Management of cytomegalovirus in adult solid organ transplant patients: GESITRA-IC-SEIMC, CIBERINFEC, and SET recommendations update.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection remains a significant challenge in solid organ transplantation (SOT). The last international consensus guidelines on the management of CMV in SOT were published in 2018, highlighting the need for revision to incorporate recent advances, notably in cell-mediated immunity monitoring, which could alter the current standard of care. A working group including members from the Group for the Study of Infection in Transplantation and the Immunocompromised Host (GESITRA-IC) of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC) and the Spanish Society of Transplantation (SET), developed consensus-based recommendations for managing CMV infection in SOT recipients. Recommendations were classified based on evidence strength and quality using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. The final recommendations were endorsed through a consensus meeting and approved by the expert panel.

Clinical Management and Outcomes of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: A Multinational Case-control Study.

BACKGROUND: The management and outcomes of nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are poorly characterized. We aimed to describe the management and 1-y mortality of these patients. METHODS: Retrospective, multinational, 1:2 matched case-control study included SOT recipients aged 12 y old or older diagnosed with NTM infection between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2018. Controls were matched on transplanted organs, NTM treatment center, and posttransplant survival at least equal to the time to NTM diagnosis. The primary aim was 1-y mortality after NTM diagnosis. Differences between cases and controls were compared using the log-rank test, and Cox regression models were used to identify factors associated with mortality at 12 mo among cases. RESULTS: In 85 patients and 169 controls, the median age at the time of SOT was 54 y (interquartile range, 40-62 y), 59% were men, and the lungs were the most common site of infection after SOT (57.6%). One-year mortality was significantly higher in cases than in controls (20% versus 3%; P < 0.001), and higher mortality was associated with lung transplantation (hazard ratio 3.27; 95% confidence interval [1.1-9.77]; P = 0.034). Median time (interquartile range) from diagnosis to treatment initiation (20 [4-42] versus 11 [3-21] d) or the reduction of net immunosuppression (36% versus 45%, hazard ratio 1.35 [95% CI, 0.41-4.43], P = 0.618) did not differ between survivors and those who died. CONCLUSIONS: NTM disease in SOT recipients is associated with a higher mortality risk, especially among lung transplant recipients. Time to NTM treatment and reduction in net immunosuppression were not associated with mortality.

Isavuconazole Versus Voriconazole as the First-line Therapy for Solid Organ Transplant Recipients With Invasive Aspergillosis: Comparative Analysis of 2 Multicenter Cohort Studies.

BACKGROUND: Isavuconazole (ISA) and voriconazole (VORI) are recommended as the first-line treatment for invasive aspergillosis (IA). Despite theoretical advantages of ISA, both triazole agents have not been compared in solid organ transplant recipients. METHODS: We performed a post hoc analysis of 2 retrospective multicenter cohorts of solid organ transplant recipients with invasive fungal disease (the SOTIS [Solid Organ Transplantation and ISavuconazole] and DiasperSOT [DIagnosis of ASPERgillosis in Solid Organ Transplantation] studies). We selected adult patients with proven/probable IA that were treated for ≥48 h with ISA (n = 57) or VORI (n = 77) as first-line therapy, either in monotherapy or combination regimen. The primary outcome was the rate of clinical response at 12 wk from the initiation of therapy. Secondary outcomes comprised 12-wk all-cause and IA-attributable mortality and the rates of treatment-emergent adverse events and premature treatment discontinuation. RESULTS: Both groups were comparable in their demographics and major clinical and treatment-related variables. There were no differences in the rate of 12-wk clinical response between the ISA and VORI groups (59.6% versus 59.7%, respectively; odds ratio [OR], 0.99; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.49-2.00). This result was confirmed after propensity score adjustment (OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.32-2.05) and matching (OR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.31-2.04). All-cause and IA-attributable mortality were also similar. Patients in the ISA group were less likely to experience treatment-emergent adverse events (17.5% versus 37.7%; P = 0.011) and premature treatment discontinuation (8.8% versus 23.4%; P = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS: Front-line treatment with ISA for posttransplant IA led to similar clinical outcomes than VORI, with better tolerability and higher treatment completion.

Infective endocarditis in adult patients with congenital heart disease.

BACKGROUND: Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) predisposes to Infective Endocarditis (IE), but data about characterization and prognosis of IE in CHD patients is scarce. METHODS: The ESC-EORP-EURO-ENDO study is a prospective international study in IE patients (n = 3111). In this pre-specified analysis, adult CHD patients (n = 365, 11.7%) are described and compared with patients without CHD (n = 2746) in terms of baseline characteristics and mortality. RESULTS: CHD patients (73% men, age 44.8 ± 16.6 years) were younger and had fewer comorbidities. Of the CHD patients, 14% had a dental procedure before hospitalization versus 7% in non-CHD patients (p < 0.001) and more often had positive blood cultures for Streptococcus viridans (16.4% vs 8.8%, p < 0.001). As in non-CHD patients, IE most often affected the left-sided valves. For CHD patients, in-hospital mortality was 9.0% vs 18.1% in non-CHD patients (p < 0.001), and also, during the entire follow-up of 700 days, survival was more favorable (log-rank p < 0.0001), even after adjustment for age, gender and major comorbidities (Hazard Ratio (HR) 0.68; 95%CI 0.50-0.92). Within the CHD population, multivariable Cox regression revealed the following effects (HR and [95% CI]) on mortality: fistula (HR 6.97 [3.36-14.47]), cerebral embolus (HR 4.64 [2.08-10.35]), renal insufficiency (HR 3.44 [1.48-8.02]), Staphylococcus aureus as causative agent (HR 2.06 [1.11-3.81]) and failure to undertake surgery when indicated (HR 5.93 [3.15-11.18]). CONCLUSIONS: CHD patients with IE have a better outcome in terms of all-cause mortality. The observed high incidence of dental procedures prior to IE warrants further studies about the current use, need and efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis in CHD patients.

Isavuconazole for the Treatment of Invasive Mold Disease in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: A Multicenter Study on Efficacy and Safety in Real-life Clinical Practice.

BACKGROUND: Isavuconazole has theoretical advantages over other mold-active triazoles for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis after solid organ transplantation (SOT). The available clinical experience, nevertheless, is scarce. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study including all adult SOT recipients with proven or probable invasive mold disease (IMD) that received isavuconazole for ≥24 h as first-line or salvage therapy at 10 Spanish centers between September 2017 and November 2021. The primary efficacy outcome was clinical response (complete or partial resolution of attributable symptoms and findings) by weeks 6 and 12. Safety outcomes included the rates of treatment-emergent adverse events and premature isavuconazole discontinuation. RESULTS: We included 81 SOT recipients that received isavuconazole for a median of 58.0 days because of invasive aspergillosis (n = 71) or mucormycosis (n = 10). Isavuconazole was used as first-line (72.8%) or salvage therapy due because of previous treatment-emergent toxicity (11.1%) or refractory IMD (7.4%). Combination therapy was common (37.0%), mainly with an echinocandin or liposomal amphotericin B. Clinical response by weeks 6 and 12 was achieved in 53.1% and 54.3% of patients, respectively, and was more likely when isavuconazole was administered as first-line single-agent therapy. At least 1 treatment-emergent adverse event occurred in 17.3% of patients, and 6.2% required premature discontinuation. Daily tacrolimus dose was reduced in two-thirds of patients by a median of 50.0%, although tacrolimus levels remained stable throughout the first month of therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Isavuconazole is a safe therapeutic option for IMD in SOT recipients, with efficacy comparable to other patient groups.

Excretion and viability of SARS-CoV-2 in feces and its association with the clinical outcome of COVID-19.

The main objective was to evaluate the viability of the SARS-CoV-2 viral particles excreted in stools. In addition, we aimed to identify clinical factors associated with the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in feces, and to determine if its presence is associated with an unfavorable clinical outcome, defined as intensive care unit (ICU) admission and/or death. A prospective multicenter cohort study of COVID-19 adult patients, with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by RT-PCR assay in nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs admitted to four hospitals in Spain, from March 2020 to February 2021. Sixty-two adult COVID-19 patients had stool samples collected at admission and/or during the follow up, with a total of 79 stool samples. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in stool samples from 27 (43.5%) out of the 62 patients. Replicative virus, measured by the generation of cytopathic effect in cell culture and subsequent RT-PCR confirmation of a decrease in the Ct values, was not found in any of these stool samples. Fecal virus excretion was not associated with the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms, or with differences in the evolution of COVID-19 patients. Our results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 replicative capacity is null or very limited in stool samples, and thus, the fecal-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2 as an alternative infection route is highly unlikely. In our study, the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in feces at the beginning of the disease is not associated with any clinical factor nor with an unfavorable clinical outcome.

Invasive aspergillosis in solid organ transplantation: Diagnostic challenges and differences in outcome in a Spanish national cohort (Diaspersot study).

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis (IA) can be problematic in solid organ transplantation (SOT). The prognosis greatly varies according to the type of transplant, and the impact of prophylaxis is not well defined. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The Diaspersot cohort analyses the impact of IA in SOT in Spain during the last 10 years. Proven and probable/putative IA was included. RESULTS: We analysed 126 cases of IA. The incidences of IA were as follows: 6.5%, 2.9%, 1.8% and 0.6% for lung, heart, liver and kidney transplantation, respectively. EORTC/MSG criteria confirmed only 49.7% of episodes. Tree-in-bud sign or ground-glass infiltrates were present in 56.3% of patients, while serum galactomannan (optical density index >0.5) was positive in 50.6%. A total of 41.3% received combined antifungal therapy. Overall mortality at 3 months was significantly lower (p < 0.001) in lung transplant recipients (14.8%) than in all other transplants [globally: 48.6%; kidney 52.0%, liver 58.3%, heart 31.2%, and combined 42.9%]. Fifty-four percent of episodes occurred despite the receipt of antifungal prophylaxis, and in 10%, IA occurred during prophylaxis (breakthrough infection), with both nebulised amphotericin (in lung transplant recipients) and candins (in the rest). CONCLUSIONS: Invasive aspergillosis diagnostic criteria, applied to SOT patients, may differ from those established for haematological patients. IA in lung transplants has a higher incidence, but is associated with a better prognosis than other transplants. Combination therapy is frequently used for IA in SOT. Prophylactic measures require optimisation of its use within this population.

Prevalence of Colorectal Neoplasms Among Patients With Enterococcus faecalis Endocarditis in the GAMES Cohort (2008-2017).

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the rate of colorectal neoplasms (CRNs) in patients who have Enterococcus faecalis infective endocarditis (EFIE) with available colonoscopies and to assess whether this is associated with the identification of a focus the infection. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of data from a prospective multicenter study involving 35 centers who are members of the Grupo de Apoyo para el Manejo de la Endocarditis en España [Support Group for the Management of Infective Endocarditis in Spain] cohort. A specific set of queries regarding information on colonoscopy and histopathology of colorectal diseases was sent to each participating center. Four-hundred sixty-seven patients with EFIE were included from January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2017, from whom data on colonoscopy performance and results were available in 411 patients. RESULTS: One hundred forty-two (34.5%) patients had a colonoscopy close to the EFIE episode. The overall rate of colorectal diseases was 70.4% (100 of 142), whereas the prevalence of CRN (advanced adenomas and colorectal carcinoma) was 14.8% (21 of 142), with no significant differences between the group of EFIE of unknown focus and that with an identified focus. CONCLUSION: Our study adds to prior evidence suggesting a much higher rate of CRN among patients with EFIE than in the general population of the same age and sex. In addition, our findings suggest that this phenomenon might take place both in EFIE with an unknown and an identified source of infection.

Daptomycin Plus Fosfomycin Versus Daptomycin Alone for Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia and Endocarditis: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to determine whether daptomycin plus fosfomycin provides higher treatment success than daptomycin alone for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia and endocarditis. METHODS: A randomized (1:1) phase 3 superiority, open-label, and parallel group clinical trial of adult inpatients with MRSA bacteremia was conducted at 18 Spanish hospitals. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either 10 mg/kg of daptomycin intravenously daily plus 2 g of fosfomycin intravenously every 6 hours, or 10 mg/kg of daptomycin intravenously daily. Primary endpoint was treatment success 6 weeks after the end of therapy. RESULTS: Of 167 patients randomized, 155 completed the trial and were assessed for the primary endpoint. Treatment success at 6 weeks after the end of therapy was achieved in 40 of 74 patients who received daptomycin plus fosfomycin and in 34 of 81 patients who were given daptomycin alone (54.1% vs 42.0%; relative risk, 1.29 [95% confidence interval, .93-1.8]; P = .135). At 6 weeks, daptomycin plus fosfomycin was associated with lower microbiologic failure (0 vs 9 patients; P = .003) and lower complicated bacteremia (16.2% vs 32.1%; P = .022). Adverse events leading to treatment discontinuation occurred in 13 of 74 patients (17.6%) receiving daptomycin plus fosfomycin, and in 4 of 81 patients (4.9%) receiving daptomycin alone (P = .018). CONCLUSIONS: Daptomycin plus fosfomycin provided 12% higher rate of treatment success than daptomycin alone, but this difference did not reach statistical significance. This antibiotic combination prevented microbiological failure and complicated bacteremia, but it was more often associated with adverse events. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT01898338.

A case of COVID-19 immediately after liver transplantation: Not only bad news.

COVID-19, the illness caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus originated in December 2019 in Wuhan, China and has caused more 3,3 million cases and more than 230,000 deaths throughout the world, with 25,000 of them only in Spain, where the first case was diagnosed on January 31st, 2020. As COVID-19 is a "new" disease, we still do not have data on prognosis or treatment in transplant patients or on how to manage immunosuppression in this complex scenario. We present a case of COVID-19 diagnosed during the early postoperative period in a recipient whose liver transplantation was performed on late March during the lockdown in Spain, with donor and recipient previously negative rRT-PCR to SARS-CoV-2. In the first post-operative week the patient suffered COVID-19 pneumonia that was treated with immunosuppression minimization, oral Hydroxycloroquine and Azithromycin with favorable outcome. The patient was discharged on POD 21 without complications. To date, few early post-liver transplantation SARS-CoV-2 infected recipients have been published, but only one was an early postoperative infection. In our case the outcome was favorable, even though it was an early post -liver transplantation COVID-19 in a frail patient.

A New Clinical and Immunovirological Score for Predicting the Risk of Late Severe Infection in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: The CLIV Score.

BACKGROUND: We aimed at constructing a composite score based on Epstein-Barr virus DNAemia (EBVd) and simple clinical and immunological parameters to predict late severe infection (LI) beyond month 6 in solid organ transplantation (SOT) recipients. METHODS: Kidney and liver transplant recipients between May 2014 and August 2016 at 4 participating centers were included. Serum immunoglobulins and complement factors, peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations, and whole blood EBVd were determined at months 1, 3, and 6. Cox regression analyses were performed to generate a weighted score for the prediction of LI. RESULTS: Overall, 309 SOT recipients were followed-up for a median of 1000 days from transplant (interquartile range, 822-1124). Late severe infection occurred in 104 patients (33.6%). The CLIV Score consisted of the following variables at month 6: high-level EBVd (>1500 IU/mL) and recurrent infection during the previous months (6 points); recipient age ≥70 years and chronic graft dysfunction (5 points); cytomegalovirus mismatch (4 points); and CD8+ T-cell count <400 cells/µL (2 points). The area under receiver operating characteristics curve was 0.77 (95% confidence interval, 0.71-0.84). The risk of LI at day 1000 was as follows: score 0, 12.6%; score 2-5, 25.5%; score 6-9, 52.7%; score ≥10, 73.5%. CONCLUSIONS: While waiting for further external validation, the CLIV Score based on clinical and immune-virological parameters is potentially useful to stratify the risk of LI after SOT.

Prognostic assessment of valvular surgery in active infective endocarditis: multicentric nationwide validation of a new score developed from a meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Several risk prediction models have been developed to estimate the risk of mortality after valve surgery for active infective endocarditis (IE), but few external validations have been conducted to assess their accuracy. We previously developed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of IE-specific factors for the in-hospital mortality rate after IE valve surgery, whose obtained pooled estimations were the basis for the development of a new score (APORTEI). The aim of the present study was to assess its prognostic accuracy in a nationwide cohort. METHODS: We analysed the prognostic utility of the APORTEI score using patient-level data from a multicentric national cohort. Patients who underwent surgery for active IE between 2008 and 2018 were included. Discrimination was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, and the calibration was assessed using the calibration slope and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. Agreement between the APORTEI and the EuroSCORE I was also analysed by Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), the Bland-Altman agreement analysis and a scatterplot graph. RESULTS: The 11 variables that comprised the APORTEI score were analysed in the sample. The APORTEI score was calculated in 1338 patients. The overall observed surgical mortality rate was 25.56%. The score demonstrated adequate discrimination (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.75; 95% confidence interval 0.72-0.77) and calibration (calibration slope = 1.03; Hosmer-Lemeshow test P = 0.389). We found a lack of agreement between the APORTEI and EuroSCORE I (concordance correlation coefficient = 0.55). CONCLUSIONS: The APORTEI score, developed from a systematic review and meta-analysis, showed an adequate estimation of the risk of mortality after IE valve surgery in a nationwide cohort.

Role of age and comorbidities in mortality of patients with infective endocarditis.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of patients with IE in three groups of age and to assess the ability of age and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) to predict mortality. METHODS: Prospective cohort study of all patients with IE included in the GAMES Spanish database between 2008 and 2015.Patients were stratified into three age groups:<65 years,65 to 80 years,and ≥ 80 years.The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was calculated to quantify the diagnostic accuracy of the CCI to predict mortality risk. RESULTS: A total of 3120 patients with IE (1327 < 65 years;1291 65-80 years;502 ≥ 80 years) were enrolled.Fever and heart failure were the most common presentations of IE, with no differences among age groups.Patients ≥80 years who underwent surgery were significantly lower compared with other age groups (14.3%,65 years; 20.5%,65-79 years; 31.3%,≥80 years). In-hospital mortality was lower in the <65-year group (20.3%,<65 years;30.1%,65-79 years;34.7%,≥80 years;p < 0.001) as well as 1-year mortality (3.2%, <65 years; 5.5%, 65-80 years;7.6%,≥80 years; p = 0.003).Independent predictors of mortality were age ≥ 80 years (hazard ratio [HR]:2.78;95% confidence interval [CI]:2.32-3.34), CCI ≥ 3 (HR:1.62; 95% CI:1.39-1.88),and non-performed surgery (HR:1.64;95% CI:11.16-1.58).When the three age groups were compared,the AUROC curve for CCI was significantly larger for patients aged <65 years(p < 0.001) for both in-hospital and 1-year mortality. CONCLUSION: There were no differences in the clinical presentation of IE between the groups. Age ≥ 80 years, high comorbidity (measured by CCI),and non-performance of surgery were independent predictors of mortality in patients with IE.CCI could help to identify those patients with IE and surgical indication who present a lower risk of in-hospital and 1-year mortality after surgery, especially in the <65-year group.

Mitral valve repair in infective endocarditis is not inferior to valve replacement: results from a Spanish nationwide prospective registry.

INTRODUCTION: Infective endocarditis (IE) still carries high morbidity and mortality and frequently requires surgery. The benefit of mitral valve repair (MVr) in the setting of IE is yet to be proven. The goal of this study was to assess the results of MVr in patients with IE after a minimum follow-up of 1 year. METHODS: This study is based on a Spanish nationwide prospective registry that included patients operated on for native mitral valve IE. The collaborating Institutions pooled their pre-, peri-, and postoperative data into the database of the GAMES group [Grupo de Apoyo al Manejo de la EndocarditiS (Group for support and management of infective endocarditis)]. RESULTS: Data from 27 hospitals were recorded and 3524 cases of active IE identified between 2008 and 2016. There were 1513 cases of mitral IE, of which 898 involved native valves. Of these, 437 patients underwent surgical treatment, and 369 completed the 1-year follow-up. The valve was repaired in 68 cases (18.4%). Preoperative groups were comparable (EuroSCORE MVr 7.7 vs MVR 8.0; p = ns). Mortality in the repair group was inferior to that in the replacement group (16.2% vs 27.2%, p = 0.058). At 1 year, mortality remained higher in the replacement group: 3.7% vs 2.9%. Relapse of the infection was slightly more frequent in the repair group (7.1% vs 3.7%; p = ns), although this did not lead to higher rates of reintervention (MVr/MVR: 2.9% vs 4.9%). CONCLUSION: MVr is an attractive option for specific patients with IE and does not seem to negatively impact on relapses.

Detection of spleen, kidney and liver infarcts by abdominal computed tomography does not affect the outcome in patients with left-side infective endocarditis.

Extra-cardiac abdominal complications are common in left-side infective endocarditis (LS-IE). The aim of this work was to study whether patients with LS-IE presenting splenic, renal, or liver (SRL) involvement seen in abdominal computed tomography (CT) had different clinical features, therapeutic plans, and outcome than those without these findings on CT.From January 2008 to April 2010, multidisciplinary teams have prospectively collected all consecutive cases of IE, diagnosed according to the Duke criteria, in which abdominal CT was performed.A total of 147 patients with LS-IE had abdominal CT. Fifty (34%) had SRL lesions: 46 splenic, 15 renal, 1 liver infarct, and 2 liver abscesses. Patients with SRL lesions were mainly men (P = .01), had liver disease (P = .001) with natural valve (P = .050) and mitro-aortic valve involvement (P = .042), splenomegaly (P = .001), nonabdominal emboli (P = .001), and a greater number and larger vegetation (>15 mm, P = .049) in the mitro-aortic valves (P = .051) than patients with normal abdominal CT. The site of acquisition, clinical characteristics, microbiology, surgical treatment, days of hospitalization, hospital death, and 1-year mortality were similar in patients with and without SRL emboli on CT. In the stepwise logistic regression analysis, male gender (odds ratio [OR] = 3.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.4-9.1), liver disease (OR = 8.3, 95% CI = 2.1-31.8), and nonabdominal emboli (OR = 5.2, 95% CI = 2.3-11.7) were independently associated with SRL lesions.Male patients with native LS-IE who had liver disease and nonabdominal emboli had more frequent abdominal lesions seen on CT. The presence of SRL infarcts on abdominal CT scan performed on patients with LS-IE seems to have poor practical implications, and as a consequence, its realization should only be considered when there are symptoms or signs that suggest them.

Infective Endocarditis in Patients With Bicuspid Aortic Valve or Mitral Valve Prolapse.

BACKGROUND: There is little information concerning infective endocarditis (IE) in patients with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) or mitral valve prolapse (MVP). Currently, IE antibiotic prophylaxis (IEAP) is not recommended for these conditions. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to describe the clinical and microbiological features of IE in patients with BAV and MVP and compare them with those of IE patients with and without IEAP indication, to determine the potential benefit of IEAP in these conditions. METHODS: This analysis involved 3,208 consecutive IE patients prospectively included in the GAMES (Grupo de Apoyo al Manejo de la Endocarditis infecciosa en España) registry at 31 Spanish hospitals. Patients were classified as high-risk IE with IEAP indication (high-risk group; n = 1,226), low- and moderate-risk IE without IEAP indication (low/moderate-risk group; n = 1,839), and IE with BAV (n = 54) or MVP (n = 89). RESULTS: BAV and MVP patients had a higher incidence of viridans group streptococci IE than did high-risk group and low/moderate-risk group patients (35.2% and 39.3% vs. 12.1% and 15.0%, respectively; all p < 0.01). A similar pattern was seen for IE from suspected odontologic origin (14.8% and 18.0% vs. 5.8% and 6.0%; all p < 0.01). BAV and MVP patients had more intracardiac complications than did low/moderate-risk group (50% and 47.2% vs. 30.6%, both p < 0.01) patients and were similar to high-risk group patients. CONCLUSIONS: IE in patients with BAV and MVP have higher rates of viridans group streptococci IE and IE from suspected odontologic origin than in other IE patients, with a clinical profile similar to that of high-risk IE patients. Our findings suggest that BAV and MVP should be classified as high-risk IE conditions and the case for IEAP should be reconsidered.

Aetiology of renal failure in patients with infective endocarditis. The role of antibiotics. / Etiología de la insuficiencia renal en pacientes con endocarditis infecciosa. Papel de los antibióticos.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The possible renal toxicity of certain antibiotics (AB) is well known. The objective of our work is to know the possible effect of AB treatments in the development of renal failure (RF) in patients with infective endocarditis (IE). MATERIAL AND METHOD: Collection from a national multi-centre registry of collection on renal function, both prior and its impairment, if any, during the treatment of IE and in relation to possible causative factors, including the use of AB. RESULTS: Between 2008 and 2012, 1,853 episodes of IE reported from 26 Spanish centres were analysed. Of these, 21.6% had prior RF. They developed new RF or impairment of renal function in 38.7% of the cases. In patients with prior RF, impairment was more frequent (64 vs. 31.7%, P<.001). Overall, patients with RF were older (70.6 vs. 67 years, P<.01), had more comorbidities (Charlson index 5 vs. 4, P<.01), and IE by Staphylococcus aureus (32.1 vs. 16.5%, P<.01). Potentially nephrotoxic AB use was only associated with RF in patients without prior RF (aminoglycosides: OR=1.47 [95% CI 1.096-1.988], P=.010; aminoglycosides with vancomycin: OR=1.49 [95% CI 1.069-2.09], P=.019). CONCLUSIONS: In patients without prior RF, the use of nephrotoxic AB is associated with impairment of renal function. In patients with RF prior to the IE episode, impairment of renal function was more frequent but appears to be more related to the severity of infection.