Midwives in Health Sciences as a Sociocultural Phenomenon: Legislation, Training and Health (XV-XVIII Centuries).

Background and Objectives: The first inquisitorial processes were developed against Muslims and Jews. Then, they focused on women, especially those dedicated to care. Progressively, they were linked to witchcraft and sorcery due to their great assistance, generational and empirical knowledge. The health historiography of the 15th-18th centuries still has important bibliographic and interpretive gaps in the care provided by women. The main objective was to analyse the care provided by midwives in the legislative and socio-sanitary context of New Castile, in the inquisitorial Spain of the 15th-18th centuries. Materials and Methods: A historical review was conducted, following the Dialectical Structural Model of Care. Historical manuals, articles and databases were analysed. Results: The Catholic Monarchs established health profession regulations in 1477, including midwives. However, all legislations were annulled by Felipe II in 1576. These were not resumed until 1750. Midwives assumed a huge range of functions in their care commitment (teaching, care and religion) and were valued in opposing ways. However, many of them were persecuted and condemned by the Inquisition. They used to accompany therapeutic action with prayers and charms. Midwives were usually women in a social vulnerability situation, who did not comply with social stereotypes. Conclusions: Midwives, forerunners of current nursing and health sciences, overcame sociocultural difficulties, although they were condemned for it. Midwives achieved an accredited title, which was taken from them for two centuries. They acted as health agents in a society that demanded them while participating in a "witch hunt".

Wet Nurse or Milk Bank? Evolution in the Model of Human Lactation: New Challenges for the Islamic Population.

(1) Introduction: The establishment of milk banks in the Islamic world as well as donation to Islamic families in Western countries remains a challenge in the context of human lactation. Religious reservations established since the Qur'an and regulated at the legal-religious and medical level equate milk kinship with consanguinity, which prevents donation. The aim of the study was to analyse the evolution in the model of breastfeeding and care in Islamic society. (2) Methods: The methodology of comparative history was applied, following the structural-dialectical model of care. Historical manuals, articles and databases were analysed. (3) Results: Paediatric care in medical manuals from the 10th-15th centuries is similar to that practiced by the Muslim population today, some beneficial, some harmful; the wet nurse had to follow a series of dietary habits and have a series of physical, moral and educational characteristics in order to be hired. They constituted a beginning of pseudo-professionalisation, in a domestic-family framework. Human milk was used as a remedy for different health problems. (4) Conclusions: Islamic society and nursing have to evolve towards transnational care adapted to the needs of the population.

Queens and Wet Nurses: Indispensable Women in the Dynasty of the Sun King (1540-1580).

In Spain, the wet nurse had a prominent place in the Court of Philip II (1540-1580), suckling princes. The aim of this review is to identify the role of wet nurses in the Spanish monarchy and the survival of the infants, who were children of Philip II (16th century). A scoping review is presented, studying documents on wet nurses in the Spanish monarchy. The dialectical structural model of care (DSMC) is applied, and three thematic blocks are used to make up the historical-cultural model. Books, chapters and databases were analysed from Cuiden, Pubmed, Scopus, Science Direct and Google Scholar, from January-September 2021. These wet nurses were treated as ladies, as they came from wealthy families related to royalty. The services of wet nurses from neighbouring localities to the court were used. They had to be of good appearance and in excellent health. They were hired because of the need for survival of the infants, children of Philip II. The functions of the four wives of Philip II were relegated to reproduction, childcare, family and monarchical duties. They used empirical medicine in the form of prescriptions for beauty, hygiene and feminine care. The wet nurses were the driving force that promoted the health of babies through breastfeeding.

Gripe española de 1918 versus SARS-CoV-2: Comparativa a través de la historia / The Spanish flu pandemic of 1918 flu SARS-CoV-2: A comparison through history / A gripe espanhola de 1918 versus SARS-CoV-2: Uma comparação ao longo da história

Resumen Marco contextual: La humanidad ha tenido que enfrentarse a múltiples pandemias, estas se extendieron rápidamente produciendo altas tasas de morbimortalidad. Objetivo: Comparar el impacto sociosanitario de la gripe española de 1918 y el SARS-CoV-2. Metodología: Investigación histórico-descriptiva, relacionada con la gripe de 1918 y el SARS-CoV-2. Recopilación de información: protocolos sanitarios; análisis (organismos internacionales, libros y artículos científicos). Se realizó un análisis interpretativo por fechas y acontecimientos del periodo de estudio. Resultados: La gripe española ocurrió durante tres etapas, la primera en marzo de 1918 y la última en 1919. El SARS-CoV-2 comenzó en Wuhan (China) en diciembre de 2019; no obstante, tuvo su mayor propagación en marzo de 2020 y se prevé un nuevo rebrote. Hasta julio de 2020 la gripe española ha tenido mayor número de víctimas, ambas pandemias han tenido repercusión a nivel mundial y han causado la muerte a multitud de personas. Conclusión: El desconocimiento de estas patologías, la ausencia de tratamiento y vacuna y la escasez de recursos para la alta demanda de pacientes han sido un desafío global.

Abstract Background: Humanity has so far faced multiple pandemics, with swift propagation and high morbimortality rates. Objective: To compare the social and health impact of the Spanish flu of 1918 and SARS-CoV-2. Methodology: Historical-descriptive study on the 1918 flu and SARS-CoV-2. Data were collected on health protocols through the analysis of international organizations, books, and scientific articles. An interpretative analysis was performed based on the dates and events of the period under study. Results: The Spanish flu occurred in 3 stages, the first in March 1918 and the last in 1919. SARS-CoV-2 started in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 but spread worldwide in March 2020 and a new wave is expected. As of now, July 2020, the Spanish flu has had the highest number of victims, although both pandemics have had worldwide repercussions, accounting for many deaths. Conclusion: The lack of knowledge about these diseases, the absence of treatment and vaccines, as well as the scarcity of resources for the high rate of patients' needs have been a global challenge.

Resumo Enquadramento: A humanidade teve de enfrentar múltiplas pandemias, que se espalharam rapidamente e produziram altas taxas de morbilidade e mortalidade. Objetivo: Comparar o impacto socio-sanitário da gripe espanhola de 1918 e SARS-CoV-2. Metodologia: Investigação histórico-descritiva, relacionada com a gripe de 1918 e SARS-CoV-2. Recolha de informação: protocolos de saúde; análise: organizações internacionais, livros e artigos científicos. Foi realizada uma análise interpretativa por datas e eventos do período de estudo. Resultados: A gripe espanhola ocorreu durante três fases, a primeira em março de 1918 e a última em 1919. SARS-CoV-2 começou em Wuhan (China) em dezembro de 2019; teve a sua maior propagação em março de 2020 e espera-se um novo surto. Até julho 2020, a gripe espanhola tem tido o maior número de vítimas, embora ambas as pandemias tenham tido repercussões mundiais, com muitas pessoas a morrer. Conclusão: A falta de conhecimento sobre estas patologias, a ausência de tratamento e vacina, bem como a escassez de recursos para a grande procura de doentes, têm sido um desafio global.

Lactancia materna y feminismo: recorrido social y cultural en España / Breastfeeding and feminism: social and cultural journey in Spain / Breastfeeding and feminism: social and cultural journey in Spain

RESUMEN OBJETIVO Analizar la influencia de cambios socio-políticos, educativos y feministas de España en el mantenimiento de lactancia materna. MÉTODO Revisión histórico-descriptiva de documentación en bases de datos, Boletines Oficiales del Estado, del Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo y Bienestar Social. RESULTADOS La lactancia materna es un fenómeno complejo influenciado por factores demográficos, biológicos, sociales y psicológicos. Ha cambiado a lo largo de la historia y, evolucionado con los movimientos feministas. La incorporación de la mujer al mercado laboral (s.XIX), produjo una modificación en el rol familiar y pareja. La sociedad del siglo XXI reclama a los poderes públicos la conciliación personal y laboral para la crianza de sus hijos. CONCLUSIONES E IMPLICACIÓN PARA LA PRÁCTICA Han sido múltiples los factores y procesos evolutivos para la situación socio-cultural de la mujer en la lactancia materna. Actualmente sigue siendo complicado compaginar gestación y crianza con el empleo, las redes formales e informales permiten avances en políticas sanitarias.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar a influência das mudanças sócio-políticas, educativas e feministas em Espanha na manutenção do aleitamento materno. MÉTODO Revisão histórico-descritiva da documentação em bases de dados, Boletins Oficiais do Estado, do Ministério da Saúde e do Consumo e da Previdência Social. RESULTADOS O aleitamento materno é um fenómeno complexo influenciado por factores demográficos, biológicos, sociais e psicológicos. Ela mudou ao longo da história e evoluiu com os movimentos feministas. A incorporação das mulheres ao mercado de trabalho (século XIX), produziu uma modificação no papel da família e do casal. A sociedade do século XXI exige do poder público a conciliação pessoal e laboral para a educação dos seus filhos. CONCLUSÕES E IMPLICAÇÕES PARA A PRÁTICA Tem havido múltiplos factores e processos evolutivos para a situação sociocultural das mulheres em aleitamento materno. Hoje em dia, ainda é complicado combinar gravidez e educação com emprego, e as redes formais e informais permitem avanços nas políticas de saúde.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the influence of socio-political, educational and feminist changes in Spain on the maintenance of breastfeeding. METHOD Historical-descriptive review of documentation in databases, Official State Bulletins, of the Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs and Social Welfare. RESULTS Breastfeeding is a complex phenomenon influenced by demographic, biological, social and psychological factors. It has changed throughout history and evolved with the feminist movements. The incorporation of women to the labor market (19th century), produced a modification in the family and couple role. The society of the 21st century demands from the public authorities the personal and labor conciliation for the upbringing of their children. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATION FOR PRACTICE There have been multiple factors and evolutionary processes for the socio-cultural situation of women in breastfeeding. Nowadays, it is still complicated to combine pregnancy and upbringing with employment, and formal and informal networks allow advances in health policies.

Woman, Mother, Wet Nurse: Engine of Child Health Promotion in the Spanish Monarchy (1850-1910).

In Spain, the wet nurse increased the survival of children through care and breastfeeding of other women's children. They had a great development together with the Spanish monarchy between 1850 and 1910. The aim is to identify the role of wet nurses in the Spanish monarchy and the survival of the royal infants (s. XIX-XX). A scoping review is presented to study documents about the wet nurse in the Spanish monarchy. Applying the dialectical structural model of care (DSMC). Recognizing five thematic blocks that shape the historical-cultural model. Books, decrees and databases were analyzed: Scopus, Scielo, Dialnet, Cuiden, Medline/Pubmed, CINAHL, Science Direct and Google Scholar, from January to July 2020. The selection process was rigorous because it was difficult to choose. They had to overcome medical and moral exams. The selected rural northern wet nurses emigrated to Madrid. The contract was regulated by laws and paid. Wet nurses were hired by the monarchy due to health problems of the biological mother and a need for greater offspring. The wet nurse wore a typical costume, a symbol of wealth. The northern wet nurses hired by the monarchists have been the engine that has promoted the health of infants through the breastfeeding process.