[Adaptation and validation of the MoVac-flu scale on motivation towards the flu vaccine]. / Adaptación y validación de la escala MoVac-flu sobre motivación hacia la vacuna de la gripe.

OBJECTIVE: To translate, adapt and validate the psychometric properties of MoVac-flu scale in order to be used in Spanish. METHOD: The present research was an analytical observational study of cross-cultural adaptation and validation into Spanish of the MoVac-flu scale. It has been carried out between the months of March and July 2022. The sample size was 142 people who were obtained by consecutive sampling. The processes used for the adaptation have been translation, validation by a committee of experts, back-translation and pilot test. For validation, the psychometric properties of reliability, internal consistency, appearance validity, content validity, utility and ceiling-floor effect have been verified. RESULTS: The internal consistency of the MoVac-flu scale in its version translated into Spanish was high, showing a McDonald's ω of 0.914. CONCLUSIONS: The MoVac-flu scale in Spanish allows to measure the degree of motivation towards vaccination against influenza in the adult population.

UPDATED PROTOCOL: Universal school-based programmes for improving social and emotional outcomes in children aged 3-11 years: An evidence and gap map.

This is the protocol for an evidence and gap map. The objective of this EGM is to identify and map all primary studies (including randomised and cluster randomised trials) and systematic reviews on universal, school-based social and emotional learning programmes for young children (3-11 years) to create a live, searchable, and publicly available evidence and gap map.

PROTOCOL: Education and Covid-19: An evidence and gap map.

This is the protocol for a Campbell evidence and gap map. The objectives are as follows: identify and map all existing primary studies, systematic reviews (published and unpublished), guidelines and policies on education during the Covid-19 pandemic, creating a live, searchable and publicly available evidence and gap map.

"I know I didn't ask for it, but I've got it and I've let my kids down": A secondary data analysis of qualitative maternal perspectives of their and adolescent children's unmet needs through a cancer diagnosis.

PURPOSE: This article is a secondary data analysis which explores maternal unmet needs and their perception of the 'unmet needs' of adolescent children when they experienced maternal cancer. The analysis is underpinned by the theoretical framework of the Offspring Cancer Needs Instrument OCNI, (Patterson et al., 2013). METHOD: A secondary data analysis was carried out with ten maternal interviews analyzed using a deductive Thematic Analysis. This was to identify maternal unmet needs as well as their perceptions of their adolescent children's unmet needs and determine whether the OCNI framework was suitable to identify unmet needs of mothers and adolescent children in an Irish context. RESULTS: The study found cancer is a challenging emotional burden for both mothers and their adolescent children. Emotions related to cancer recurrence were particularly difficult to deal with. Mothers struggle to identify the unmet needs of adolescent children and recognize that they lack the skills to approach the children, which adds to the burden of their illness burden and feelings of guilt. CONCLUSIONS: The study highlights the need to provide safe spaces for patients and adolescent children to deal with their emotions, strengthen relationships and improve communication associated with maternal cancer as these have a significant impact in their lives and may lead to tension and conflict within families.

Las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación para la logofonoaudiología / Information and Communication Technologies for Logophonoaudiology

Introducción: las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación, las redes, dispositivos y servicios facilitan el acceso a servicios de salud en menor tiempo, costo y mayor ubicuidad. Objetivo: actualizar conceptos esenciales sobre el uso de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación para la formación preprofesional y práctica asistencial en la logofonoaudiología. Métodos: se realizó una investigación documental en bases de datos: Redalyc, Dialnet, SciELO, Doaj, Latindex, Scopus, Redib, Google Scholar, el sitio web de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, fueron seleccionados 25 documentos del período 2019-2022. Se utilizaron los ordenadores lógicos boleanos: AND, OR, como estrategias de búsqueda para combinar los términos TIC, logofonoaudiología, logopedia y conceptos afines a las ciencias de la salud. Desarrollo: tras la epidemia del COVID-19 se dinamizó el uso de redes, dispositivos y servicios tecnológicos en las actividades de logopedia, foniatría y audiología. Utilizar la telesalud en la formación de la Licenciatura de Logofonoaudiología facilita organizar los procesos de educación en salud y ofrecer estos servicios con el uso de tecnologías. Conclusiones: la telemedicina y la telesalud son dos de los conceptos que surgen con la aplicación de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación en salud, herramientas facilitadoras del acceso a servicios de salud, promoción, diagnóstico, monitoreo y tratamiento de enfermedades. En la logopedia permite la atención individualizada, el trabajo autónomo, mayor retroalimentación entre los actores del proceso para la intervención, tratamiento y rehabilitación de modo sincrónico y asincrónico.

Introduction: Information and Communication Technologies, networks, devices, and services facilitate access to health services in less time, cost and greater ubiquity. Objective: to update essential concepts on the use of Information and Communication Technologies for pre-professional training and care practice in Logophonoaudiology. Methods: documentary research was carried out in databases: Redalyc, Dialnet, SciELO, Doaj, Latindex, Scopus, Redib, Google Scholar, the World Health Organization website, 25 documents from the period 2019-2022 were selected. Boolean logical computers: AND, OR, were used as search strategies to combine the terms ICT, Logophonoaudiology, Logopedia and concepts related to health sciences. Development: after the COVID-19 epidemic, the use of networks, devices, and technological services in Speech Therapy, Phoniatrics and Audiology activities was energized. Using telehealth in the training of the Logophonoaudiology Degree makes it easier to organize health education processes and offer these services with the use of technologies. Conclusions: telemedicine and telehealth are two of the concepts that arise with the application of Information and Communication Technologies in health, tools that facilitate access to health services, promotion, diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of diseases. In speech therapy, it allows individualized attention, autonomous work, greater feedback between the actors in the process for intervention, treatment, and rehabilitation in a synchronous and asynchronous way.

Acciones metodológicas para la capacitación de tutores de Logofonoaudiología sobre la educación en el trabajo / Methodological actions for the training of Logopedics tutors on the in-service training

RESUMEN Fundamento: las prácticas laboral y preprofesional requieren especial atención pues en ellas no solo se movilizan competencias adquiridas, sino se aprenden nuevos conocimientos y formas de abordar los problemas a partir de situaciones reales, con frecuencia en ambientes complejos e inciertos. Objetivo: elaborar acciones metodológicas para la capacitación de tutores de la carrera de Logofonoaudiología en la educación en el trabajo. Métodos: se realizó una investigación donde se empleó el método mixto con enfoque de investigación-acción, así como métodos del nivel teórico: análisis-síntesis, inductivo-deductivo, histórico-lógico y sistémico-estructural; del nivel empírico: análisis documental, observación participante y entrevista a tutores; y el método matemático para el análisis porcentual. Resultados: el diagnóstico realizado mostró carencias de tipo metodológico en los tutores para realizar de forma óptima sus funciones relacionadas con la educación en el trabajo, por lo que se elaboraron acciones dirigidas a la organización de las prácticas preprofesionales, analizar y elaborar documentos rectores, guías de trabajo y orientaciones metodológicas, impartir conferencias panorámicas, aplicar exámenes teóricos y prácticos al culminar cada subrotación y la actualización de las tarjetas de habilidades, entre otras. Conclusiones: los especialistas consultados reconocieron que es pertinente porque responde a necesidades específicas de la carrera en el contexto asistencial; la mayoría declaró que su calidad es muy adecuada y que tienen un buen nivel de actualización.

ABSTRACT Background: work and pre-professional training require special attention because they not only mobilize acquired skills, but also learn new knowledge and ways of approaching problems from real situations, often in complex and uncertain environments. Objective: to develop methodological actions for the training of tutors of the Logopedics degree in the in-service training activity. Methods: an investigation was carried out where the mixed method with an action-research approach was used, as well as methods of the theoretical level: analysis-synthesis, inductive-deductive, historical-logical and systemic-structural; at the empirical level: documentary analysis, participant observation and interview with tutors; and the mathematical method for percentage analysis. Result: the diagnosis made showed methodological shortcomings in the tutors to optimally perform their functions related to the in-service training, that´s why actions were developed aimed at the organization of pre-professional training analyzing and preparing leading documents, guides of work and methodological orientations, giving panoramic conferences, applying theoretical and practical exams at the end of each sub-rotation and updating the skills cards, among others. Conclusions: the consulted specialists recognized that it is pertinent because it responds to the specific needs of the degree in the healthcare context; the majority declared that their quality is very adequate and that they have a good updating level.

An exploration of resilience in adolescents facing maternal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Research findings on the impact of parental cancer on adolescents are inconsistent, some studies identifying negative psychosocial impact but others identifying positive impact; however, there is not enough understanding on the underlying factors that may lead to differences in outcomes. Research has found that resilience has a role in adolescents' adaptation to maternal cancer; however, the nature of this requires further exploration. AIMS: This analysis will help understand resilience in adolescents that experience maternal cancer by exploring the nature of resilience and the individual, family, and environmental risk and protective factors that determine resilience in adolescent lived experiences of maternal cancer that enable positive outcomes. METHODS: This study is part of a larger investigation focused on understanding adolescent adjustment to maternal cancer and the psychosocial factors that promote adjustment. Original adolescent interview transcripts (n = 15) were subject to a secondary thematic analysis. RESULTS: The analysis yielded four themes: the first theme, The Journey of Maternal Cancer, describes adolescent experiences of maternal cancer over time; the second theme is a detailed description of adolescent Protective Factors and how these supported the adolescents; the third theme describes the Risk Factors that adolescents faced; and the fourth theme summarizes the Positive Outcomes that adolescents self-identified. CONCLUSION: This study found resilience as dynamic, as it changes over time. These changes are a result of the course of maternal illness and its treatment over time. Adolescents can adapt to change, but this capacity is shaped by protective factors and risk factors as well as challenges that are unique to having a mother diagnosed with cancer. Most adolescents managed to navigate successfully and identified positive outcomes from a difficult and life-changing experience. The study suggests the need to provide long-term supports for adolescents and carry out longitudinal research to further understand the trajectories of resilience in adolescents who experience maternal cancer.

Selective sharing: The impact of patterns of communication in young people experiencing maternal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Adolescents that experience parental cancer can have significant difficulties and may be at a greater risk of emotional and behavioural problems; however, some studies have found that this experience can also be empowering and can promote positive growth. Open communication specifically has been associated with coping and less psychological distress in adolescents experiencing parental cancer. AIMS: The aim of this study is to identify communication patterns in adolescents that faced maternal cancer to provide recommendations for practice on how best to support adolescents at this challenging time. METHODS: Adolescents (n = 15) completed semistructured interviews with the main researcher to explore their experiences at the time of maternal cancer. Specifically, this study is a qualitative secondary thematic analysis. RESULTS: The term "selective sharing" was coined to characterise adolescent communication patterns, as they selected who they wished to talk to and how much information about maternal illness they shared. Barriers for adolescent open communication included perceived unavailability of their mothers to talk, fear, geographical separation from their families, previous family communication patterns, and the time since maternal diagnosis. Benefits of open communication included access to affection, support and information, as well as validation of their emotions and improved coping. Adolescents also provided recommendations to peers and practitioners based on their own experiences. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent communication patterns need to be evaluated as this can impact on their ability to cope with maternal cancer diagnosis. Practitioners can facilitate and encourage open communication, including both factual information about cancer and the emotions and thoughts adhered to this experience for adolescents, mothers, friends, and their families to support them at this challenging time.

Individual predictors of adolescent adjustment to maternal cancer: The role of perceived stress, coping, social support, attachment, and self-efficacy.

BACKGROUND: Cancer is among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality around the world. The National Cancer Registry of Ireland reported in 2015 that there were 9312 new cases of female cancers per year, breast cancer being the most common type diagnosed. Research has identified that parental cancer is a stressful situation that can have a strong impact on adolescents' lives; however, some adolescents can turn a negative event into a way of enhancing their skills and psychological resources. This variability needs to be explored further to identify how individual differences contribute to different adjustment experiences for adolescents whose mothers are diagnosed with cancer, namely differences in adolescent coping, self-efficacy, social support, life satisfaction, and attachment. AIM: The objective of this study was to examine the relative impact of perceived stress, coping, perceived social support, maternal attachment, and self-efficacy on adolescent adjustment (mood and life satisfaction). METHOD: Data was collected from 40 adolescents within 38 months of a maternal cancer diagnosis. They completed online questionnaires assessing perceived stress, coping, perceived social support, attachment, self-efficacy, and adjustment (life satisfaction, negative affect, positive affect, depression, and anxiety). RESULTS: Hierarchical regression analyses showed that perceived stress and coping were the strongest predictors of adjustment explaining variance on all adjustment indices. Maternal attachment, perceived social support, and self-efficacy were less powerful predictors of adjustment. The model, however, failed to explain any variance on depression and anxiety. Moderation analyses revealed that social support moderated the relationship between perceived stress and positive affect for adolescents with high levels of perceived social support. CONCLUSIONS: Findings show that lower perceived stress and positive coping were the best predictors of adjustment in adolescents facing maternal cancer. Results suggest that adolescents could be screened for levels of perceived stress and coping style to identify adolescents who are at risk of poor adjustment when they are adjusting to maternal cancer.

Educar la inteligencia emocional de los estudiantes de Logofonoaudiología en la comunidad universitaria / To educate the emotional intelligence of the logophonoaudiology students in the university communitary

Fundamento: la inteligencia emocional es la clave para las relaciones humanas que se desarrollan en escenarios interactivos. Objetivo: diseñar acciones para educar la inteligencia emocional de los estudiantes de la carrera de Logofonoaudiología en la comunidad universitaria. Métodos: se realizó una investigación de desarrollo desde septiembre de 2014 hasta julio de 2015. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos: análisis-síntesis e inducción-deducción para el estudio de los referentes teóricos del tema y el informe de investigación; y empíricos: análisis de documentos, para la identificación de necesidades sobre la educación emocional y una encuesta en forma de cuestionario y un test, ambos relacionados con la inteligencia emocional a los estudiantes. Resultados: en todos los documentos se demanda la formación de una necesaria vocación y ética profesional, valores morales y humanos relacionados con una adecuada actitud sociohumanista, se constataron algunas carencias en el desarrollo de la inteligencia emocional de los estudiantes, entre ellas, las relacionadas con la autoaceptación, dominio de los sentimientos, responsabilidad, el control de sus estados de ánimo, la perseverancia en los compromisos adquiridos, la efectividad comunicativa y el manejo de emociones y conflictos, por lo cual se diseñaron acciones en función de educarla. Conclusiones: según criterio de especialistas, las acciones fueron valoradas como adecuadas por su estructura, pertinencia y asequibilidad para su aplicación porque contribuyen al desarrollo de las competencias y habilidades necesarias para la formación de la inteligencia emocional de los universitarios del sector de la salud pública.

Background: emotional intelligence is the key to human relationships that develop in interactive settings. Objective: to design actions to educate the emotional intelligence of students Logos-phonology-audiometry career in the university community. Methods: a development research was carried out from September 2014 to July 2015. Theoretical methods were used: analysis-synthesis and induction-deduction for the study of the theoretical foundations of the topic and the research report; and empirical ones: analysis of documents, for identifying needs for emotional education and a survey in questionnaire form and a test were applied to students , both related to emotional intelligence. Results: it's demanded in all documents the formation of a necessary vocation and professional ethics, moral and human values related to adequate socio-humanistic attitude, some shortcomings were found in the development of emotional intelligence of students, including those related to self-acceptance, mastery of feelings, responsibility, moods control, perseverance in the commitments, the assertive communication and management of emotions and conflicts, actions were designed according to educate them. Conclusions: according to the specialists, the actions were valued as appropriate for their structure, relevance and affordability for application because they contribute to the development of the skills and abilities necessary for the formation of emotional intelligence in the university students of the public health branch.

Caracterización epidemiológica de mujeres con riesgo preconcepcional / Epidemiological characterization of women with preconceptional risk

Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 154 mujeres con riesgo preconcepcional del Grupo Básico de Trabajo No.1, quienes fueron atendidas en la Consulta de Planificación Familiar del Policlínico Universitario Municipal, desde junio hasta agosto del 2014, con vistas a caracterizarles según variables epidemiológicas. El dato primario se obtuvo de las historias clínicas individuales y las tarjetas del riesgo preconcepcional; solo en los casos necesarios se realizó la entrevista personalizada. Se utilizaron la frecuencia absoluta y el porcentaje como medidas de resumen para variables cualitativas. La hipertensión arterial, la desnutrición y los antecedentes desfavorables en obstetricia fueron los factores de riesgo biológicos más frecuentes. La mayoría de las féminas emplearon los anticonceptivos hormonales inyectables por ser más eficaces; sin embargo, estos provocaron mayores efectos secundarios

A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 154 women with preconceptional risk was carried out. They belonged to No.1 Basic Work Group and were assisted in the Family Planning Service of the Municipal University Polyclinic, from June to August, 2014, aimed at characterizing them according to epidemiological variables. The primary fact was obtained from the individual medical records and the preconceptional risk cards; the personalized interview was carried out just in the necessary cases. The absolute frequency and percentage as summary measures were used for qualitative variables. Hypertension, malnutrition and unfavorable obstetrics history were the most frequent biological risk factors. Most of the women used injectable hormonal contraceptives because they were more effective; however, they caused higher side effects

5-hydroxymethylfurfural conversion by fungal aryl-alcohol oxidase and unspecific peroxygenase.

Oxidative conversion of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is of biotechnological interest for the production of renewable (lignocellulose-based) platform chemicals, such as 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). To the best of our knowledge, the ability of fungal aryl-alcohol oxidase (AAO) to oxidize HMF is reported here for the first time, resulting in almost complete conversion into 2,5-formylfurancarboxylic acid (FFCA) in a few hours. The reaction starts with alcohol oxidation, yielding 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF), which is rapidly converted into FFCA by carbonyl oxidation, most probably without leaving the enzyme active site. This agrees with the similar catalytic efficiencies of the enzyme with respect to oxidization of HMF and DFF, and its very low activity on 2,5-hydroxymethylfurancarboxylic acid (which was not detected by GC-MS). However, AAO was found to be unable to directly oxidize the carbonyl group in FFCA, and only modest amounts of FDCA are formed from HMF (most probably by chemical oxidation of FFCA by the H2 O2 previously generated by AAO). As aldehyde oxidation by AAO proceeds via the corresponding geminal diols (aldehyde hydrates), the various carbonyl oxidation rates may be related to the low degree of hydration of FFCA compared with DFF. The conversion of HMF was completed by introducing a fungal unspecific heme peroxygenase that uses the H2 O2 generated by AAO to transform FFCA into FDCA, albeit more slowly than the previous AAO reactions. By adding this peroxygenase when FFCA production by AAO has been completed, transformation of HMF into FDCA may be achieved in a reaction cascade in which O2 is the only co-substrate required, and water is the only by-product formed.

Effect of malnutrition on the expression of cytokines involved in Th1 cell differentiation.

Malnutrition is a common cause of secondary immune deficiency and has been linked to an increased susceptibility to infection in humans. Malnutrition specifically affects T-cell-mediated immune responses. The aim of this study was to assess in lymphocytes from malnourished children the expression levels of IL-12, IL-18 and IL-21, molecules that induce the differentiation of T cells related to the immunological cellular response (Th1 response) and the production of cytokines related to the immunological cellular response (Th1 cytokines). We found that the expression levels of IL-12, IL-18 and IL-21 were significantly diminished in malnourished children compared to well-nourished children and were coincident with lower plasmatic levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ (Th1 cytokines). In this study, we show for the first time that the gene expression and intracellular production of cytokines responsible for Th1 cell differentiation (IL-12, IL-18 and IL-21) are diminished in malnourished children. As expected, this finding was related to lower plasmatic levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ. The decreased expression of Th1 cytokines observed in this study may contribute to the deterioration of the immunological Type 1 (cellular) response. We hypothesize that the decreased production of IL-12, IL-18 and IL-21 in malnourished children contributes to their inability to eradicate infections.

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole increase micronuclei formation in peripheral blood from weanling well-nourished and malnourished rats.

The combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is a widely used drug. In spite of this, there are few reports on its genotoxicity, and the results are controversial. Severe malnutrition is a complex condition that increases the susceptibility to infections. Consequently, drugs are extensively used in malnutrition cases. Experimental animal models have been widely used to study the effects of malnutrition. Neonatal rats were experimentally malnourished (UN) during lactation. The UN rats weighed 51.1% less than the well-nourished (WN) controls and had lower concentrations of serum protein and blood lipids. The micronucleus (MN) assay is useful for detecting chromosome damage induced by nutritional deficiencies. In vivo rodent MN assays have been widely used to screen genotoxic agents. In this study, we have evaluated the frequency of spontaneous and TMP-SMX-induced micronuclei in the peripheral blood of weanling (21 days of age) rats using a flow cytometric analysis technique. The spontaneous frequency of micronucleated reticulocytes (MN-RETs) was 2.7 times greater in the UN rats than in the WN rats. In rats that were not treated with TMP-SMX, the percentage of reticulocytes was significantly lower (41.1%) in the UN rats than the WN controls. A therapeutic dose of TMP-SMX (80 mg/kg (TMP), 400 mg/kg (SMX) for 48 hr) increased MN-RETs in the WN and in the UN rats. The data demonstrate the genotoxic effect of this drug. The results indicate that severe protein-calorie restriction and drug treatment enhance DNA damage in rat peripheral blood reticulocytes, potentially increasing the risk of negative effects on health.

Malnutrition and gastrointestinal and respiratory infections in children: a public health problem.

Infectious disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries, particularly in children. Increasing evidence suggests that protein-calorie malnutrition is the underlying reason for the increased susceptibility to infections observed in these areas. Moreover, certain infectious diseases also cause malnutrition, which can result in a vicious cycle. Malnutrition and bacterial gastrointestinal and respiratory infections represent a serious public health problem. The increased incidence and severity of infections in malnourished children is largely due to the deterioration of immune function; limited production and/or diminished functional capacity of all cellular components of the immune system have been reported in malnutrition. In this review, we analyze the cyclical relationship between malnutrition, immune response dysfunction, increased susceptibility to infectious disease, and metabolic responses that further alter nutritional status. The consequences of malnutrition are diverse and included: increased susceptibility to infection, impaired child development, increased mortality rate and individuals who come to function in suboptimal ways.

Caracterización de personas con discapacidad física atendidas en el consultorio 3, Policlínico Dr Tomas Romay: año 2009 / Characterization of persons presenting with physical handicaps seen in No. 3 family physician consulting room from The Dr Tomás Romay Polyclinic: during 2009

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo del trabajo realizado en el servicio de rehabilitación comunitaria en el consultorio médico de familia tipo 1 número 3 del policlínico Dr Tomas Romay, a las personas con discapacidades físicas en el año 2009. El método empleado para obtener los datos fue la observación. Se empleó la estadística descriptiva para evaluar el grado de discapacidad física, calculándose así la tasa de prevalencia de discapacidad, donde por cada 1 000 habitantes 63 tenían algún tipo de discapacidad. Según la escala de Bartel que mide la gravedad de la invalidez, del total de las personas estudiadas con discapacidades, 108 tenía dificultad en la ejecución de distintas actividades. Recibieron servicios de rehabilitación en su hogar por un personal calificado 5 discapacitados que no podían acudir a los salas de Rehabilitación. Hubo predominio del sexo masculino y el grupo de edades de 60 y más años de edad...

A descriptive study was conducted from the work carried out by Community Rehabilitation Service in type 1 No. 3 family physician consulting room from The "Dr. Tomßs Romay" Polyclinic, to physically handicapped persons during 2009. Method used to data collection was the observation. Descriptive statistics was used to assess the physical disability level, thus estimating the Handicap Prevalence Rate, where by 1 000 inhabitants, 63 must to have some type of handicap. According to Barlet scale measuring the severity of disability from the total of study handicapped persons. Five handicapped persons that couldn't go the rehabilitation departments received home rehabilitation service by a qualified staff. There was a male sex predominance and of age group of 60 and more years...

Desmovilización y convivencia local: el punto de vista de las comunidades receptoras / Demovilization and local coexistence: the viewpoint of receptive communities

Este artículo presenta algunos resultados de la investigación Albergues de desmovilizados: significados construidos por comunidades receptoras sobre convivencia e interacciones. La investigación tuvo como objetivo comprender los significados que construyen los miembros de grupos organizados en comunidades receptoras sobre la relación entre la apertura de albergues de desmovilizados y la convivencia local. Se trabajó con una muestra intencional de 8 grupos de 2 localidades de Bogotá. Se utilizó el método del Análisis del Discurso, por lo que se recogió la información a través de grupos de discusión. Se presenta la interpretación de resultados sobre la categoría Convivencia. Los resultados muestran que la comunidad receptora identifica una alteración importante de la convivencia a partir de la llegada de los desmovilizados, tanto en el plano cultural como en el estructural.

This article presents some results of the research "Shelters for Demobilized: Meanings of convivence and interactions, constructed by organized groups of receptive communities". This research proposed to understand the meanings that the organized groups of receptive community have constructed about the inhabitants of the shelters and the relationship between the arrival of the demobilized ones and the local convivence. We had an intentional sample of eight groups, four of each of two localities of Bogotá. For the analysis we used the method of discourse analysis and the information was gathered from group discussions. This article presents only one of the categories used in the study, that is, convivence. The results show that the receptive community identifies an important alteration in the convivence since the arrival of the demobilized ones, both in the cultural environment and in the structural conditions.

Expression of cytokine mRNA in lymphocytes of malnourished children.

INTRODUCTION: Protein-calorie malnutrition represents a significant worldwide health problem and is associated with an increased risk for infections. The purpose of this study was to evaluate possible changes in type 1/type 2 responses balance in malnourished children. RESULTS: The data obtained in the present study showed that the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-10 were more highly, in contrast IL-2, gamma interferon, and IL-6 genes were expressed less in all groups of malnourished children compared with the well-nourished infected children. It is important to indicate that the data collected in the present work agree with the results obtained by different authors, who showed differences in the production of cytokines in malnourished children. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the results suggest that alterations in the balance of type 1/type 2 immune responses exist in malnourished children, and this could be the reason that the immunological system of the malnourished children is incapable of eradicating infections.

Differential gene expression in lymphocytes from malnourished children.

Malnutrition, which is widespread in developing countries, may be particularly devastating during childhood, when tissue development is occurring and nutrient requirements are great. Since protein-energy malnutrition potentially involves many cellular alterations, we have evaluated gene expression changes in lymphocytes from malnourished children using differential hybridization cloning. A cDNA library was generated from well-nourished children and differential screenings were performed with cDNAs obtained from well-nourished and malnourished children who presented with bacterial gastrointestinal infections. Differential expression was detected for genes involved in cell development and differentiation, and for genes involved in lymphocyte and mitochondrial functions. The genes detected in the present study suggest mechanisms for the changes in cell growth and immune function that are associated with protein-energy malnutrition. Two down-regulated genes in malnourished children may represent mechanisms of protection against immunosuppression. This finding clearly merits further investigation.

Assessment by flow cytometry of cytokine production in malnourished children.

Malnutrition in children is associated with an increased risk of infection and death. Multiple abnormalities in the immune response, including cytokine production, in protein energy-malnourished children have been described and could account for the increased severity and frequency of infections. In this study, we used flow cytometry to investigate the effects of malnutrition on the production of cytokines (interleukin-2 [IL-2], gamma interferon [IFN-gamma], IL-4, and IL-10) in CD4+ and CD8+ cells and the activation capability (as indicated by CD69+ and CD25+ cells). CD4+ and CD8+ cells from malnourished children showed increased production of IL-4 and IL-10 cytokines and decreased production of IL-2 and IFN-gamma cytokines compared to that in cells from well-nourished, uninfected and well-nourished, infected children. In addition, malnourished children showed impaired activation capability, since the fluorescence intensity of CD69+ and CD25+ cells was lower than that in cells from well-nourished, uninfected and well-nourished, infected children. These results indicate that malnutrition alters the capacity of CD4+ and CD8+ cells to produce IL-2, IFN-gamma, IL-4, and IL-10 in response to stimulus. We concluded that both cytokine production and activation capacity were impaired in malnourished children. This functional impairment may be involved in the failure to develop a specific immune response and the predisposition to infection in these children.