Enhancement of chlorhexidine activity against planktonic and biofilm forms of oral streptococci by two Croton spp. essential oils from the Caatinga biome.

This work investigates the ability of two Croton spp. essential oils (EO) to enhance chlorhexidine (CHX) activity against oral streptococci. EO's chemical composition of Croton argyrophyllus and C. pluriglandulosus was determined by GC-MS/FID. The microbial growth kinetics and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of EOs and CHX were determined, followed by their synergism against S. mutans UA159 and ATCC 25175, S. salivarius ATCC 7073 and S. sp. ATCC 15300. The microplate-based method was used to determine the EO/CHX activity against 24-h-old biofilms. The major compounds were α-pinene (54.74%) and bicyclogermacrene (16.08%) for EOAr and 1,8-cineole (17.41%), methyleugenol (16.06%) and elemicin (15.99%) for EOPg. Both EO had MIC around 16,000 µg/mL. EOs/CHX presented a synergistic effect against most strains (FICi from 0.133 to 0.375), and OE/CHX-treated biofilms showed a reduction in biomass and cell viability compared to CHX, only (p < 0.01). Thus, the EOs works as natural adjuvants for CHX.

Metabolomic Profile of Volatile Organic Compounds from Leaves of Cashew Clones by HS-SPME/GC-MS for the Identification of Candidates for Anthracnose Resistance Markers.

Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides affects the leaves, inflorescences, nuts, and peduncles of cashew trees (Anacardium occidentale). The use of genetically improved plants and the insertion of dwarf cashew clones that are more resistant to phytopathogens are strategies to minimize the impact of anthracnose on cashew production. However, resistance mechanisms related to the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites remain unknown. Thus, this study promoted the investigation of the profile of volatile organic compounds of resistant cashew clone leaves ('CCP 76', 'BRS 226' and 'BRS 189') and susceptible ('BRS 265') to C. gloeosporioides, in the periods of non-infection and infection of the pathogen in the field (July-December 2019 - Brazil). Seventy-eight compounds were provisionally identified. Chemometric analyses, such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Discriminating Partial Least Squares Analysis (PLS-DA), Discriminating Analysis of Orthogonal Partial Least Squares (OPLS-DA), and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), separated the samples into different groups, highlighting hexanal, (E)-hex-2-enal, (Z)-hex-2-en-1-ol, (E)-hex-3-en-1-ol, in addition to α-pinene, α-terpinene, γ-terpinene, ß-pinene, and δ-3-carene, in the samples of the resistant clones in comparison to the susceptible clone. According to the literature, these metabolites have antimicrobial activity and are therefore chemical marker candidates for resistance to C. gloeosporioides in cashew trees.

Acaricidal activity of essential oils of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Eremanthus erythropappus, major compounds and cinnamyl acetate in Rhipicephalus microplus.

This study aimed to chemically characterize the essential oils (EOs) of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) and Eremanthus erythropappus (candeia) and evaluate their acaricidal activity, together with that of their major compounds and cinnamyl acetate derivative, against Rhipicephalus microplus. Essential oil compounds were identified through gas chromatography. The larval packet test (LPT) at concentrations ranging from 0.31 to 10.0 mg/mL and the adult immersion test (AIT) at concentrations between 2.5 and 60.0 mg/mL were performed. (E)-cinnamaldehyde and α-bisabolol were the major compounds in cinnamon (86.93%) and candeia (78.41%) EOs, respectively. In the LPT, the EOs of cinnamon and candeia and the compounds (E)-cinnamaldehyde, α-bisabolol and cinnamyl acetate resulted in 100% mortality at concentrations of 2.5, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 10.0 mg/mL respectively. In the AIT, percentage control values > 95% were observed for cinnamon and candeia EOs, (E)-cinnamaldehyde and α-bisabolol at the concentrations of 5.0, 60.0, 20.0, and 20.0 mg/mL, respectively, whereas cinnamyl acetate showed low activity. We conclude that EOs and their compounds showed high acaricidal activity, whereas the acetylated derivative of (E)-cinnamaldehyde presented less acaricidal activity on R. microplus engorged females.

Comparative study of the chemical composition, antibacterial activity and synergic effects of the essential oils of Croton tetradenius baill. And C. pulegiodorus baill. Against Staphylococcus aureus isolates.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the chemical composition and antibacterial activity of Croton tetradenius Baill. (CTEO) and C. pulegiodorus Baill. (CPEO) essential oils against Staphylococcus aureus, and their synergism with antibiotics. The essential oils (EOs) were extracted by hydrodistillation and chemically characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (CG-MS) and gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (CG-FID). The antimicrobial action of the EOs was tested against two standard strains and four clinical isolates of S. aureus using the disk-diffusion agar method and the microdilution assay. The bacterial kinetic growth was also determined. The synergistic effect between EOs and antimicrobials was analyzed by the checkerboard test. CTEO and CPEO yielded 0.47 and 0.37% w/w and the most common components were p-cymene (28.24%), camphor (17.76%) and α-phellandrene (8.98%), and trans-chrysanthenyl acetate (27.05%), α-terpinene (19.21%) and p-cymene (12.27%), respectively. The disk-diffusion test showed that the bacteria are sensitive to the agents tested. The MIC in the presence of the CTEO it was 4000 µg/mL, while for the CPEO it was 8000 µg/mL, except for clinical isolate 4B. The MBC for strains treated with CTEO were 8000 µg/mL, with the exception of isolates 8B and 0 A 4000 µg/mL. For the CPEO, all strains showed a concentration above 8000 µg/mL. The growth curve showed that CTEO and CPEO altered growth kinetics, delaying the lag phase and reducing the log phase. In combination with antibiotics, both essential oils showed synergisms effect with oxacillin and ampicillin, and additive effect with benzylpenicillin. CTEO and CPEO showed antibacterial action against S. aureus strains, showing as a promise natural alternative in clinical therapy.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potential of Essential Oil from Croton piauhiensis Müll. Arg.

A large number of infections are caused by Gram-positive and Gram-negative multi-resistant bacteria worldwide, adding up to a figure of around 700,000 deaths per year. The indiscriminate uses of antibiotics, as well as their misuse, resulted in the selection of bacteria resistant to known antibiotics, for which it has little or no treatment. In this way, the strategies to combat the resistance of microorganisms are extremely important and, essential oils of Croton species have been extensively studied for this purpose. The aim of this study was to carry the evaluation of antibacterial, antibiofilm, antioxidant activities, and spectroscopic investigation of essential oil from Croton piauhiensis (EOCp). The EOCp exhibited antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with required MICs ranging from 0.15 to 5% (v/v). In addition, the MBC of the EOCp for Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and ATCC 700698, were 0.15 and 1.25%, respectively. Moreover, the EOCp significantly reduced significantly the biofilm production and the number of viable cells from the biofilm of all bacterial strains tested. The antioxidant potential of the EOCp showed EC50 values ranging from 171.21 to 4623.83 µg/mL. The EOCp caused hemolysis (>45%) at the higher concentrations tested (1.25 to 5%), and minor hemolysis (17.6%) at a concentration of 0.07%. In addition, docking studies indicated D-limonene as a phytochemical with potential for antimicrobial activity. This study indicated that the EOCp may be a potential agent against infections caused by bacterial biofilms, and act as a protective agent against ROS and oxidative stress.

Acaricidal activity of essential oils of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Eremanthus erythropappus, major compounds and cinnamyl acetate in Rhipicephalus microplus / Atividade acaricida dos óleos essenciais de Cinnamomum zeylanicum e Eremanthus erythropappus, compostos majoritários e acetato de cinamila sobre Rhipicephalus microplus

Abstract This study aimed to chemically characterize the essential oils (EOs) of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) and Eremanthus erythropappus (candeia) and evaluate their acaricidal activity, together with that of their major compounds and cinnamyl acetate derivative, against Rhipicephalus microplus. Essential oil compounds were identified through gas chromatography. The larval packet test (LPT) at concentrations ranging from 0.31 to 10.0 mg/mL and the adult immersion test (AIT) at concentrations between 2.5 and 60.0 mg/mL were performed. (E)-cinnamaldehyde and α-bisabolol were the major compounds in cinnamon (86.93%) and candeia (78.41%) EOs, respectively. In the LPT, the EOs of cinnamon and candeia and the compounds (E)-cinnamaldehyde, α-bisabolol and cinnamyl acetate resulted in 100% mortality at concentrations of 2.5, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 10.0 mg/mL respectively. In the AIT, percentage control values > 95% were observed for cinnamon and candeia EOs, (E)-cinnamaldehyde and α-bisabolol at the concentrations of 5.0, 60.0, 20.0, and 20.0 mg/mL, respectively, whereas cinnamyl acetate showed low activity. We conclude that EOs and their compounds showed high acaricidal activity, whereas the acetylated derivative of (E)-cinnamaldehyde presented less acaricidal activity on R. microplus engorged females.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar quimicamente os óleos essenciais (OE) de Cinnamomum zeylanicum (canela) e Eremanthus erythropappus (candeia) e avaliar sua atividade acaricida, juntamente com a de seus principais compostos e do derivado de acetato de cinamila, sobre Rhipicephalus microplus. Os compostos do óleo essencial foram identificados por cromatografia gasosa. Foram realizados o Teste de Pacote de Larvas (TPL), em concentrações variando de 0,31 a 10,0 mg/mL, e o Teste de Imersão de Adultos (TIA), em concentrações entre 2,5 e 60,0 mg/mL. (E)-cinnamaldeído e α-bisabolol foram os principais compostos nos OE da canela (86,93%) e da candeia (78,41%), respectivamente. No TPL, os OEs de canela e candeia, e os compostos (E)-cinnamaldeído, α-bisabolol e acetato de cinamila resultaram em 100% de mortalidade nas concentrações de 2,5, 2,5, 5,0, 10,0 e 10,0 mg/mL, respectivamente. No TIA, valores percentuais de controle >95% foram observados para OE de canela e candeia, (E)-cinnamaldeído e α-bisabolol nas concentrações de 5,0, 60,0, 20,0 e 20,0 mg/mL, respectivamente, enquanto o acetato de cinamila apresentou baixa atividade. Conclui-se que os OEs e seus compostos apresentaram alta atividade acaricida, enquanto o derivado acetilado do (E)-cinnamaldeído apresentou menor atividade acaricida em fêmeas ingurgitadas de R. microplus.

Volatile compounds associated to the loss of astringency in 'Rama Forte' persimmon fruit.

The volatile profile of 'Rama Forte' persimmon fruit treated with high concentration of CO2 or ethanol, as well as the association of specific volatile organic compounds (VOC) to the loss of astringency given by sensory and chemical evaluation were investigated in our study. Fruit were harvested at the maturity stage showing crisp texture and commercial color, and exposed to different astringency removal treatments: 70% CO2 for 18 h or 1.70 mL kg-1 ethanol for 6 h. Fruit were daily assessed for VOC, astringency, and soluble tannins content throughout eight days at room temperature. The HS-SPME/GC-MS analysis allowed to tentatively identify 31 volatile compounds and two fatty acids. A clear separation of the persimmon fruit from the beginning to the end of the post-treatment period was showed by PCA results, mainly from the fifth day for CO2-treated and the seventh day for ethanol-treated persimmon. The loadings from CO2 treatment highlighted the increase in the concentrations of a great number of compounds with the progression of the days. The compounds 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol and 1-pentadecanal were tentatively identified on fruit from both treatments after the longest periods and were absent on astringent non-treated fruit. These compounds are reported for the first time on persimmon fruit. Astringency tending to absent was noticed from the fifth and the seventh day after the fruit exposition to CO2 and ethanol vapor, respectively, when flesh soluble tannins concentrations close to 0.1% FW were found. Our study indicates a strong relationship between the astringency removal and the compounds 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol and 1-pentadecanal, supporting them as potential marker compounds for artificial deastringency in 'Rama Forte' persimmon fruit.

Acaricidal potential of volatile oils from Croton species on Rhipicephalus microplus

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the acaricidal activity of the volatile oils of three species of Croton, Euphorbiaceae, against the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. The volatile oils were obtained by hydrodistillation, analyzed by GC-MS and GC-FID and their acaricidal activity was evaluated by the larval packet test and adult immersion test. The volatile oils from Croton conduplicatus Kunth, Croton pulegiodorus Baill., and two different collections of Croton grewioides Baill. (CG1 and CG2) showed eucalyptol (24.09%), p-cymene (23.13%) and methyl chavicol (83.59% and 95.38%) as the major compounds, respectively. All the volatile oils tested in this study showed efficacy against larvae and engorged females of Rhipicephalus microplus. Therefore, Croton pulegiodorus volatile oil is promising for a potential acaricidal formulation because of the best activity against both stages of the cattle tick.

Chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of Vitex gardneriana schauer leaves's essential oil.

This study aimed to determinate the chemical composition and evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the essential oil obtained from leaves of V. gardneriana. The Vitex gardneriana leaves's were hydrodistilled to obtain the essential oil and the chemical composition determined by GC/MS analysis. The antimicrobial activities were determined by microdilution method. The activity of essential oil on biofilm was evaluated by quantification of total biomass and enumeration of biofilm-entrapped viable cells. The antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH free radical assay, ferrous ion chelating assay, ferric-reducing antioxidant power and ß-carotene bleaching assay. Furthermore, the essential oil was tested on viability of health human, animal cells and the microcrustacean Artemia sp. The essential oil showed high content of sesquiterpenes and very low content of monoterpenes. Regarding activity on planktonic cells, the essential oil reduced the growth of the all species tested but showed MIC values only to S. aureus (0.31%). In general, the essential oil reduced significantly the biofilm biomass and the number of viable cells of bacteria and yeasts, mainly on biofilm formation. The essential oil showed a potential antioxidant activity, mainly on ß-carotene oxidation. Moreover, the essential oil reduced the cell viability of murine fibroblasts but not show viability reduction of human keratinocytes. Furthermore, the oil not show toxicity against the microcrustacean. Thus, the essential oil from V. gardneriana leaves may be considered as an important alternative against biofilms formed by bacteria and yeasts related to infections, as well as a natural antioxidant and non-toxic substance on human cells.

Chemical Composition of Essential Oil of Leaves from Lippia schaueriana Mart. Collected in the Caatinga Area.

Lippia schaueriana Mart. (Verbenaceae) is an endemic species of Caatinga with a restricted distribution to the states of Bahia and Pernambuco, which presents itself as a potential source of raw material for extraction of essential oil and exploitation by the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Considering that there are no reports in the literature of research carried out with this species, this paper aimed to establish-for the first time-the chemical composition of its essential oil. The essential oil of the dry leaves at room temperature was obtained by hydrodistillation after 3 h of extraction and the phytochemical analyzes were done by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The main compounds found in the oil of leaves were piperitone oxide (51.25%), caryophyllene (17.76%), limonene (8.06%), spathulenol (6.63%), and piperitone (2.90%). The piperitone oxide is a compound described in the literature that shows antinociceptive, cardiovascular, analgesic, and relaxing activities, as well as fungicidal and insecticidal effect, which gives it an interesting potential for the alternative control of agricultural pests.

Chemical composition, antifungal activity and potential anti-virulence evaluation of the Eugenia uniflora essential oil against Candida spp.

The development of fungal resistance to antifungal drugs has been worsening over the years and as a result research on new antifungal agents derived from plants has intensified. Eugenia uniflora L. (pitanga) has been studied for its various biological actions. In this study the chemical composition and antifungal effects of the E. uniflora essential oil (EULEO) were investigated against Candida albicans (CA), Candida krusei (CK) and Candida tropicalis (CT) standard strains. The essential oil obtained through hydro-distillation was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). To determine the IC50 of the oil, the cellular viability curve and the inhibitory effects were measured by means of the oil's association with Fluconazole in a broth microdilution assay with spectrophotometric readings. The Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) was determined by solid medium subculture with the aid of a guide plate while the assays used to verify morphological changes emerging from the action of the fractions were performed in microculture chambers at concentrations based on the microdilution. Two major oil constituents stand out from the chemical analysis: selina-1,3,7(11)-trien-8-one (36.37%) and selina-1,3,7(11)-trien-8-one epoxide (27.32%). The concentration that reduced microorganismal growth was ≥8,192 µg/mL while the IC50 varied, this being between 1892.47 and 12491.80 µg/mL (oil), 10.07 - 80.78 µg/mL (fluconazole) and 18.53 - 295.60 µg/mL (fluconazole + oil). The combined activity (fluconazole + oil) resulted in indifference and antagonism. A MFC of the oil in association with fluconazole was recorded at the concentration of 8,192 µg/mL against CA and CK. The oil caused the inhibition of CA and CT morphological transition. In view of the results obtained, additional research is needed to elucidate the activity of the E. uniflora oil over genetic and biochemical processes regarding its effect on Candida spp. virulence.

Development and Validation of a Reversed Phase HPLC Method for Determination of Anacardic Acids in Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) Nut Shell Liquid.

Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) contains phenolic lipids with aliphatic chains that are of commercial interest. In this work, a chromatographic method was developed to monitor and quantify anacardic acids (AnAc) in CNSL. Samples containing AnAc were analyzed on a high-performance liquid chromatograph coupled to a diode array detector, equipped with a reversed phase C18 (150 × 4.6 mm × 5 µm) column using acetonitrile and water as the mobile phase both acidified with acetic acid to pH 3.0 in an isocratic mode (80:20:1). The chromatographic method showed adequate selectivity, as it could clearly separate the different AnAc. To validate this method, AnAc triene was used as an external standard at seven different concentrations varying from 50 to 1,000 µg mL-1. The Student's t-test and F-test were applied to ensure high confidence for the obtained data from the analytical calibration curve. The results were satisfactory with respect to intra-day (relative standard deviation (RSD) = 0.60%) and inter-day (RSD = 0.67%) precision, linearity (y = 2,670.8x - 26,949, r2 > 0.9998), system suitability for retention time (RSD = 1.02%), area under the curve (RSD = 0.24%), selectivity and limits of detection (19.8 µg mg-1) and quantification (60.2 µg mg-1). The developed chromatographic method was applied for the analysis of different CNSL samples, and it was deemed suitable for the quantification of AnAc.

Chemometric evaluation of the volatile profile of probiotic melon and probiotic cashew juice.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the lactic acid fermentation on volatile compounds of melon and cashew apple juices. The effect of the fermentation processing on the volatile profile of probiotic juices was assessed by HS-SPME/GC-MS coupled to chemometrics with 67.9% and 81.0% of the variance in the first principal component for melon and cashew juices, respectively. The Lactobacillus casei fermentation imparted a reduction of ethyl butanoate, ethyl-2-methylbutirate, and ethyl hexanoate for melon juice; and of ethyl acetate, ethyl-2-methyl butanoate, ethyl crotonate, ethyl isovalerate, benzaldehyde, and ethyl hexanoate for cashew juice. Measurements of the stability of these compounds and the formation of the component 3-methyl-2-butenyl in melon juice may be used as a volatile marker to follow the juice fermentation. These findings suggested that even though it is not a dairy product the lactic acid fermentation of fruits developed a volatile profile combining the fruit and lactic acid fermentation volatiles with mildly formation or degradation of aroma compounds.

Pretreatment of cashew apple bagasse using protic ionic liquids: Enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis.

To enhance the enzymatic digestibility of cashew apple bagasse (CAB) feedstock in order to produce sugar fermentation-derived bioproducts, the CAB was subjected to three different pretreatments with the ionic liquid 2-hydroxyl-ethylammonium acetate (2-HEAA) and characterized by FTIR, NMR and chemical methods. All conditions were able to delignify CAB, however the best lignin removal (95.8%) was achieved through the method performed with 8.7% w/w of CAB/2-HEAA ratio at 130°C for 24h. Although the cellulose crystallinity has been increased in CAB treated with the ionic liquid, but this fact did not influence its digestibility. Nevertheless, the pretreatment with 2-HEAA enhanced significantly the cellulose digestibility, increasing the glucose yield from 48 to 747.72mgglucose/gCAB. Furthermore, 2-HEAA pretreatment was efficient even with reused ionic liquid, obtaining high glucose concentration.

Ethanol production from cashew apple bagasse: improvement of enzymatic hydrolysis by microwave-assisted alkali pretreatment.

In this work, the potential of microwave-assisted alkali pretreatment in order to improve the rupture of the recalcitrant structures of the cashew able bagasse (CAB), lignocellulosic by-product in Brazil with no commercial value, is obtained from cashew apple process to juice production, was studied. First, biomass composition of CAB was determined, and the percentage of glucan and lignin was 20.54 ± 0.70% and 33.80 ± 1.30%, respectively. CAB content in terms of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin, 19.21 ± 0.35%, 12.05 ± 0.37%, and 38.11 ± 0.08%, respectively, was also determined. Results showed that, after enzymatic hydrolysis, alkali concentration exerted influence on glucose formation, after pretreatment with 0.2 and 1.0 mo L(-1) of NaOH (372 ± 12 and 355 ± 37 mg g(glucan)(-1) ) when 2% (w/v) of cashew apple bagasse pretreated by microwave-assisted alkali pretreatment (CAB-M) was used. On the other hand, pretreatment time (15-30 min) and microwave power (600-900 W) exerted no significant effect on hydrolysis. On enzymatic hydrolysis step, improvement on solid percentage (16% w/v) and enzyme load (30 FPU g (CAB-M) (-1) ) increased glucose concentration to 15 g L(-1). The fermentation of the hydrolyzate by Saccharomyces cerevesiae resulted in ethanol concentration and productivity of 5.6 g L(-1) and 1.41 g L(-1) h(-1), respectively.

Cashew apple bagasse as a source of sugars for ethanol production by Kluyveromyces marxianus CE025.

The potential of cashew apple bagasse as a source of sugars for ethanol production by Kluyveromyces marxianus CE025 was evaluated in this work. This strain was preliminarily cultivated in a synthetic medium containing glucose and xylose and was able to produce ethanol and xylitol at pH 4.5. Next, cashew apple bagasse hydrolysate (CABH) was prepared by a diluted sulfuric acid pretreatment and used as fermentation media. This hydrolysate is rich in glucose, xylose, and arabinose and contains traces of formic acid and acetic acid. In batch fermentations of CABH at pH 4.5, the strain produced only ethanol. The effects of temperature on the kinetic parameters of ethanol fermentation by K. marxianus CE025 using CABH were also evaluated. Maximum specific growth rate (µ(max)), overall yields of ethanol based on glucose consumption [Formula: see text] and based on glucose + xylose consumption (Y ( P/S )), overall yield of ethanol based on biomass (Y ( P/X )), and ethanol productivity (P (E)) were determined as a function of temperature. Best results of ethanol production were achieved at 30°C, which is also quite close to the optimum temperature for the formation of biomass. The process yielded 12.36 ± 0.06 g l(-1) of ethanol with a volumetric production rate of 0.257 ± 0.002 g l(-1) h(-1) and an ethanol yield of 0.417 ± 0.003 g g(-1) glucose.

Enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of pretreated cashew apple bagasse with alkali and diluted sulfuric Acid for bioethanol production.

The aim of this work was to optimize the enzymatic hydrolysis of the cellulose fraction of cashew apple bagasse (CAB) after diluted acid (CAB-H) and alkali pretreatment (CAB-OH), and to evaluate its fermentation to ethanol using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Glucose conversion of 82 +/- 2 mg/g CAB-H and 730 +/- 20 mg/g CAB-OH was obtained when 2% (w/v) of solid and 30 FPU/g bagasse was used during hydrolysis at 45 degrees C, 2-fold higher than when using 15 FPU/g bagasse, 44 +/- 2 mg/g CAB-H, and 450 +/- 50 mg/g CAB-OH, respectively. Ethanol concentration and productivity, achieved after 6 h of fermentation, were 20.0 +/- 0.2 g L(-1) and 3.33 g L(-1) h(-1), respectively, when using CAB-OH hydrolyzate (initial glucose concentration of 52.4 g L(-1)). For CAB-H hydrolyzate (initial glucose concentration of 17.4 g L(-1)), ethanol concentration and productivity were 8.2 +/- 0.1 g L(-1) and 2.7 g L(-1) h(-1) in 3 h, respectively. Hydrolyzates fermentation resulted in an ethanol yield of 0.38 and 0.47 g/g glucose with pretreated CAB-OH and CAB-H, respectively. Ethanol concentration and productivity, obtained using CAB-OH hydrolyzate, were close to the values obtained in the conventional ethanol fermentation of cashew apple juice or sugar cane juice.