Prolonged Cold Exposure Negatively Impacts Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Liver Metabolism and Function.

Large-scale mortality events have occurred during the winter in Atlantic salmon sea cages in Eastern Canada and Iceland. Thus, in salmon held at 3 °C that were apparently healthy (i.e., asymptomatic) and that had 'early' and 'advanced' symptoms of 'winter syndrome'/'winter disease' (WS/WD), we measured hepatic lipid classes and fatty acid levels, and the transcript expression of 34 molecular markers of fatty liver disease (FLD; a clinical sign of WS/WD). In addition, we correlated our results with previously reported characteristics associated with this disease's progression in these same individuals. Total lipid and triacylglycerol (TAG) levels increased by ~50%, and the expression of 32 of the 34 genes was dysregulated, in fish with symptoms of FLD. TAG was positively correlated with markers of inflammation (5loxa, saa5), hepatosomatic index (HSI), and plasma aspartate aminotransferase levels, but negatively correlated with genes related to lipid metabolism (elovl5b, fabp3a, cd36c), oxidative stress (catc), and growth (igf1). Multivariate analyses clearly showed that the three groups of fish were different, and that saa5 was the largest contributor to differences. Our results provide a number of biomarkers for FLD in salmon, and very strong evidence that prolonged cold exposure can trigger FLD in this ecologically and economically important species.

A Diet Rich in HUFAs Enhances the Energetic and Immune Response Capacities of Larvae of the Scallop Argopecten purpuratus.

Massive mortalities in farmed larvae of the scallop Argopecten purpuratus have been associated with pathogenic Vibrio outbreaks. An energetic trade-off between development-associated demands and immune capacity has been observed. Given that highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) are essential nutrients for larval development, we evaluated the effect of diets based on microalgae low and high in HUFAs (LH and HH, respectively) on the energetic condition and the immune response of scallop larvae. The results showed that the HH diet increased cellular membrane fluidity in veliger larvae. The routine respiration rate was 64% higher in the HH-fed veligers than in the LH-fed veligers. Additionally, the metabolic capacity tended to be higher in the HH-fed veligers than in the LH-fed veligers after the Vibrio challenge. After the challenge, the HH-fed veligers presented higher transcript induction of ApTLR (immune receptor) and ApGlys (immune effector) genes, and the HH-fed pediveligers presented higher induction of ApLBP/BPI1 (antimicrobial immune effector) gene, than the LH-fed larvae. Furthermore, the HH-fed veligers controlled total Vibrio proliferation (maintaining near basal levels) after the bacterial challenge, while the LH-fed veligers were not able to control this proliferation, which increased three-fold. Finally, the HH-fed larvae showed 20-25% higher growth and survival rates than the LH-fed veligers. Overall, the results indicated that the administration of a HH diet increases cell membrane fluidity and energy metabolic capacity, which in turn enhances immunity and the ability to control Vibrio proliferation. The administration of microalgae high in HUFAs would be a promising strategy for improving scallop larval production efficiency.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment and therapeutic outcomes in special populations: A collaborative retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Treatment guidance for children and older adult patients affected by cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is unclear due to limited representation of these groups in clinical trials. METHODS: We conducted a collaborative retrospective study to describe the effectiveness and safety of antileishmanial treatments in children ≤ 10 and adults ≥ 60 years of age, treated between 2014 and 2018 in ten CL referral centers in Latin America. RESULTS: 2,037 clinical records were assessed for eligibility. Of them, the main reason for non-inclusion was lack of data on treatment follow-up and therapeutic response (182/242, 75% of children and 179/468, 38% of adults). Data on 1,325 eligible CL patients (736 children and 589 older adults) were analyzed. In both age groups, disease presentation was mild, with a median number of lesions of one (IQR: 1-2) and median lesion diameter of less than 3 cm. Less than 50% of the patients had data for two or more follow-up visits post-treatment (being only 28% in pediatric patients). Systemic antimonials were the most common monotherapy regimen in both age groups (590/736, 80.2% of children and 308/589, 52.3% of older adults) with overall cure rates of 54.6% (95% CI: 50.5-58.6%) and 68.2% (95% CI: 62.6-73.4%), respectively. Other treatments used include miltefosine, amphotericin B, intralesional antimonials, and pentamidine. Adverse reactions related to the main treatment were experienced in 11.9% (86/722) of children versus 38.4% (206/537) of older adults. Most adverse reactions were of mild intensity. CONCLUSION: Our findings support the need for greater availability and use of alternatives to systemic antimonials, particularly local therapies, and development of strategies to improve patient follow-up across the region, with special attention to pediatric populations.

Metabolic Cost of the Immune Response During Early Ontogeny of the Scallop Argopecten purpuratus.

The scallop Argopecten purpuratus is an important resource for Chilean and Peruvian aquaculture. Seed availability from commercial hatcheries is critical due to recurrent massive mortalities associated with bacterial infections, especially during the veliger larval stage. The immune response plays a crucial role in counteracting the effects of such infections, but being energetically costly, it potentially competes with the physiological and morphological changes that occur during early development, which are equally expensive. Consequently, in this study, energy metabolism parameters at the individual and cellular levels, under routine-basal status and after the exposure to the pathogenic strain bacteria (Vibrio splendidus VPAP18), were evaluated during early ontogeny (trochophore, D-veliger, veliger, pediveliger, and early juveniles) of A. purpuratus. The parameters measured were as follows: (1) metabolic demand, determined as oxygen consumption rate and (2) ATP supplying capacity measured by key mitochondrial enzymes activities [citrate synthase (CS), electron transport system (ETS), and ETS/CS ratio, indicative of ATP supplying efficiency], mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and mitochondrial density (ρ m) using an in vivo image analysis. Data revealed that metabolic demand/capacity varies significantly throughout early development, with trochophores being the most efficient in terms of energy supplying capacity under basal conditions. ATP supplying efficiency decreased linearly with larval development, attaining its lowest level at the pediveliger stage, and increasing markedly in early juveniles. Veliger larvae at basal conditions were inefficient in terms of energy production vs. energy demand (with low ρ m, ΔΨm, enzyme activities, and ETS:CS). Post-challenged results suggest that both trochophore and D-veliger would have the necessary energy to support the immune response. However, due to an immature immune system, the immunity of these stages would rely mainly on molecules of parental origin, as suggested by previous studies. On the other hand, post-challenged veliger maintained their metabolic demand but decreased their ATP supplying capacity, whereas pediveliger increased CS activity. Overall, results suggest that veliger larvae exhibit the lowest metabolic capacity to overcome a bacterial challenge, coinciding with previous works, showing a reduced capacity to express immune-related genes. This would result in a higher susceptibility to pathogen infection, potentially explaining the higher mortality rates occurring during A. purpuratus farming.

Tumor triquilemal proliferante. Presentación de un caso / Trichilemmal proliferating tumor. Case report

Introducción: el Tumor Triquilemal Proliferante es un tumor con diferenciación hacia estructuras pilosas, generalmente se presenta como un nódulo solitario en el cuero cabelludo en mujeres de edad avanzada. es considerado benigno pero con un comportamiento incierto dada su agresividad local y tendencia a la recidiva. Su característica histológica principal es la presencia de queratinización triquilemal. Objetivo: hacer una caracterización clínica e histopatológica de esta entidad. Presentación del caso: se presenta un caso de un Tumor Triquilemal Proliferante en el cuero cabelludo de una mujer de 66 años como un nódulo solitario. Se explican los resultados del estudio y la importancia de su diagnóstico preciso dada la posibilidad de su confusión con otras lesiones cutáneas como el quiste epidérmico. Conclusiones: el Tumor Triquilemal Proliferante es una entidad a tener en cuenta en el diagnóstico diferencial de lesiones tumorales en el cuero cabelludo con características distintivas específicas.

Introduction: proliferating trichilemmal tumor is tumor with follicular isthmus, that usually presents as a solitary nodule on the scalp of elderly women. It is considered a benign neoplasm but with an uncertain behavior because of its local aggressiveness and recidivant tendency. Its main histological characteristic is the presence of trichilemmal keratinization. Objective: to make a clinical and histopathological characterization of this condition. Case presentation: we describe a case of a Proliferating trichilemmal tumor on the scalp of a 66-year-old female, presenting as a solitary nodule. Results of the anatomo-pathological study are presented emphasizing in the importance of its precise diagnosis because the possibility of confusion with other cutaneous conditions like epidermal cyst. Conclusions: proliferating trichilemmal tumor is an entity to keep in mind in the differential diagnosis of tumoral lesions of the scalp with distinctive and specific characteristics.

Absceso esplénico amebiano / Amebic splenetic abscess

La localización extraintestinal es una complicación temible de la amebiasis intestinal, con una elevada mortalidad, que oscila entre el 4 al 14 por ciento de los casos diagnosticados. La forma de presentación más común es el absceso hepático amebiano, y aunque se han reportado localizaciones pulmonares, peritoneales, y hasta cerebrales, la localización esplénica es extremadamente infrecuente. Se reporta un caso de amebiasis esplénica que evolucionó tórpidamente, a pesar del tratamiento específico con metronidazol desde su admisión al Departamento de Emergencia, y que fue intervenido quirúrgicamente al séptimo día, con evolución favorable después de la resección del bazo. Se realiza una revisión de la literatura actualizada sobre el tema(AU)

The extraintestinal location is a fearsome complication of the intestinal amebiasis, with a high mortality fluctuating between the 4 and the 14 percent of cases diagnosed. The commonest presentation way is the amebic hepatic abscess and although others have reported pulmonary, peritoneal and up to cerebral locations, the splenetic one is extremely infrequent. A case of splenetic amebiasis is reported which evolved in a torpid way despite the specific treatment with metronidazole from its admission to Emergence Department and that was operated on at seventh day with a favorable evolution after spleen resection. Authors made a review of the updated literature on this subject(AU)

Presentación de un caso de tejido salival heterotópico cervical asociado con un quiste branquial / A case of salivary heterotopic tissue associated with branchial cyst

Las masas cervicales en los adultos jóvenes responden a adenopatías inflamatorias, malformaciones congénitas o menos frecuentemente a neoplasias. El tejido salival heterotópico es la presencia de tejido salival en un lugar anormal. Cuando tiene ubicación cervical puede encontrarse asociado con anomalías branquiales, al parecer por la relación que tienen ambos durante su embriogénesis. Por lo poco frecuente de esta asociación y no encontrarse publicado ningún caso en la literatura nacional, se decide la presentación del caso de una paciente joven con una masa cervical, con diagnóstico presuntivo de quiste branquial, que al intervenirla quirúrgicamente, se constata formación de aspecto glandular asociado con la lesión quística, con confirmación histopatológica de tejido salival heterotópico cervical asociado con quiste branquial. Se exponen además las posibles teorías de esta asociación según autores revisados en la literatura mundial y se confirma la importancia de tener en cuenta este diagnóstico ante una tumoración cervical para poder planear el tratamiento quirúrgico adecuado(AU)

In adult people cervical masses account for inflammatory adenopathies, congenital malformations or in a lesser degree to neoplasms. Heterotopic salivary tissue is the presence of salivary tissue in an abnormal place. When it has a cervical location may to be associated with branchial anomalies apparently by its relation (both) during the embryogeny. Due to the non-frequent of this association and the no publication of any case in national literature, we decide a case presentation of the case of a young patient with a cervical mass presumptively diagnosed with branchial cyst and in surgical intervention we noted a glandular development associated with the cystic lesion with histopathology confirmation of cervical heterotopic salivary tissue linked to branchial cyst. We showed also the potential theories of this association according the authors reviewed in world literature and we confirmed the significance of to take into account this diagnosis in case of a cervical tumor to plan the appropriate surgical treatment(AU)

Mixoma odontogénico, un reto para el diagnóstico / Odontogenic myxoma, a challenge to diagnosis

Se presenta un paciente masculino, de 41 años de edad, piel blanca, con hábitos de fumar e ingerir bebidas alcohólicas que al examen físico manifiesta lesión tumoral de 3,3 cm. de diámetro, con aspecto de roseta, ocupando el área desdentada de reborde alveolar inferior derecho correspondiente a primer y segundo molares. En la radiografía panorámica se observó área radiolúcida multilocular que respeta el borde de la mandíbula, con una cortical irregular en algunas áreas. El diagnóstico histopatológico utilizando la coloración de hematoxilina y eosina fue de mixoma odontogénico. El paciente fue tratado quirúrgicamente y se confirmó el diagnóstico utilizando la coloración de azul alciano, que fue positiva. El mixoma odontogénico por ser un tumor que no tiene características clínicas ni radiográficas patognomónicas, síntomas imprecisos, comportamiento agresivo local y recidivas frecuentes debe ser siempre tenido en cuenta en los diagnósticos diferenciales de los tumores del maxilar y la mandíbula(AU)

The case of a 41-year-old male white patient who smokes and drinks alcoholic beverages and that on the physical examination manifests a rosette-like tumoral lesion of 3.3 cm of diameter that ocuppies the edentulous area of the inferior right alveolar crest of the mandible corresponding to the first and second molars is presented. In the panoramic radiography, it was observed a radiolucid multiocular area that respects the border of the mandible with an irregular cortical in some areas. An odontogenic myxoma was histopathologically diagnosed by using hematoxylin and eosin staining. The patient was surgically treated and the diagnosis was confirmed by alcian blue staining, which yielded positive. As the odontogenic myxoma is a tumor with neither clinical nor pathognomic radiographic characteristics, inaccurate symptoms, local aggresive behavior and frequent relapses, it should always be taken into account in the differential diagnoses of the tumors of the maxilla and the mandible(AU)

Osteosarcoma en fibroadenoma de la mama femenina

Se describe la conducta seguida con una paciente que se detecta, en el autoexamen, nódulo de mama y acude a la consulta multidisciplinaria de biopsia aspirativa con aguja fina (BAAF). Con la sospecha diagnóstica, se orienta el estudio inmagenológico y la conducta adecuada. Se realizó el diagnóstico que se avala por inmunohistoquímica de un osteosarcoma de la mama originado del estroma con degeneración hialina de un fibroadenoma de la mama. Se revisa la literatura sobre el tema y se comenta sobre la utilidad de la consulta multidisciplinaria de BAAF.

The conduct followed by a female patient who detects herself a breast nodule during the self-examination and attends the multidisciplinary team’s office of fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is described. Based on the diagnostic suspicion, an imaging study is carried out and an adequate conduct is recommended. The diagnosis is made by immunohistochemistry of a breast osteosarcoma originated from the stroma with hyaline degeneration of a breast fibroadenoma. The literature on this topic is reviewed and comments are made on the usefulness of the multidisciplinary team’s office of FNAB.