[Assessment of the eating habit in the health-related lifestyle among Spanish adults from 22 to 72 years of age]. / Valoración del hábito de alimentación en el estilo de vida saludable adquirido en adultos españoles de 22 a 72 años de edad.

Introduction: Introduction: eating habits are one of the main predictors of health within a person lifestyle. The assessment of these habits will be essential to confirm health-related habits and orientate behaviors of risk for health. Objectives: to assess the eating habits within the health-related lifestyle among Spanish adults from 22 to 72 years of age. Methods: the Health-Related Lifestyle Assessment Scale (E-VEVSA) was applied to a sample of 788 subjects between the ages of 22 and 72. This scale is made up of 52 items and structured in seven dimensions, among which the healthy eating habit was evaluated, which explained a variance of 8.67 % of the total scale (66.87 %) and a Cronbach's alpha of 0.794 for a total alpha of 0.894. Results: sixteen percent of the adults surveyed have healthy eating habits, 68.3 % tend towards health and 15.7 % are unhealthy. Pearson's 2 tests show a positive and significant association of women with healthy eating habits and a significant improvement with age. The inferential data (Student's t-tests and one-factor ANOVA) confirm these differences according to gender and age. Conclusions: it is necessary to promote preventive programs to improve eating habits in the adult population, especially in the 15.7 % that have an unhealthy level of nutrition in their lifestyle.

Introducción: Introducción: los hábitos de alimentación constituyen uno de los factores predictores de salud principales dentro de los estilos de vida adquiridos. La evaluación de dichos hábitos va a ser fundamental para poder reafirmar las conductas saludables y reorientar aquellos hábitos que supongan un riesgo. Objetivos: evaluar el hábito de alimentación dentro del estilo de vida saludable adquirido en adultos españoles de 22 a 72 años de edad. Métodos: a una muestra de 788 sujetos de edades comprendidas entre los 22 y los 72 años de edad se aplicó la Escala de Valoración del Estilo de Vida Saludable Adquirido (E-VEVSA), formada por 52 ítems y estructurada en siete dimensiones, entre las cuales se evaluó el hábito de alimentación saludable, que explicó una varianza de 8,67 % sobre el total de la escala (66,87 %) y un alfa de Cronbach de 0,794 para un alfa total de 0,894. Resultados: el 16 % de los adultos encuestados posee hábitos de alimentación saludables; el 68,3 %, tendente hacia la salud; y el 15,7 %, poco saludables. Las pruebas de 2 de Pearson muestran una asociación positiva y significativa de las mujeres con hábitos saludables de alimentación y una mejora significativa con el transcurso de la edad. Los datos inferenciales (pruebas t de Student y ANOVA de un factor) confirman estas diferencias en función del sexo y la edad. Conclusiones: es necesario promover programas preventivos para la mejora de los hábitos de alimentación en la población adulta, sobre todo, en el 15,7 % que posee un nivel poco saludable de la alimentación en su estilo de vida.

Health-related lifestyle assessment among Spanish adults from 22 to 72 years. / Valoración del estilo de vida saludable adquirido en adultos españoles de 22 a 72 años de edad.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper has focused on assessing the level of health-related lifestyle acquired in Spanish adults in the Spanish cities of Albacete and Murcia, and analyzing the existing differences according to sex and age. MATERIAL AND METHODS: On a sample of 788 subjects aged between 22 and 72, the Health-related Lifestyle Assessment Scale was applied, consisting of 52 items and structured in 7 dimensions that explained a total variance of 66.87% and a Cronbach's alpha of 0.894. RESULTS: A percentage of 12 of the adults surveyed have a healthy lifestyle, 53% show a trend to health and 35% poor or unhealthy. Pearson's χ2 tests show a positive and significant association of women with health and a trend of significant improvement in lifestyle with age. The inferential data (t-Student tests and one-factor ANOVA) confirm these differences according to gender and age. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to promote preventive programs to improve health in the habits of the population, especially in the 35% that show a poor or unhealthy level of lifestyle.

El consumo de tabaco, alcohol y otras drogas en adultos españoles / Consumption of tobacco, alcohol and other drugs in Spanish adults

The lifestyle is the result of a set of behavior patterns or sociocultural habits acquired over the years that determines the state of physical, mental and social health of people. The aim was to analyze the habit of consuming tobacco, alcohol and other illegal drugs in the acquired healthy lifestyle. Descriptive, epidemiological and cross-sectional study in 788 participants aged 22 to 77 years (49.5% men; 50.5% women) selected by non-probabilistic and intentional sampling. Subscale 4 Tobacco, alcohol and other drug consumption habits was used. of the Acquired Healthy Lifestyle Assessment Scale. The following classifications on consumption habits were made: a) tobacco (non-smoker, mild, moderate, high and very high risk), b) alcohol (no risk, prudent consumption, low, moderate and high risk), c) drugs (never, almost never, with some frequency, quite frequently and very frequently) and d) global (not at all healthy, unhealthy, tending towards health and healthy). The results showed that 27% of the participants need to improve their lifestyle by eliminating (or reducing) drug use, acquiring healthier habits. Regarding the differences according to sex, men, compared to women, presented a higher prevalence of unhealthy habits, especially alcohol. In relation to the differences according to the age group, the participants from 49 to 55 years old presented the highest prevalence of habits in the unhealthy or unhealthy levels, while the group from 56 to 72 years old showed the healthiest levels in relation to the habit of drug use.

El objetivo fue analizar el hábito de consumo de tabaco, alcohol y otras drogas ilegales en el estilo de vida saludable adquirido. Estudio descriptivo, epidemiológico y transversal en 788 participantes de 22 a 77 años de edad (49,5% varones; 50,5% mujeres) seleccionados mediante muestreo no probabilístico e intencional. Se empleó la sub-escala 4. Hábito de consumo de tabaco, alcohol y otras drogas de la Escala de Valoración del Estilo de Vida Saludable Adquirido. Se realizaron las siguientes clasificaciones sobre el hábito de consumo: a) tabaco (no fumador, leve, moderado, alto y muy alto riesgo), b) alcohol (ningún riesgo, consumo prudente, bajo, moderado y alto riesgo), c) drogas (nunca, casi nunca, con alguna frecuencia, con bastante frecuencia y con mucha frecuencia) y d) global (nada saludable, poco saludable, tendente hacia la salud y saludable). Los resultados mostraron que el 27% de los participantes necesita mejorar su estilo de vida eliminando (o reduciendo) el consumo de drogas, adquiriendo hábitos más saludables. Con respecto a las diferencias según sexo, los varones, en comparación con las mujeres, presentaron una mayor prevalencia de hábitos no saludables, sobre todo, de alcohol. En relación a las diferencias según el grupo de edad, los participantes de 49 a 55 años presentaron la mayor prevalencia de hábitos en los niveles poco o nada saludables, mientras que el grupo de 56 a 72 años mostró los niveles más saludables en relación al hábito de consumo de drogas.

After-school leisure time: physical activity and estimated caloric expenditure in schoolchildren from southeast Spain / El periodo de ocio extraescolar: actividad física y gasto energético estimado en escolares del sureste español

Abstract Introduction: The after-school period is commonly used by schoolchildren to do physical activities; however, the level of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and caloric expenditure achieved during that period of time is unknown. Objective: To analyze the physical activity levels and the estimated caloric expenditure during the after-school period. Materials and methods: 408 schoolchildren enrolled in the Spanish education system and aged between 11 and 12 years were included in the study, of whom 205 were females (11,21±0,41) and 203 males (11,20±0,40). This is a descriptive, relational and cross-sectional study. Schoolchildren reported their physical activity by means of the Previous Day Physical Activity Recall (PDPAR) instrument. Physical activity was analyzed through the average minutes involved in MVPA (>3METs) and the caloric expenditure taken from the MET levels. Results: The results showed a higher average of MVPA (p<0.05) and caloric expenditure (p<0.001) in males than in females. Conclusions: The average MVPA minutes estimated by schoolchildren meet the recommendations of daily physical activity established by the World Health Organization (WHO). Special attention is required for the female gender and the beginning of adolescence.

Resumen Introducción. Por lo general, el periodo de ocio extraescolar es empleado por los escolares para realizar actividades físicas; sin embargo, se desconoce el nivel de actividad física de moderada a vigorosa intensidad (AFMV) y de gasto calórico registrados en ese periodo. Objetivo. Analizar los niveles de actividad física y gasto energético estimado durante el periodo de ocio extraescolar. Materiales y métodos. Participaron 408 escolares, con un rango de edad entre 11 y 12 años, siendo 205 niñas (11.21±0.41) y 203 niños (11.20±0.40) del sistema educativo español. Se siguió un diseño de tipo descriptivo relacional y de carácter transversal. Los escolares registraron la actividad física con el instrumento Previous Day Physical Activity Recall y su análisis se hizo a través del promedio de minutos realizando AFMV (>3 MET) y el gasto calórico extraído de los niveles de MET. Resultados. Se encontraron medias superiores para los hombres respecto a las mujeres, tanto en los minutos de AFMV (p<0.05) como en el gasto calórico (p<0.001) registrado. Conclusiones. El promedio de minutos de AFMV estimada por los escolares estudiados cumple con los valores diarios recomendados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se debe prestar especial atención al género femenino y a la entrada a la adolescencia.

Influence of a physical exercise program on VO2max in adults with cardiovascular risk factors. / Influencia de un programa de ejercicio físico terapéutico sobre el consumo máximo de oxígeno en adultos con factores de riesgo cardiovascular.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to assess the influence of a physical exercise program on VO2max in sedentary subjects with cardiovascular risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample was composed of 214 patients (80 males, 134 females) with an average age of 52 years, who were referred to a physical exercise program from 2 primary care centres of Spanish southeast. It was implemented a 10 week program (3 training×1h/week) combining strength with cardiorespiratory fitness. TheVO2max was analyzed through the Rockport Walk Test (RWT) comparing the pre and post program measurements. RESULTS: The results show significant improvements on VO2max for both genders (p<0,05). The most pronounced increase in VO2max was among males in the highest age band (56-73 years). CONCLUSIONS: Prescribing and referral exercise programs from primary care centers must be considered as a resource for improving cardiorespiratory fitness in the population studied.

[Physical activity, physical fitness and quality of diet in schoolchildren from 8 to 12 years]. / Actividad física, condición física y calidad de la dieta en escolares de 8 a 12 años.

BACKGROUND: The assessment of physical activity, physical fitness, and dietary quality in early ages is a physiological and public health need to contribute to the consolidation of a healthy lifestyle during adulthood. Hypotheses and objectives: Schoolchildren with a better level of physical activity have a better physical condition; schoolchildren with a higher level of physical activity have a better quality of diet; schoolchildren with a better level of physical condition have a better quality of the diet. The objective was to analyze the relationship between physical activity, physical condition and diet quality. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study with 298 schoolchildren aged 8-12 years. Fitness was assessed using the ALPHA-Fitness battery and physical activity and diet quality was assessed by means of questionnaires. RESULTS: Schoolchildren with a better level of physical activity had a better level of physical fitness. The schoolchildren with a better level of physical condition showed a higher level of physical activity. Schoolchildren with a high level of physical activity and an average level of physical fitness, as well as schoolchildren with a high level of physical fitness (regardless of their level of physical activity), presented a better quality of the diet. CONCLUSION: The relationship between physical activity and physical condition is positive and bidirectional. Physical activity, fitness, and quality of diet are positively related.

[Aerobic capacity, weight status and self-concept in schoolchildren]. / Capacidad aeróbica, estado de peso y autoconcepto en escolares de primaria.

OBJETIVES: To analyze the relationship between self-concept, aerobic capacity and weight status in schoolchildren. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Relational descriptive design in which was assessed the weight status and aerobic capacity of 256 schoolchildren among 8-11 years. Aerobic capacity (low vs high) and the body mass index (normal-weight vs overweight-obesity) were categorized using standard criteria. The self-concept was assessed through the Piers Harris self-concept scale for children. RESULTS: Schoolchildren with normal-weight and high fitness level showed better levels of conductual self-concept (P=.030), physical (P<.001), lack of anxiety (P=.048), and global self-concept (P=.002). The schoolchildren with normal-weight show higher levels of conductual self-concpt (P=.016), intellectual (P=.050), physical (P<.001), life satisfaction (P=.036), and global self-concept (P=.001). The schoolchildren with a higher fitness level showed better conductual self-concept (P=.024), physical (P=.004), lack of anxiety (P=.011), social (P=.024), and global (P=.003). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study strengthen the importance to transmit to the educative community the knowledge of the relationship between the variables analyzed aiming to improve the schoolchildren self-concept.

[Tobacco consumption and its relationship to the level of regular physical activity and physical fitness in adolescents from the region of Murcia (Spain)]. / Consumo de tabaco y su relación con el nivel de actividad física habitual y la condición física en adolescentes de la Región de Murcia (España).

This study looks at the relationship between tobacco consumption and the physical activity and fitness levels of adolescents. In a sample of 533 adolescents, both a questionnaire to obtain information regarding tobacco consumption and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire for information on physical activity were implemented; a battery of tests to assess physical fitness were also applied. Tobacco consumption was significantly higher in females (32.5%) than in males (25.7%). Levels of physical activity in both males and females were significantly associated with tobacco consumption (p<0.0005). Moreover, subjects who consumed tobacco showed lower overall averages in physical fitness tests than those who did not (4.26 vs. 5.77 in males and 4.54 vs. 6.71 in females). Tobacco consumption is therefore shown to be related to lower levels of physical activity and physical fitness in adolescents.

Consumo de tabaco y su relación con el nivel de actividad física habitual y la condición física en adolescentes de la Región de Murcia (España) / Tobacco consumption and its relationship to the level of regular physical activity and physical fitness in adolescents from the region of Murcia (Spain)

El presente estudio investiga la relación del consumo de tabaco con los niveles de actividad física y condición física. Sobre una muestra de 533 adolescentes de la Región de Murcia (España), se aplicó un cuestionario para la obtención de datos relativos al consumo de tabaco, el International Physical Activity Questionnaire para conocer la actividad física y una batería de test para evaluar la condición física. El consumo de tabaco fue significativamente mayor en las mujeres (32,5%) que en los varones (25,7%). Tanto en varones como en mujeres, los niveles de actividad física se relacionaban de forma significativa con el consumo de tabaco (p<0,0005). De igual modo, en los test de condición física, los sujetos que consumían mostraban medias globales inferiores (4,26 varones y 4,54 mujeres) a las de aquellos que no consumían (5,77 varones y 6,71 mujeres). El consumo de tabaco se muestra relacionado con un menor nivel de actividad física y condición física en los adolescentes.

This study looks at the relationship between tobacco consumption and the physical activity and fitness levels of adolescents. In a sample of 533 adolescents, both a questionnaire to obtain information regarding tobacco consumption and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire for information on physical activity were implemented; a battery of tests to assess physical fitness were also applied. Tobacco consumption was significantly higher in females (32.5%) than in males (25.7%). Levels of physical activity in both males and females were significantly associated with tobacco consumption (p<0.0005). Moreover, subjects who consumed tobacco showed lower overall averages in physical fitness tests than those who did not (4.26 vs. 5.77 in males and 4.54 vs. 6.71 in females). Tobacco consumption is therefore shown to be related to lower levels of physical activity and physical fitness in adolescents.

Adaptación transcultural de un cuestionario que evalúa la actividad física en niños de 10 y 11 años / Cross-cultural adaptation of a questionnaire that evaluates physical activity among children aged 10 and 11

Objetivo. Adaptar a ciertos patrones culturales y al idioma español el cuestionario Previous Day Physical Activity Recall y evaluar su validez de contenido, aceptabilidad y fiabilidad. Método. El cuestionario Previous Day Physical Activity Recall fue sometido a un proceso de traducción directa, traducción inversa y un pretest final. Los jueces evaluaron sus equivalencias semánticas, idiomáticas y conceptuales. Se realizó un pretest a la versión preliminar. Posteriormente, un análisis de fiabilidad a través de un test-retest. La proporción de acuerdo en el comité de jueces fue evaluada empleando el índice de validez de contenido y la media de las puntuaciones de los jueces. La aceptabilidad, a través del número de cuestionarios con respuestas incompatibles. La fiabilidad fue evaluada a través del criterio de estabilidad. Resultados. La versión traducida del cuestionario alcanzó equivalencias semánticas, idiomáticas y conceptuales apropiadas con un alto índice de validez de contenido en todos los documentos evaluados. Los 32 escolares que realizaron el pretest emplearon una media de 18 min. para completarlo; fueron 6 los sujetos que respondieron, al menos, 1 respuesta incompatible; tan solo fue desechado un cuestionario (más de 4 incompatibles). El análisis test-retest, realizado con 73 escolares, mostró un coeficiente de correlación intraclase de 0,99 en lo referido a los equivalentes metabólicos totales y de 0,98 y 0,97 para los bloques de actividad física moderada y vigorosa, respectivamente. Conclusiones. La adaptación a ciertos patrones culturales e idioma español del cuestionario Previous Day Physical Activity Recall mostró resultados satisfactorios en todos los ámbitos analizados.

Objective. To adapt to certain cultural patterns and to localize into Spanish the Previous Day Physical Activity Recall questionnaire and to evaluate its content, acceptability and reliability. Method. The Previous Day Physical Activity Recall questionnaire was subjected to a process of direct translation, back translation and final pretesting. Judges assessed their semantic, idiomatic and conceptual equivalences. A preliminary version was pretested. Afterwards, a reliability analysis was made through a testretesting. According to the committee of judges the rate of agreement was determined using the content validity index and the mean of the judges' scores. Acceptability, through the number of questionnaires with mismatching answers. Reliability was assessed by the stability criterion. Results. The translatedversionofthe questionnaire reached appropriate semantic, idiomatic and conceptual equivalences with a high content validity index in all the evaluated documents. The 32 schoolchildren that did the pretest employed a mean time of 18 minutes to complete it; 6 subjects replied, at least, 1 mismatched answer; only one questionnaire was discarded (more than 4 mismatch answers). The test-retesting analysis, conducted with 73 school children, showed an intra class correlation coefficient of 0.99 regarding the total metabolic equivalents and of 0.98 and 0.97 for the moderate and vigorous physical activity blocks, respectively. Conclusions. The adaptation to certain cultural patterns and the localization into the Spanish language of the Previous Day Physical Activity Recall questionnaire showed successful results in each of the studied settings.

The relationship between segmental coordination, agility and physical activity in adolescents / Relação entre a coordenação segmentar, agilidade e atividade física em adolescentes / Relación entre la coordinación segmentaria, la agilidad y la actividad física en adolescentes

Motor competence (MC) may be related to youth physical activity (PA) level. In the last few years, MC has been studied as a possible determinant of children PA level, but has not been widely studied in adolescents. To analyze the relationship between MC and PA level 533 adolescents (271 men and 261 women) from the southeast of Spain were assessed. To register weekly PA was used the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and for the MC, four coordination tests including throw and catch test, eye-hand and eye-foot coordination tests and agility circuit. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and binary logistic regression. The overall MC is consistently related with PA level. Eye-hand coordination test and the agility test define more accurately the tendency to high PA level. Programs to promote PA and focused on MC should be emphasized from early ages to adolescence.

A competência motora (CM) pode estar relacionada com o nível de atividade física (PA) dos jovens. Nos últimos anos, a CM infantil tem sido estudada como possivel determinante do nível de AF, mas ainda não foi extensivamente estudada em adolescentes. Para analisar a relação entre o nível de AF e competência motora foram avaliados 533 adolescentes (271 homens e 261 mulheres), no sudeste de Espanha. Para registar a AF semanal empregou-se o Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ), e para a CM quatro testes de coordenação, incluindo lançamento e recepção, coordenação óculo manual e óculo pedal e um percurso de agilidade. Os dados foram analisados usando a análise de variância e a análise de regressão logística binária. A competência global motora revelou-se consistentemente relacionada com o nível de AF. O teste de coordenação olho-mão e o teste de agilidade são os que definem mais precisamente uma tendência regular de alto nivel de atividade física. Programas voltados para aumentar a coordenação segmentar e agilidade devem ser incentivados desde tenra idade nas escolas.

La competencia motora (CM) podría estar relacionada con el nivel de actividad física (AF) de los jóvenes. En los últimos años, CM ha sido estudiada como un posible determinante del nivel de AF de los niños, sin embargo no ha sido ampliamente estudiada en adolescentes. Para analizar la relación entre la CM y el nivel de AF, fueron evaluados 533 adolescentes (271 hombres y 261 mujeres) del sureste de España. Para registrar la AF semanal fue utilizado el International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), y para la CM, cuatro test coordinativos que incluían el test de lanzar y coger, test de coordinación ojo-mano y ojo-pie y un circuito de agilidad. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando un ANOVA y una regresión logística binaria. La CM global está consistentemente relacionada con el nivel de AF. Los test de coordinación ojo-mano y de agilidad definen con más exactitud la tendencia a un nivel alto de AF. Programas para promocionar la AF centrados en la CM deberían ser enfatizados desde edades tempranas hasta la adolescencia.

Cross-cultural adaptation of a questionnaire that evaluates physical activity among children aged 10 and 11.

OBJECTIVE: To adapt to certain cultural patterns and to localize into Spanish the Previous Day Physical Activity Recall questionnaire and to evaluate its content, acceptability and reliability. METHOD: The Previous Day Physical Activity Recall questionnaire was subjected to a process of direct translation, back translation and final pretesting. Judges assessed their semantic, idiomatic and conceptual equivalences. A preliminary version was pretested. Afterwards, a reliability analysis was made through a test-retesting. According to the committee of judges the rate of agreement was determined using the content validity index and the mean of the judges' scores. Acceptability, through the number of questionnaires with mismatching answers. Reliability was assessed by the stability criterion. RESULTS: The translated version of the questionnaire reached appropriate semantic, idiomatic and conceptual equivalences with a high content validity index in all the evaluated documents. The 32 schoolchildren that did the pretest employed a mean time of 18 minutes to complete it; 6 subjects replied, at least, 1 mismatched answer; only one questionnaire was discarded (more than 4 mismatch answers). The test-retesting analysis, conducted with 73 school children, showed an intra class correlation coefficient of 0.99 regarding the total metabolic equivalents and of 0.98 and 0.97 for the moderate and vigorous physical activity blocks, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The adaptation to certain cultural patterns and the localization into the Spanish language of the Previous Day Physical Activity Recall questionnaire showed successful results in each of the studied settings.

Nivel de actividad física, consumo de tabaco y eficiencia cardiovascular / Physical activity level, tobacco consumpation and cardiovascular efficiency

Recientes estudios relacionan la inactividad física con el consumo de tabaco entre los adolescentes.Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre el nivel de actividad física, el hábito de consumo de tabacoy la eficiencia cardiovascular estimada. Método: Estudio trasversal con 533 adolescentes escolarizadosdel sureste español. Se empleó el International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) para la evaluaciónde la actividad física habitual y una adaptación del Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance para la obtención dedatos relacionados con el consumo de tabaco. Para la estimación de la eficiencia cardiovascular se aplicóla prueba de Ruffier-Dickson. Resultados: Los sujetos con un nivel de actividad física alto se relacionande forma significativa con la no adquisición del hábito de consumo de tabaco (24% de varones y 23%de mujeres). A su vez, el 21% de varones y el 28% de mujeres que son fumadoras habituales tienenun nivel de actividad física bajo. En la prueba de eficiencia cardiovascular, los varones y las mujeres nofumadores obtienen medias más bajas (6.35 y 7.35, respectivamente) que los fumadores (8.92 y 11.49).Conclusiones: El nivel de actividad física se encuentra directamente relacionado con el hábito de consumode tabaco y la eficiencia cardiovascular estimada de los adolescentes

Recent studies relate physical inactivity to regular tobacco consumption in adolescents.Objective: To analyze the relationship between the level of physical activity, tobacco consumption and estimated cardiovascular efficiency. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 533 school adolescents from the southeast of Spain. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was implemented to evaluate habitual physical activity, and an adaptation of the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance to obtain data related to tobacco consumption. To estimate cardiovascular efficiency the Ruffier-Dickson test was applied. Results: Subjects with a high level of physical activity are significantly related to the non-acquisition of regular tobacco consumption (24% males and 23% females). Also 21% of males and 28% of females who are regular smokers have a low level of physical activity. In the cardiovascular ef-ficiency test male and female non-smokers obtained a lower mean (6.35 and 7.35, respectively) than the smokers (8.92 and 11.49). Conclusions: The physical activity level is directly related to regular tobacco consumption and the estimated cardiovascular efficiency of adolescents.

Physical exercise, energy expenditure and tobacco consumption in adolescents from Murcia (Spain).

INTRODUCTION: Physical and sports activity is essential for a healthy lifestyle and is considered a prevention factor for several harmful habits on health. The purpose of this study was to establish the relationship between the level of physical activity, energy expenditure and tobacco consumption among adolescent students. POPULATION AND METHODS: Adolescent students aged 14 to 17 years old from the province of Murcia were included. Their level of physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, and smoking was evaluated using the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance. RESULTS: Out of 344 adolescents, 20.3% were overweight and 5.8%, obese. Of the total, 44.2% reported being active on a regular basis, while 55.8% were irregularly active or inactive. The level of physical exercise was higher among boys than girls. Tobacco was consumed by 20.3% of the sample, but no significant differences were observed based on sex. The highest energy expenditure from physical activity was positively associated with non consumption of tobacco. CONCLUSIONS: Among adolescents, a higher level of physical activity and a higher energy expenditure are positively associated with non consumption of tobacco.

Actividad físico-deportiva, gasto calórico y consumo de tabaco en adolescentes de Murcia (España) / Physical exercise, energy expenditure and tobacco consumption in adolescents from Murcia (Spain)

Introducción. La práctica físico-deportiva es un elemento primordial dentro de los estilos de vida saludables y está considerado uno de los factores preventivos para diversos hábitos nocivos para la salud. El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer la relación entre el nivel de actividad física realizado, el gasto calórico y el hábito de consumo de tabaco de los adolescentes escolarizados. Población y métodos. Se incluyeron adolescentes escolarizados de entre 14 y 17 años de la región de Murcia. Se valoró el nivel de actividad física realizada mediante el International Physical Activity Questionnaire y el hábito tabáquico mediante el Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance. Resultados. De un total de 344 adolescentes, 20,3% presentaban sobrepeso y 5,8%, obesidad. El 44,2% se consideraron regularmente activos, mientras que 55,8% fueron irregularmente activos o inactivos. El nivel de práctica de actividad física de los varones fue superior al de las mujeres. El 20,3% de la muestra consumía tabaco, sin diferencias signifcativas en función del sexo. El mayor gasto energético derivado de la práctica de actividad física se asoció positivamente a no consumir tabaco. Conclusiones. En los adolescentes, un mayor nivel de actividad física y un mayor gasto energético se asocian positivamente a no consumir tabaco.

Introduction. Physical and sports activity is essential for a healthy lifestyle and is considered a prevention factor for several harmful habits on health. The purpose of this study was to establish the relationship between the level of physical activity, energy expenditure and tobacco consumption among adolescent students. Population and Methods. Adolescent students aged 14 to 17 years old from the province of Murcia were included. Their level of physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, and smoking was evaluated using the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance. Results. Out of 344 adolescents, 20.3% were overweight and 5.8%, obese. Of the total, 44.2% reported being active on a regular basis, while 55.8% were irregularly active or inactive. The level of physical exercise was higher among boys than girls. Tobacco was consumed by 20.3% of the sample, but no signifcant differences were observed based on sex. The highest energy expenditure from physical activity was positively associated with non consumption of tobacco. Conclusions. Among adolescents, a higher level of physical activity and a higher energy expenditure are positively associated with non consumption of tobacco.

[Physical fitness level and its relationship with body weight status in school children]. / Nivel de condición física y su relación con el estatus de peso corporal en escolares.

OBJECTIVE: To explore and establish possible relationships between body weight status and fitness level in a sample of primary school children. METHODS: Descriptive and cross-sectional study. A total of 216 students (125 women 8-11 years) participated in the assessment of weight, height and physical condition. The body weight status (normal-weight, overweight and obesity) was categorized according to international standards. RESULTS: males have on average higher values in the running test 4x10 meters, manual dynamometry, longitudinal jump and Course-Navette. Women show a higher tendency to exceed healthy weight. The analysis showed that a high level of fitness is directly associated with normal weight status (p <.01). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that students who have higher fitness levels are more likely to have a body weight status within normal parameters. Programs promoting physical activity, aimed to improve fitness, and thus the body status need to be implemented. Increasing physical education time at school or conducting educational programs focused on nutrition can be effective measures to improve overall health.

Objetivo: Analizar y establecer posibles relaciones entre el estatus de peso corporal y el nivel de condición física relacionado con la salud en una muestra de escolares de Primaria. Material y Método: Estudio descriptivo-transversal. Un total de 216 escolares (125 mujeres de 8-11 años) participaron en la evaluación del peso, talla y condición física (Batería ALPHA-Fitness). El estatus de peso corporal (normo-peso, sobrepeso y obesidad) fue categorizado usando estándares internacionales. Resultados: Los varones presentan en promedio valores superiores en el test de carrera 4x10 metros, dinamometría manual, salto longitudinal y Course-Navette. Las mujeres presentan una mayor tendencia a exceder el peso saludable. El análisis de varianza mostró que un nivel alto de condición física se asocia de manera directa con un estatus de normopeso (p< ,01). Conclusiones: Los resultados del presente estudio sugieren que los escolares que poseen niveles superiores de condición física presentan una mayor tendencia a un estatus de peso corporal dentro de parámetros normales. Se precisan programas de fomento de la actividad física con el fin de mejorar la condición física y con ello el estatus corporal de los jóvenes. Incrementar las horas de Educación física escolar o llevar cabo programas educativos centrados en la nutrición pueden ser medidas eficientes para mejorar el estado de salud general.

[Relationship between tobacco consumption and physical exercise in adolescents. Differences between genders]. / Práctica de ejercicio físico y su relación con el consumo de tabaco en adolescentes. Diferencias entre géneros.

The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between physical exercise and sport activities with respect to tobacco consumption in adolescents according to gender. A total of 845 adolescents (412 males and 433 females) between 14 and 17 years of age enrolled in compulsory secondary education in Murcia (Spain) participated in the study. The International Physical Activity questionnaire was administered to all of them to determine their physical activity patterns, also the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance questionnaire was given to evaluate their smoking behaviors. The results show a significant relationship between physical exercise and sport activity and tobacco consumption. In addition, a clear gender difference was found on tobacco use. Among males, a positive and significant relation between practice of sports and physical activity and tobacco use was found; while no association between both variables was found among females. In conclusion, differences between men and women related to practice of physical exercise and sport and tobacco consumption are associated with the characteristics of the current models used to promote practice of sports as well as the different motivations among men and women to engage in physical exercise and sport activity.