Assuntos
Compostos Bicíclicos Heterocíclicos com Pontes , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B , Sulfonamidas , Humanos , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/tratamento farmacológico , Compostos Bicíclicos Heterocíclicos com Pontes/uso terapêutico , Sulfonamidas/uso terapêutico , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
ABSTRACT: Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who develop Richter transformation (RT) have a poor prognosis when treated with chemoimmunotherapy regimens used for de novo diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Venetoclax, a BCL2 inhibitor, has single-agent efficacy in patients with RT and is potentially synergistic with chemoimmunotherapy. In this multicenter, retrospective study, we evaluated 62 patients with RT who received venetoclax-based treatment outside of a clinical trial, in combination with a Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor (BTKi; n=28), rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone (R-CHOP) (n=13), or intensive chemoimmunotherapy other than R-CHOP (n=21). The best overall and complete response rates were 36%/25%, 54%/46%, and 52%/38%, respectively. The median progression-free and overall survival estimates for the same treatment groups were 4.9/14.3 months, 14.9 months/not reached, and 3.3/9 months, respectively. CLL with del(17p) was associated with a lower complete response rate in the total cohort (odds ratio [OR] 0.15; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.04-0.6; p=0.01) and venetoclax-naïve subgroup (OR 0.13; 95%CI 0.02-0.66; p=0.01). TP53 mutated CLL was associated with a lower complete response rate (OR 0.15; 95%CI 0.03-0.74; p=0.02) and shorter progression-free survival (hazard ratio 3.1; 95%CI 1.21-7.95; p=0.02) only in venetoclax-naïve subgroup. No other clinical or baseline characteristics, including prior venetoclax treatment for CLL, showed statistically significant association with outcomes. Grade 3-4 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia events were most frequent with intensive chemoimmunotherapy + venetoclax; grade 3-4 infection rates were similar across treatment groups. In this difficult-to-treat RT patient population, venetoclax-based combination regimens achieved high response rates, with durable remission and survival observed in a subset of patients.
Assuntos
Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica , Compostos Bicíclicos Heterocíclicos com Pontes , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B , Sulfonamidas , Humanos , Compostos Bicíclicos Heterocíclicos com Pontes/uso terapêutico , Sulfonamidas/uso terapêutico , Sulfonamidas/administração & dosagem , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/tratamento farmacológico , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/mortalidade , Idoso , Feminino , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/efeitos adversos , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto , Resultado do Tratamento , Ciclofosfamida/uso terapêutico , Ciclofosfamida/administração & dosagem , Rituximab/uso terapêutico , Rituximab/administração & dosagem , Doxorrubicina/uso terapêutico , Doxorrubicina/administração & dosagem , Vincristina/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
PURPOSE: Outcomes for Richter transformation (RT) are poor with current therapies. The efficacy and safety of anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CAR-T) for RT are not established. METHODS: We performed an international multicenter retrospective study of patients with RT who received CAR-T. Patient, disease, and treatment characteristics were summarized using descriptive statistics, and modeling analyses were used to determine association with progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). PFS and OS were estimated from the date of CAR-T infusion. RESULTS: Sixty-nine patients were identified. The median age at CAR-T infusion was 64 years (range, 27-80). Patients had a median of four (range, 1-15) previous lines of therapy for CLL and/or RT, including previous Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor and/or BCL2 inhibitor therapy in 58 (84%) patients. The CAR-T product administered was axicabtagene ciloleucel in 44 patients (64%), tisagenlecleucel in 17 patients (25%), lisocabtagene maraleucel in seven patients (10%), and brexucabtagene autoleucel in one patient (1%). Eleven patients (16%) and 25 patients (37%) experienced grade ≥3 cytokine release syndrome and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome, respectively. The overall response rate was 63%, with 46% attaining a complete response (CR). After a median follow-up of 24 months, the median PFS was 4.7 months (95% CI, 2.0 to 6.9); the 2-year PFS was 29% (95% CI, 18 to 41). The median OS was 8.5 months (95% CI, 5.1 to 25.4); the 2-year OS was 38% (95% CI, 26 to 50). The median duration of response was 27.6 months (95% CI, 14.5 to not reached) for patients achieving CR. CONCLUSION: CAR-T demonstrates clinical efficacy for patients with RT.
Assuntos
Antígenos CD19 , Imunoterapia Adotiva , Receptores de Antígenos Quiméricos , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Adulto , Feminino , Antígenos CD19/uso terapêutico , Antígenos CD19/imunologia , Imunoterapia Adotiva/efeitos adversos , Imunoterapia Adotiva/métodos , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Receptores de Antígenos Quiméricos/uso terapêutico , Receptores de Antígenos Quiméricos/imunologia , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/terapia , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/imunologia , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/mortalidade , Intervalo Livre de ProgressãoAssuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica , Compostos Bicíclicos Heterocíclicos com Pontes , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B , Sulfonamidas , Humanos , Compostos Bicíclicos Heterocíclicos com Pontes/uso terapêutico , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/tratamento farmacológico , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/uso terapêutico , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/administração & dosagem , Sulfonamidas/uso terapêutico , Sulfonamidas/administração & dosagem , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/efeitos adversos , Masculino , Idoso , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Resultado do Tratamento , Feminino , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/tratamento farmacológico , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/patologia , RecidivaRESUMO
Kaplan-Meier curve depicting overall survival from CLL treatment start by race. For patients with CLL, no overall survival difference was observed between races in this real-world US database.
Assuntos
Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B , Humanos , Estudos de CoortesRESUMO
ABSTRACT: A041202 (NCT01886872) is a phase 3 study comparing bendamustine plus rituximab (BR) with ibrutinib and the combination of ibrutinib plus rituximab (IR) in previously untreated older patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The initial results showed that ibrutinib-containing regimens had superior progression-free survival (PFS) and rituximab did not add additional benefits. Here we present an updated analysis. With a median follow-up of 55 months, the median PFS was 44 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 38-54) for BR and not yet reached in either ibrutinib-containing arm. The 48-month PFS estimates were 47%, 76%, and 76% for BR, ibrutinib, and IR, respectively. The benefit of ibrutinib regimens over chemoimmunotherapy was consistent across subgroups of patients defined by TP53 abnormalities, del(11q), complex karyotype, and immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (IGHV). No significant interaction effects were observed between the treatment arm and del(11q), the complex karyotype, or IGHV. However, a greater difference in PFS was observed among the patients with TP53 abnormalities. There was no difference in the overall survival. Notable adverse events with ibrutinib included atrial fibrillation (afib) and hypertension. Afib was observed in 11 patients (pts) on BR (3%) and 67 pts on ibrutinib (18%). All-grade hypertension was observed in 95 pts on BR (27%) and 263 pts on ibrutinib (55%). These data show that ibrutinib regimens prolong PFS compared with BR for older patients with treatment-naïve CLL. These benefits were observed across subgroups, including high-risk groups. Strikingly, within the ibrutinib arms, there was no inferior PFS for patients with abnormalities in TP53, the highest risk feature observed in CLL. These data continue to demonstrate the efficacy of ibrutinib in treatment-naïve CLL.
Assuntos
Adenina/análogos & derivados , Fibrilação Atrial , Hipertensão , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B , Piperidinas , Humanos , Idoso , Rituximab/uso terapêutico , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/tratamento farmacológico , Seguimentos , Fibrilação Atrial/etiologia , Cloridrato de Bendamustina/uso terapêutico , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica , Hipertensão/etiologiaRESUMO
Over the past decade, the treatment landscape of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has dramatically changed, shifting from cytotoxic chemotherapy to targeted therapies. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors have revolutionized the treatment of CLL and are increasingly applied in many other malignancies. However, ibrutinib, the first BTK inhibitor approved, is associated with serious toxicities, including atrial fibrillation in up to 38% of patients, ventricular arrhythmias, and other cardiovascular toxicities. Emerging data suggest several newer BTK inhibitors (eg, acalabrutinib, zanubrutinib) are still associated with cardiotoxic risks. This review examines the current state of evidence, including incidence rates, risk factors, mechanisms, and management strategies of cardiovascular toxicities with BTK inhibitors and other CLL therapies. We specifically focus on atrial fibrillation, ventricular arrhythmias/sudden death, hypertension, heart failure, bleeding, and stroke. We also touch on other emerging BTK therapies (eg, pirtobrutinib). Finally, we highlight key unanswered questions and future directions of research.
Assuntos
Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B , Humanos , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/diagnóstico , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/genética , Deleção Cromossômica , Deleção de Genes , Inibidor p16 de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina/genéticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the time to discontinuation (TTD) and baseline characteristics among patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)/small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) treated with first-line (1L) venetoclax + obinutuzumab (VO) in the United States. METHODS: A nationwide electronic health record-derived database was used to select adults with CLL/SLL initiating a 1L venetoclax-based regimen between April 11, 2016-July 31, 2020. Study measures included TTD (defined as >120-day treatment gap or switching therapy) and baseline characteristics by discontinuation status. RESULTS: A total of 113 patients receiving 1L VO on/before July 31, 2020 were eligible for analysis (mean age: 65.9 years; 31.9% women). During the first 60 days post-treatment initiation, 3.5% had tumor lysis syndrome (TLS). The proportion of patients using corticosteroids, anti-hyperuricemics, and anti-emetics was higher during the first 60 days post-treatment initiation (100.0%, 78.8%, and 52.2%, respectively) than the period from day 61 onward (67.0%, 45.5%, and 33.9%, respectively). Mean (median) duration of active treatment was 11.6 (12.1) months; 16.8% discontinued treatment before completing 12 cycles, 68.1% completed ≥12 cycles (among which 29.9% completed ≥15 cycles), and 15.0% who did not discontinue treatment were censored before completing 12 cycles. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that median TTD was 13.8 months. Relative to those completing ≥12 cycles, patients discontinuing treatment before completing the prescribed 12 cycles were older (70.4 vs. 65.1 years) and had poorer renal function (36.8% vs. 13.0% with creatinine clearance <60 mL/min). CONCLUSION: A small proportion of CLL/SLL patients who were older and had poorer baseline renal function discontinued 1L VO prior to completing 12 treatment cycles. Additionally, treatment utilization, including medications related to TLS mitigation and management, was more intense during the initiation phase of VO. Further research with longer follow-up to assess long-term outcomes of VO treatment after early discontinuation is warranted.
Assuntos
Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B , Adulto , Humanos , Feminino , Idoso , Masculino , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/tratamento farmacológico , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
In an exploratory analysis of the phase II CAPTIVATE study, previously untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia with a higher-risk feature of immune globulin heavy chain variable (IGHV) unmutated status, del(17p), and/or TP53 mutation had similar efficacy and safety outcomes compared with patients without a higher-risk feature when treated with fixed-duration ibrutinib and venetoclax. See related article by Allan et al., p. 2593.
Assuntos
Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B , Humanos , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/diagnóstico , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/tratamento farmacológico , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/genética , Piperidinas , Compostos Bicíclicos Heterocíclicos com Pontes/efeitos adversos , MutaçãoRESUMO
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to detect the recurrent cytogenetics abnormalities deletion 13q, trisomy 12, deletion 11q, and deletion 17p is important for prognostication in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). A subset of patients are negative for each of these abnormalities (normal 12/13/11/17 FISH), and outcomes are heterogenous within this group. To elucidate variables important for prognostication in this subgroup we conducted a retrospective analysis of 280 treatment-naïve CLL patients with normal standard CLL FISH results. In a multivariable model, advanced Rai stage (p = 0.04, hazard ratio [HR] 1.24 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.53)), unmutated immunoglobulin heavy chain gene (IGHV) (p < 0.0001, HR 5.59 (95% CI 3.63-8.62)) and IGH rearrangement by FISH (p = 0.02, HR 2.56 (95% CI 1.20-5.48)) were significantly associated with shorter time to first treatment. In a multivariable model for overall survival, increasing age at 5-year increments (p < 0.0001, HR 1.55 (95% CI 1.25-1.93)), unmutated IGHV (p = 0.01, HR 5.28 (95% CI 1.52-18.35)) and gain of REL (p = 0.01, HR 4.08 (5% CI 1.45-11.49)) were significantly associated with shorter survival. Our study identifies variables important for refining prognosis for CLL patients with normal standard CLL FISH results.
Assuntos
Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B , Humanos , Pré-Escolar , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente/métodos , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/diagnóstico , Leucemia Linfocítica Crônica de Células B/genética , Estudos Retrospectivos , Aberrações Cromossômicas , PrognósticoRESUMO
Importance: Ibrutinib has been associated with serious cardiotoxic arrhythmias. In preclinical models, these events are paralleled or proceeded by diffuse myocardial injury (inflammation and fibrosis). Yet whether this is seen in patients or has implications for future cardiotoxic risk is unknown. Objective: To assess the incidence and outcomes of myocardial injury among patients with ibrutinib-related cardiotoxicity. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study included consecutive patients treated with ibrutinib from 2012 to 2019, phenotyped using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) from a large US Comprehensive Cancer Center registry. Exposures: Ibrutinib treatment for cancer control. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was the presence of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) fibrosis. The secondary outcome was the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE), defined as atrial fibrillation, heart failure, symptomatic ventricular arrhythmias, and sudden death of probable or definite ibrutinib association after CMR. We also assessed parametric-mapping subclinical fibrosis (native-T1, extracellular volume fraction) and inflammation/edema (max-T2) measures. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance measures were compared with those obtained in similar consecutive patients with cancer without ibrutinib treatment (pretreatment controls). Observed measures were also compared with similar-aged broad population rates (general-population controls) and a broader pool of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk-matched cancer controls. Multivariable regression was used to assess the association between CMR measures and MACE. Results: Overall, 49 patients treated with ibrutinib were identified, including 33 imaged after treatment initiation (mean [SD] age, 65 [10] years, 9 [27%] with hypertension, and 23 [69.7%] with index-arrhythmias); median duration of ibrutinib-use was 14 months. The mean (SD) pretreatment native T1 was 977.0 (73.0) ms, max-T2 56.5 (4.0) ms, and 4 (13.3%) had LGE. Posttreatment initiation, mean (SD) native T1 was 1033.7 (48.2) ms, max-T2 61.5 (4.8) ms, and 17 (54.8%) had LGE (P < .001, P = .01, and P < .001, respectively, pre- vs post-ibrutinib treatment). Native T12SDs was elevated in 9 (28.6%), and max-T22SDs in 21 (63.0%), respectively. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance measures were highest in those with suspected toxic effects (P = .01 and P = .01, respectively). There was no association between traditional CVD-risk or cancer-treatment status and abnormal CMR measures. Among those without traditional CVD, 16 (58.6%) had LGE vs 38 (13.3%) in matched-controls (relative-risk, 4.8; P < .001). Over a median follow-up of 19 months, 13 (39.4%) experienced MACE. In multivariable models inclusive of traditional CVD risk factors, LGE (hazard ratio [HR], 4.9; P = .04), and native-T12SDs (HR, 3.3; P = .05) associated with higher risks of MACE. Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study, myocardial injury was common in ibrutinib users, and its presence was associated with higher cardiotoxic risk.
Assuntos
Meios de Contraste , Miocárdio , Humanos , Idoso , Miocárdio/patologia , Estudos de Coortes , Cardiotoxicidade/etiologia , Imagem Cinética por Ressonância Magnética , Gadolínio , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Fibrose , Inflamação , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Função Ventricular Esquerda , Prognóstico , Volume SistólicoRESUMO
Previous studies have demonstrated low rates of seroconversion to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In this national collaboration of 11 cancer centers in the United States, we aimed to further characterize and understand vaccine-induced immune responses, including T-cell responses, and the impact of CLL therapeutics (#NCT04852822). Eligible patients were enrolled in 2 cohorts (1) at the time of initial vaccination and (2) at the time of booster vaccination. The serologic response rates (anti-S) from 210 patients in the initial vaccination cohort and 117 in the booster vaccination cohort were 56% (95% confidence interval [CI], 50-63) and 68% (95% CI, 60-77), respectively. Compared with patients not on therapy, those receiving B-cell-directed therapy were less likely to seroconvert (odds ratio [OR], 0.27; 95% CI, 0.15-0.49). Persistence of response was observed at 6 months; anti-S titers increased with the administration of booster vaccinations. In the initial vaccination cohort, positive correlations were observed between the quantitative serologic response and CD4 T-cell response for the Wuhan variant and, to a lesser degree, for the Omicron variant (Spearman P = 0.45 Wuhan; P = 0.25 Omicron). In the booster vaccination cohort, positive correlations were observed between serologic responses and CD4 T-cell responses for both variants (P = 0.58 Wuhan; P = 0.57 Omicron) and to a lesser degree for CD8 T-cell responses (P = 0.33 Wuhan; P = 0.22 Omicron). Although no deaths from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been reported after booster vaccinations, patients should use caution as newer variants emerge and escape vaccine-induced immunity. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT04852822.