Comparison of etiological and physiological characteristics of fecal incontinence in men and women.

Fecal incontinence (FI) is often underreported and underestimated in men. Our aims were to clarify the causes and the physiological characteristics of FI in men and to underline the differences between etiological and physiological factors in men and women diagnosed with FI. The study cohort encompassed 200 men and 200 women who underwent anatomical and physiological evaluation for FI in a tertiary referral center specializing in pelvic floor disorders. All patients underwent endoanal ultrasound and anorectal manometry. Evacuation proctography was performed in some patients. Demographic, medical, anatomical, and physiological parameters were compared between the two study groups. Urge incontinence was the most frequent type of FI in both genders. In men, anal fistula, history of anal surgeries, rectal tumors, and pelvic radiotherapy were common etiologic factors, whereas history of pelvic surgeries was more common in women. Associated urinary incontinence was reported more frequently by women. External anal sphincter defects, usually anterior, were more common in women (M: 1.5%, F: 24%, P < 0.0001), whereas internal anal sphincter defect prevalence was similar in men and women (M: 6%, F: 12%, P = 0.19). Decreased resting and squeeze pressures were less common in men (M: 29%, F: 46%, P < 0.0001: M: 44%, F: 66%, P < 0.0001). The incidence of rectal hyposensitivity was higher in men (M: 11.1%, F: 2.8%, P < 0.0001), whereas rectal hypersensitivity was higher in women (M: 5.8%, F: 10.8%, P < 0.0001). Anorectal dyssynergia was more common in men (M: 66%, F: 37%, P < 0.0001). Significantly different etiological factors and physiological characteristics for FI were found in men. Acknowledging these differences is significant and may yield better treatment options.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Fecal incontinence (FI) in men has different etiological factors when compared with women. The prevalence of internal anal sphincter defect among men with FI was similar to women. Different manometric measurements were found among men with FI: decreased anal pressures were less common among men, whereas rectal hyposensitivity and anorectal dyssynergia were more common among men.

New Insights into the Medieval Hispano-Muslim Panel Painting: The Alfarje Found in a Balearic Casal (Spain).

Hispano-Muslim culture flourished during the Middle Ages in the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands. During the restoration of a Balearic nobiliary building (casal), several panels with polychrome decoration on the back side were found. They were part of an old Muslim wooden ceiling (alfarje). A multi-technique strategy including optical microscopy, infrared and µRaman spectroscopies, field emission scanning electron microscopy-X-ray microanalysis (FESEM-EDX), focused ion beam (FIB-FESEM-EDX), atomic force microscopy nanoindentation (AFM-NI), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been applied in the analysis of these panel paintings and has provided morphological and compositional data that have led to the identification of the materials and artistic technique as well as the alteration mechanisms due to the natural aging and the adverse conditions of conservation. As a novelty, this study has confirmed the use of indigo as a blue pigment, an unusual material in Hispano-Muslim panel painting. Apart from the notable change in the visual appearance observed in the paintings, the study has also confirmed a change in the mechanical resistance in the paint layers. These changes have been induced by the combination of the chemical and microbiological alteration mechanisms identified.

Clinical outcomes with of the Contix Faecal Incontinence Management System: preliminary results.

Fecal incontinence (FI) has a significant long-term impact on patient quality of life for which there is a range of medical and surgical management alternatives. We report the preliminary outcome using the ForConti Contix Faecal Incontinence Management System (FIMS) in FI patients who had failed conservative therapy and who were recruited at 2 tertiary institutions between September 2018 and September 2020. Comparative assessments were made before and after 2 week periods of treatment using bowel diaries and subjective Wexner and Faecal Incontinence Quality of Life scores. Of 17 patients enrolled, 11 completed an 8-week assessment with a significant fall in the average percentage of FI days reported from 84% before treatment to 16.8% at the first posttreatment assessment and down to 13.2% by the second assessment period. This finding correlated with a similar reduction in the total weekly number of episodes of frank FI, minor soiling, and fecal urgency reported by patients along with concomitant improvements in the Wexner scores. For those using the device, there was less concern about accidental bowel leakage, high rates of satisfaction, and minimal problems with the device. Initial results are encouraging warranting further study.

Chapare Hemorrhagic Fever and Virus Detection in Rodents in Bolivia in 2019.

BACKGROUND: In June 2019, the Bolivian Ministry of Health reported a cluster of cases of hemorrhagic fever that started in the municipality of Caranavi and expanded to La Paz. The cause of these cases was unknown. METHODS: We obtained samples for next-generation sequencing and virus isolation. Human and rodent specimens were tested by means of virus-specific real-time quantitative reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction assays, next-generation sequencing, and virus isolation. RESULTS: Nine cases of hemorrhagic fever were identified; four of the patients with this illness died. The etiologic agent was identified as Mammarenavirus Chapare mammarenavirus, or Chapare virus (CHAPV), which causes Chapare hemorrhagic fever (CHHF). Probable nosocomial transmission among health care workers was identified. Some patients with CHHF had neurologic manifestations, and those who survived had a prolonged recovery period. CHAPV RNA was detected in a variety of human body fluids (including blood; urine; nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal, and bronchoalveolar-lavage fluid; conjunctiva; and semen) and in specimens obtained from captured small-eared pygmy rice rats (Oligoryzomys microtis). In survivors of CHHF, viral RNA was detected up to 170 days after symptom onset; CHAPV was isolated from a semen sample obtained 86 days after symptom onset. CONCLUSIONS: M. Chapare mammarenavirus was identified as the etiologic agent of CHHF. Both spillover from a zoonotic reservoir and possible person-to-person transmission were identified. This virus was detected in a rodent species, O. microtis. (Funded by the Bolivian Ministry of Health and others.).

Global and regional estimates of maternal near miss: a systematic review, meta-analysis and experiences with application.

INTRODUCTION: Maternal near miss (MNM) is a useful means to examine quality of obstetric care. Since the introduction of the WHO MNM criteria in 2011, it has been tested and validated, and is being used globally. We sought to systematically review all available studies using the WHO MNM criteria to develop global and regional estimates of MNM frequency and examine its application across settings. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review by implementing a comprehensive literature search from 2011 to 2018 in six databases with no language restrictions. The predefined data collection tool included sections on study characteristics, frequency of near-miss cases and study quality. Meta-analysis was performed by regional groupings. Reported adaptations, modifications and remarks about application were extracted. RESULTS: 7292 articles were screened by title and abstract, and 264 articles were retrieved for full text review for the meta-analysis. An additional 230 articles were screened for experiences with application of the WHO MNM criteria. Sixty studies with near-miss data from 56 countries were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled global near-miss estimate was 1.4% (95% CI 0.4% to 2.5%) with regional variation in MNM frequency. Of the 20 studies that made adaptations to the criteria, 19 were from low-resource settings where lab-based criteria were adapted due to resource limitations. CONCLUSIONS: The WHO MNM criteria have enabled the comparison of global and sub-national estimates of MNM frequency. There has been good uptake in low-resource countries but contextual adaptations are necessary.

Early evaluation of the 'STOP SEPSIS!' WHO Global Maternal Sepsis Awareness Campaign implemented for healthcare providers in 46 low, middle and high-income countries.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate changes in awareness of maternal sepsis among healthcare providers resulting from the WHO Global Maternal Sepsis Study (GLOSS) awareness campaign. DESIGN: Independent sample precampaign/postcampaign through online and paper-based surveys available for over 30 days before campaign roll-out (pre) and after study data collection (post). Descriptive statistics were used for campaign recognition and exposure, and odds ratio (OR) and percentage change were calculated for differences in awareness, adjusting for confounders using multivariate logistic regression. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Healthcare providers from 398 participating facilities in 46 low, middle and high-income countries. INTERVENTION: An awareness campaign to accompany GLOSS launched 3 weeks prior to data collection and lasting the entire study period (28 November 2017 to 15 January 2018) and beyond. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Campaign recognition and exposure, and changes in awareness. RESULTS: A total of 2188 surveys were analysed: 1155 at baseline and 1033 at postcampaign. Most survey respondents found the campaign materials helpful (94%), that they helped increase awareness (90%) and that they helped motivate to act differently (88%). There were significant changes with regard to: not having heard of maternal sepsis (-63.4% change, pre-OR/post-OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.68) and perception of confidence in making the right decisions with regard to maternal sepsis identification and management (7.3% change, pre-OR/post-OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.06). CONCLUSIONS: Awareness raising campaigns can contribute to an increase in having heard of maternal sepsis and an increase in provider perception of confidence in making correct decisions. Offering the information to make accurate and timely decisions while promoting environments that enable self-confidence and support could improve maternal sepsis identification and management.

Barrett's esophagus patients are becoming younger: analysis of a large United States dataset.

BACKGROUND: Barrett's esophagus (BE), a complication of long-term gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), has been reported to affect 6-8% of those with heartburn. Most patients are males, Caucasians and middle aged. However, there are no recent demographic studies that evaluated the proportion trends of BE. We aimed to assess proportion trends of BE over an 11-year period, using a very large national dataset. METHODS: This was a population-based analysis of the national Explorys dataset. Explorys is an aggregate of electronic medical record database representing over 54 million patients. Proportions of BE's variables such as age, gender, race, BMI, and treatment with PPI were recorded during an 11-year period. BE patients were classified into seven age groups (15-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, ≥ 70 years old). Secular trends of the proportion of BE were assessed over time for each age group. RESULTS: The majority of patients diagnosed with BE were ≥ 70 years old across all calendar years. However, the proportion of BE patients who were ≥ 70 years old has significantly decreased between 2006 and 2016 (- 19.9%, p < 0.001). The proportion of patients with BE increased in all age groups but most prominently in the age groups, 30-39: 2.07%, 40-49: 3.64%, 50-59: 6.89%, 60-69: 6.18%, p < 0.001. BE was significantly more common in those who were Caucasian and male. PPI usage fell significantly in those who were ≥ 70 years old (- 20.8%, p < 0.001), but increased in the other remaining age groups. CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of BE patients who are 70 years and older has significantly dropped. Younger patients' groups have demonstrated the highest increase in the proportion of BE patients, especially those in the age group of 30-39 years old.

Development of molecular assays to detect target-site mechanisms associated with insecticide resistance in malaria vectors from Latin America.

BACKGROUND: Malaria remains an important public health problem in Latin America, and the development of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors poses a major threat to malaria elimination efforts. Monitoring of insecticide susceptibility and the determination of the mechanisms involved in insecticide resistance are needed to effectively guide the deployment of appropriate vector control measures. Here, molecular assays have been developed to screen for mutations associated with insecticide resistance on the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) and acetylcholinesterase-1 (Ace-1) genes in four malaria vectors from Latin America. METHODS: Degenerate primers were designed to amplify a partial fragment on the VGSC and Ace-1 genes. Wild-caught individuals for Anopheles albimanus (also historical samples and individuals from a laboratory strain), Anopheles darlingi, Anopheles vestitipennis and Anopheles pseudopunctipennis were used to optimize the PCR assays. All samples were sequenced to validate the PCR results and DNA alignments were constructed for each gene using the unique haplotypes observed. RESULTS: Primers designed successfully amplified the VGSC gene in An. albimanus, An. darlingi, An. vestitipennis and An. pseudopunctipennis, and the Ace-1 gene in both An. albimanus and An. darlingi. DNA sequencing revealed that compared with Anopheles gambiae, there were a total of 29, 28, 21 and 24 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the VGSC gene for An. albimanus (308 bp), An. darlingi (311 bp), An. pseudopunctipennis (263 bp) and An. vestitipennis (254 bp), respectively. On the 459 bp fragment of the Ace-1 gene, a total of 70 SNPs were detected in An. darlingi and 59 SNPs were detected in An. albimanus compared with An. gambiae. The SNPs detected on the VGSC gene were all synonymous. On the Ace-1 gene, non-synonymous substitutions were identified on three different codons. All species showed the homozygous wild-type kdr allele (coding for leucine) at codon 995 (formerly reported as codon 1014) on the VGSC gene, but one sample was heterozygous at codon 280 (formerly reported as codon 119) on the Ace-1 gene, coding for both the resistant (serine) and susceptible (glycine) amino acids. CONCLUSIONS: New molecular assays to amplify and screen the regions of the VGSC and Ace-1 genes associated with insecticide resistance are reported for An. albimanus, An. darlingi, An. vestitipennis, and An. pseudopunctipennis. The development of these PCR assays presents an important advance in the analysis of target-site resistance in malaria vectors in the Americas, and will further facilitate the characterization of insecticide resistance mechanisms in these species.

Corrigendum.

The original version of this article contains one mistake. The term "protein pump inhibitor" in the Abstract should have been written as "proton pump inhibitor."

Electrochemical discrimination of mints: The last Chinese emperors Kuang Hsü and Hsüan T'ung monetary unification.

An electrochemical methodology for discriminating monetary emissions, a recurrent problem in much archaeological studies, is introduced. The method is based on the record of voltammetric signatures of cuprite and tenorite corrosion products in the patina using a minimally invasive nanosampling following the voltammetry of immobilized particles methodology. A model for the depth variation of voltammetric electrochemical parameters characterizing the composition of the corrosion patinas is presented. This model permits to rationalize electrochemical data and discriminate different monetary emissions. The application of this technique, corroborated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and focusing ion beam-field emission scanning electron microscopy (FIB-FESEM-EDX), to a series of 10 cash copper coins produced around the Kuang Hsu and Hsüan T'ung last Chinese emperors permits to discern different provincial mints and reveals that the monetary unification developed in this period was not uniform.

Identifying Minimal Changes in Nonerosive Reflux Disease: Is the Pay Worth the Labor?

Gastroesophageal reflux disease has a variable presentation on upper endoscopy. Gastroesophageal reflux disease can be divided into 3 endoscopic categories: Barrett's esophagus, erosive esophagitis, and normal mucosa/nonerosive reflux disease (NERD). Each of these phenotypes behave in a distinct manner, in regards to symptom response to treatment, and risk of development of complications such as esophageal adenocarcinoma. Recently, it has been proposed to further differentiate NERD into 2 categories: those with and those without "minimal changes." These minimal changes include endoscopic abnormalities, such as villous mucosal surface, mucosal islands, microerosions, and increased vascularity at the squamocolumnar junction. Although some studies have shown that patients with minimal changes may have higher rates of esophageal acid exposure compared with those without minimal changes, it is currently unclear if these patients behave differently than those currently categorized as having NERD. The clinical utility of identifying these lesions should be weighed against the cost of the requisite equipment and the additional time required for diagnosis, compared with conventional white light endoscopy.

The Effect of Ramelteon on Heartburn Symptoms of Patients With Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Chronic Insomnia: A Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND: There is a bidirectional relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and sleep. It has been demonstrated that antireflux treatment can improve sleep quality in GERD patients with nighttime reflux. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with heartburn and/or regurgitation ≥3 times/week and insomnia for ≥3 months were included. Patients were assessed at baseline with the demographic, GERD symptom assessment scale, Epworth sleepiness scale, Berlin sleep apnea, Pittsburgh sleep quality index, and the Insomnia severity index questionnaires. Subjects underwent an upper endoscopy followed by pH testing. Subsequently, subjects were randomized, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, to receive either ramelteon 8 mg or placebo before bedtime for 4 weeks. During the last week of treatment, subjects completed a daily GERD symptom and sleep diary and underwent actigraphy. RESULTS: Sixteen patients completed the study, 8 in each arm (mean age and M/F were 48.5 vs. 57.8 y, and 8/0 vs. 6/2, respectively). Patients who received ramelteon demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in symptom score as compared with those who received placebo for daytime heartburn (-42% vs. -29%), nighttime heartburn (-42% vs. 78%), 24-hour heartburn (-42% vs. -3%), and 24-hour acid regurgitation (-26% vs. 19%) (all P<0.05). Insomnia severity index score was significantly reduced in patients receiving ramelteon as compared with placebo (-46% vs. -5%, P<0.05). Ramelteon group also demonstrated a significant improvement in sleep efficiency and sleep latency, as compared with placebo, P<0.05). No significant adverse events were observed with ramelteon. CONCLUSIONS: Ramelteon significantly improved symptoms in patients with GERD. In addition, ramelteon significantly improved patients' sleep experience. Further studies are needed in the future (NCT01128582).

Unmet Needs in the Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a highly prevalent gastrointestinal disorder. Proton pump inhibitors have profoundly revolutionized the treatment of GERD. However, several areas of unmet need persist despite marked improvements in the ther-apeutic management of GERD. These include the advanced grades of erosive esophagitis, nonerosive reflux disease, main-tenance treatment of erosive esophagitis, refractory GERD, postprandial heartburn, atypical and extraesophageal manifestations of GERD, Barrett's esophagus, chronic protein pump inhibitor treatment, and post-bariatric surgery GERD. Consequently, any fu-ture development of novel therapeutic modalities for GERD (medical, endoscopic, or surgical), would likely focus on the afore-mentioned areas of unmet need.

Reduction of Neuropathic and Inflammatory Pain through Inhibition of the Tetrahydrobiopterin Pathway.

Human genetic studies have revealed an association between GTP cyclohydrolase 1 polymorphisms, which decrease tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) levels, and reduced pain in patients. We now show that excessive BH4 is produced in mice by both axotomized sensory neurons and macrophages infiltrating damaged nerves and inflamed tissue. Constitutive BH4 overproduction in sensory neurons increases pain sensitivity, whereas blocking BH4 production only in these cells reduces nerve injury-induced hypersensitivity without affecting nociceptive pain. To minimize risk of side effects, we targeted sepiapterin reductase (SPR), whose blockade allows minimal BH4 production through the BH4 salvage pathways. Using a structure-based design, we developed a potent SPR inhibitor and show that it reduces pain hypersensitivity effectively with a concomitant decrease in BH4 levels in target tissues, acting both on sensory neurons and macrophages, with no development of tolerance or adverse effects. Finally, we demonstrate that sepiapterin accumulation is a sensitive biomarker for SPR inhibition in vivo.

Cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitors for treating preterm labour.

BACKGROUND: Preterm birth is a major cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity. Cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitors inhibit uterine contractions, are easily administered and appear to have few maternal side effects. However, adverse effects have been reported in the fetus and newborn as a result of exposure to COX inhibitors. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects on maternal and neonatal outcomes of COX inhibitors administered as a tocolytic agent to women in preterm labour when compared with (i) placebo or no intervention and (ii) other tocolytics. In addition, to compare the effects of non-selective COX inhibitors with COX-2 selective inhibitors. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (24 August 2014). We also contacted recognised experts and searched reference lists of retrieved studies. SELECTION CRITERIA: All published and unpublished randomised trials in which COX inhibitors were used for tocolysis for women in labour between 20 and 36 completed weeks' gestation. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently evaluated methodological quality and extracted data. We sought additional information from study authors. Results are presented using risk ratio (RR; dichotomous data) and mean difference (MD; continuous data) with 95% confidence interval (CI). The number needed to treat for benefit (NNTB) and the number needed to treat for harm (NNTH) were calculated for statistically different categorical outcomes. MAIN RESULTS: With the addition of seven studies with a total of 684 women, this review now includes outcome data from 20 studies including 1509 women. The non-selective COX inhibitor indomethacin was used in 15 studies. The overall quality of the included studies was considered moderate to low.Three small studies (102 women), two of which were conducted in the 1980's, compared COX inhibition (indomethacin only) with placebo. No difference was shown in birth less than 48 hours after trial entry (average RR 0.20, 95% CI 0.03 to 1.28; two studies with 70 women). Indomethacin resulted in a reduction in preterm birth (before completion of 37 weeks of gestation) in one small study (36 women) (RR 0.21, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.62; NNTB 2, 95% CI 2 to 4); and an increase in gestational age at birth (average MD 3.59 weeks, 95% CI 0.65 to 6.52; two studies with 66 women) and birthweight (MD 716.34 g, 95% CI 425.52 to 1007.16; two studies with 67 infants). No difference was shown in measures of neonatal morbidity or neonatal mortality.Compared with betamimetics, COX inhibitors resulted in a reduction in birth less than 48 hours after trial entry (RR 0.27, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.96; NNTB 7, 95% CI 6 to 120; two studies with 100 women) and preterm birth (before completion of 37 weeks of gestation) (RR 0.53, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.99; NNTB 6, 95% CI 4 to 236; two studies with 80 women) although no benefit was shown in terms of neonatal morbidity or mortality. COX inhibition was also associated with fewer maternal adverse affects compared with betamimetics (RR 0.19, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.31; NNTB 3, 95% CI 2 to 3; five studies with 248 women) and maternal adverse effects requiring cessation of treatment (average RR 0.09, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.49; NNTB 5, CI 95% 5 to 9; three studies with 166 women).No differences were shown when comparing COX inhibitors with magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) (seven studies with 792 women) or calcium channel blockers (CCBs) (two studies with 230 women) in terms of prolonging pregnancy or for any fetal/neonatal outcomes. There were also no differences in very preterm birth (before completion of 34 weeks of gestation) and no maternal deaths occurred in the one study that reported on this outcome. However COX inhibitors resulted in fewer maternal adverse affects when compared with MgSO4 (RR 0.39, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.62; NNTB 11, 95% CI 9 to 17; five studies with 635 women).A comparison of non-selective COX inhibitors versus any COX-2 inhibitor (two studies with 54 women) did not demonstrate any differences in maternal, fetal or neonatal outcomes.No data were available to assess COX inhibitors compared with oxytocin receptor antagonists (ORAs). Further, no data were available on extremely preterm birth (before 28 weeks of gestation), longer-term infant outcomes or costs. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: In this review, no clear benefit for COX inhibitors was shown over placebo or any other tocolytic agents. While some benefit was demonstrated in terms of postponement of birth for COX inhibitors over placebo and betamimetics and also maternal adverse effects over betamimetics and MgSO4, due to the limitations of small numbers, minimal data on safety, lack of longer-term outcomes and generally low quality of the studies included in this review, we conclude that there is insufficient evidence on which to base decisions about the role of COX inhibition for women in preterm labour. Further well-designed tocolytic studies are required to determine short- and longer-term infant benefit of COX inhibitors over placebo and other tocolytics, particularly CCBs and ORAs. Another important focus for future studies is identifying whether COX-2 inhibitors are superior to non-selective COX inhibitors. All future studies on tocolytics for women in preterm labour should assess longer-term effects into early childhood and also costs.

Análise comparativa entre as habilidades sociais dos estudantes de jornalismo e de fonoaudiologia / Comparative analysis between the social skills students of journalism and of speech pathology

OBJETIVO: comparar o repertório de habilidades sociais de estudantes de Jornalismo e de Fonoaudiologia. MÉTODOS: participaram desta pesquisa 189 estudantes, sendo 89 do curso de Jornalismo (63 mulheres e 26 homens), com idades variando entre de 18 e 28 anos, e 100 de curso de Fonoaudiologia (96 mulheres e 4 homens) com idades entre 18 a 31 anos. Todos os participantes responderam ao Inventário de Habilidades Sociais. RESULTADOS: os estudantes de Fonoaudiologia demonstraram o repertório de habilidades sociais classificado como "Bom acima da média" para habilidades sociais de comunicação (F1), de civilidade (F2), empáticas (F4) e de trabalho (F5) e classificado como "Bastante elaborado" para as habilidades sociais assertivas de enfrentamento (F3) e escore global. Os estudantes de Jornalismo apresentaram a classificação "Bom abaixo da média" para habilidades sociais de civilidade (F2) e "Bom acima da média" para as habilidades sociais de comunicação (F1), assertivas de enfrentamento (F3), empáticas (F4), de trabalho (F5) e escore global. As análises estatísticas demonstraram diferença estatisticamente significante (p=0,001) entre os alunos dos cursos de Fonoaudiologia e Jornalismo no escore global e para as habilidades sociais de civilidade (F2) e de trabalho (F5), com melhores resultados dos estudantes Fonoaudiologia. CONCLUSÃO: os estudantes de Fonoaudiologia apresentaram melhor desempenho nas habilidades sociais representado pelo escore global e de modo específico nas habilidades sociais de civilidade e de trabalho. .

PURPOSE: to compare the repertoire of social skills of students of Journalism and Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences. METHODS: 189 students participated in this study, i.e., 89 students of Journalism (63 females and 26 males), aged between 18 and 28 years, and 100 students of speech, language and hearing sciences (96 females and 4 males) with ages varying between 18 and 31 years. The Social Skills Inventory was applied to all of them. RESULTS: speech, language and hearing sciences students demonstrated social skills rated as "good above average" for social communication skills (F1), civility (F2), empathy (F4), work (F5) and as "rather elaborate" for assertive coping skills (F3) and overall score. Journalism students presented were rated as "Good below average" for civility social skills (F2) and "Good above average " for social communication skills (F1), assertive coping (F3), empathy (F4), work (F5) and overall score. The results showed a statistically significant difference (p=0,001) in the social skills of civility (F2), work (F5) and overall score. CONCLUSIONS: the students of speech, language and hearing sciences performed better than the journalism students in the social skills of civility (F2), work (F5) and overall score. .

Naps are associated more commonly with gastroesophageal reflux, compared with nocturnal sleep.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Acid reflux during nighttime sleep has been associated with more severe gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Napping is common, especially after lunch time, in many cultures. We aimed to compare reflux characteristics between nighttime sleep and naps in patients with GERD. METHODS: We performed a study of 15 patients (mean age, 58.5 ± 18.4 y; 10 men) with heartburn and/or regurgitation at least 3 times/week for the past 3 months, who experienced a nap in addition to regular nighttime sleep. All were evaluated using the demographics and GERD Symptoms Checklist questionnaires. Patients underwent pH testing concomitantly with actigraphy when they were not receiving antireflux treatment; only patients with abnormal results from pH tests were included in the study. Raw data from actigraphy analyses were superimposed over those collected from pH monitoring, matched by time. Integrative software was used to determine recumbent-awake, recumbent-asleep, and naps alongside pH monitoring data. RESULTS: The mean duration of nocturnal sleep time and nap time were 446.0 ± 100.7 minutes and 61.9 ± 51.8 minutes, respectively. The mean number of reflux events per hour was significantly greater during nap than nocturnal sleep time (40.1 ± 69.9/h vs 3.5 ± 4.2/h; P < .05). The mean duration of reflux events was longer during nap than nocturnal sleep time (1.9 ± 2.8 min vs 1.5 ± 2.7 min). The percentage of time spent at a pH less than 4 was significantly greater during naptime than nocturnal sleep time (36.2% ± 38.8% vs 8.9% ± 11.6%; P < .05). Arousals from naps were rare, compared with nocturnal sleep (mean, 0.7 ± 1.1 vs 4.2 ± 2.9; P < .05). Patients also experienced more acid reflux associated with symptoms during nap than nocturnal sleep (mean, 8.08% vs 0.45%; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: We associated naps with significantly greater numbers of, and duration of, esophageal acid exposure and symptoms, compared with nocturnal sleep. Naps therefore might have important effects on disease severity.

Treatment of esophageal motility disorders based on the chicago classification.

OPINION STATEMENT: The Chicago Classification divides esophageal motor disorders based on the recorded value of the integrated relaxation pressure (IRP). The first group includes those with an elevated mean IRP that is associated with peristaltic abnormalities such as achalasia and esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction. The second group includes those with a normal mean IRP that is associated with esophageal hypermotility disorders such as distal esophageal spasm, hypercontractile esophagus (jackhammer esophagus), and hypertensive peristalsis (nutcracker esophagus). The third group includes those with a normal mean IRP that is associated with esophageal hypomotility peristaltic abnormalities such as absent peristalsis, weak peristalsis with small or large breaks, and frequent failed peristalsis. The therapeutic options vary greatly between the different groups of esophageal motor disorders. In achalasia patients, potential treatment strategies comprise medical therapy (calcium channel blockers, nitrates, and phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors), endoscopic procedures (botulinum toxin A injection, pneumatic dilation, or peroral endoscopic myotomy) or surgery (Heller myotomy). Patients with a normal IRP and esophageal hypermotility disorder are candidates for medical therapy (nitrates, calcium channel blockers, phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors, cimetropium/ipratropium bromide, proton pump inhibitors, benzodiazepines, tricyclic antidepressants, trazodone, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors), endoscopic procedures (botulinum toxin A injection and peroral endoscopic myotomy), or surgery (Heller myotomy). Lastly, in patients with a normal IRP and esophageal hypomotility disorder, treatment is primarily focused on controlling the presence of gastroesophageal reflux with proton pump inhibitors and lifestyle modifications (soft and liquid diet and eating in the upright position) to address patient's dysphagia.