele (24 repeats) was significantly associated with the development of PDR (p=0.014). The C allele of the C(-106)T substitution wasn't associated with the susceptibility to this microvascular complication (p=0.153). When the Z and C allele were concomitantly evaluated regarding their presence or absence a positive correlation was observed for the presence of both alleles and the development of PDR. CONCLUSIONS: In our sample of Brazilian patients with type 1 diabetes, the presence of the AC(n) polymorphism Z allele may be considered a risk factor for the development of PDR. The C allele of the C(-106)T polymorphism, in association with the Z allele, also increased the risk for the development of PDR, but when it was analyzed by itself there was no association with the complication.

Abnormal inhibin A and inhibin B secretion in obese women with and without insulin resistance.

AIM: The present study aimed to establish inhibin A and B serum levels during the menstrual cycle of obese women, and its usefulness as an index of luteal-phase follicular development. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-one obese patients (mean body mass index: 34.9+/-3.7 kg/m2; range: 30.0-45.0 kg/m2) were submitted to basal hormonal measurements and an oral glucose tolerance test after challenge with 75 g glucose. Progesterone and inhibin A and B levels were determined 5-7 days after the menstrual cycle and 7 days prior to expected menses. RESULTS: As expected, an increase in inhibin A and a decrease in inhibin B were observed when first-phase samples were compared with samples obtained after 15-20 days. On the other hand, the percentage variation of both inhibin A and B was at least four times smaller than the values for normal women described previously by other authors employing the same enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. A small number of obese women presented ovulatory cycles characterized by progesterone concentration higher than 5.8 ng/ml. The percentage elevation (>190%) of inhibin A in the second samples was in agreement with the progesterone levels, but it seemed to be more sensitive for the detection of follicle luteinization. CONCLUSION: We conclude that obese women present less percentage variation of both inhibin A and B during the menstrual cycle, associated with a low frequency of ovulatory cycles. In obese women, the percentage increase of inhibin A can represent an additional marker to recognize follicle luteinization.

A three-step molecular protocol employing DNA obtained from dried blood spots for neonatal screening for 45,X Turner syndrome.

Turner syndrome (TS) is one of the most common human chromosomal abnormalities; it is characterized by the presence of one normal X chromosome and the complete or partial loss of the second X chromosome. The early recognition of TS patients allows for adequate therapy for short stature and pubertal sex steroid substitution. We developed a cost-effective molecular diagnostic tool that can be used to identify 45,X TS patients from dried blood spots, for possible use in neonatal screening for TS. We used a three-step method for 45,X TS detection: i) DNA extraction from dried blood spot samples, ii) pre-PCR HpaII digestion (methylation-sensitive enzyme) and iii) GeneScan analysis of selected cases. DAX-1 gene amplification was used to recognize DNA integrity, and the androgen receptor gene (Xq11-12), which is both a highly polymorphic and methylated gene, was used to determine the number of X chromosome alleles. Using this three-step diagnostic procedure, we detected apparent TS in 1/304 (0.33%) samples; such individuals should be submitted to clinical examination and karyotype confirmation. The three-step 45,X TS neonatal screening protocol is a simple, reliable, fast (under 30 h) and cost-effective diagnostic tool, useful for the neonatal detection of TS.

Molecular detection of XO - Turner syndrome

Turner syndrome is caused by haploinsufficiency of the short arm of X-chromosome, and is usually diagnosed by karyotyping. This procedure is time-consuming, expensive and unfeasible for population screening. We propose molecular detection of 45XO Turner patients based on the ability of HpaII, a methylation sensitive endonuclease, to induce the cleavage of non-methylated DNA in the active X-allele. Genomic DNA was obtained from 22 patients with Turner syndrome confirmed by karyotype (45XO, N = 18; 45XO/46XX, N = 4). After digestion, DNA was amplified with primers directed to exon 1 of the androgen receptor (AR) gene and to the GAPDH control gene. Normal control females or mosaic patients, with a second methylated X-chromosome, escaped from HpaII digestion and produced a band corresponding to AR gene amplification. 45XO patients have just one active non-methylated X-chromosome, completely digested by HpaII, thus preventing the amplification of the AR gene. Three of the 45XO cases gave amplified bands, suggesting low-frequency mosaicisms that are not detected by karyotyping. Compared to classical karyotype studies for the detection of 45XO Turner patients, this new molecular method is simpler, faster and less expensive.

Molecular detection of XO - Turner syndrome.

Turner syndrome is caused by haploinsufficiency of the short arm of X-chromosome, and is usually diagnosed by karyotyping. This procedure is time-consuming, expensive and unfeasible for population screening. We propose molecular detection of 45XO Turner patients based on the ability of HpaII, a methylation sensitive endonuclease, to induce the cleavage of non-methylated DNA in the active X-allele. Genomic DNA was obtained from 22 patients with Turner syndrome confirmed by karyotype (45XO, N = 18; 45XO/46XX, N = 4). After digestion, DNA was amplified with primers directed to exon 1 of the androgen receptor (AR) gene and to the GAPDH control gene. Normal control females or mosaic patients, with a second methylated X-chromosome, escaped from HpaII digestion and produced a band corresponding to AR gene amplification. 45XO patients have just one active non-methylated X-chromosome, completely digested by HpaII, thus preventing the amplification of the AR gene. Three of the 45XO cases gave amplified bands, suggesting low-frequency mosaicisms that are not detected by karyotyping. Compared to classical karyotype studies for the detection of 45XO Turner patients, this new molecular method is simpler, faster and less expensive.