Improved serodiagnosis of histoplasmosis by use of deglycosylated extracellular released antigens of Histoplasma capsulatum.

The diagnosis of histoplasmosis depends on various approaches: direct clinical examination, fungus isolation from cultures of clinical samples, histopathological evaluation, and serological testing. In serodiagnostic assays, the Histoplasma capsulatum H and M antigenic glycoproteins have been extensively used. However, both antigens showed limitations attributed mainly to their cross-reactivity with glycoproteins from other pathogenic fungi, which compromises specificity, and generates false positives, misdiagnosis, and therapeutic failure. In this work, we deglycosylated extracellular released antigens from the Venezuelan 7090 H. capsulatum clinical isolate, using chemical and enzymatic methods and evaluated their effectiveness by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with sera from patients with either histoplasmosis or PCM. Prior to deglycosylation, the extracellular released antigen showed 62% of sensitivity 66% of specificity and 68% of cross-reactivity with paracoccidioidomicosis sera. The chemically deglycosylated extracellular released antigen, for 8 or 18  h showed 72 and 52% sensitivity with 98% and 92% specificity, respectively. Moreover, cross-reactivity with Paracoccidioides decreased to 4 and 16%, following deglycosylation for 8 or 18 h, respectively. The enzymatically treated antigen showed 52% of sensitivity, 92% of specificity and 8% cross-reactivity against Paracoccidioides. Deglycosylation of the H. capsulatum antigen improves its specificity and decreases its cross-reactivity against Paracoccidioides when using indirect ELISA for serodiagnosis. Therefore, it is recommended to deglycosylate the fungal extracellular released antigen for clinical serodiagnosis, and to monitor humoral immune responses during therapy of patients with the different clinical forms of histoplasmosis.

Infección natural por Trypanosoma cruzi en triatominos que habitan en la palma corozo ( Acrocomia aculeta ) en regiones del oriente de Venezuela / Triatominae in Palm Trees and Their Natural Infection by Trypanosoma cruzi in Regions of Eastern Venezuela

RESUMEN Objetivos Conocer la infestación natural por triatominos y su infección por Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) en Acrocomia aculeata (A. aculeata) o palma corozo en el estado Anzoátegui, Venezuela. Materiales y métodos Se estudió la infestación triatomínica y su infección por T. cruzi en A. aculeata desafectadas en campañas fitosanitarias. La presencia del parásito se determinó por microscopia y PCR-kDNA, y se realizó su caracterización mediante marcadores moleculares. Resultados Se encontraron 14 palmeras con infestación triatomínica, el 48,8 % de los ejemplares correspondieron a Rhodnius prolixus y el 48,2 % a Triatoma maculata, con desarrollo ontogénico hacia el adulto. Las pruebas parasitológicas y moleculares, su morfología típica y la infección en el modelo murino revelaron la presencia de T. cruzi en 54,8 % en promedio, para ambas especies de triatominos, con circulación del genotipo TcI de T. cruzi. Conclusiónes Se reportó para el estado Anzoátegui en Venezuela, la infestación de palma corozo con Rhodnius prolixus y Triatoma maculata y la presencia de subpoblaciones TcI de T. cruzi, siendo esta palma el hábitat peridomiciliar del binomio triatominos-T. cruzi y posible bioindicador de riesgo de infección para poblaciones humanas circunvecinas.

ABSTRACT Introduction To know the natural infestation by triatominae and their infection by Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) in Acrocomia Aculeata (A. aculeata) or coyol palm in the state of Anzoátegui, Venezuela. Materials and Methods Triatominic infestation and its infection by T. cruzi was studied in non-affected A. aculeata in phytosanitary campaigns. The presence of the parasite was determined by microscopy and PCR-kDNA, and its characterization was made by means of molecular markers. Results Fourteen palm trees with triatominic infestation were found; 48.8% of the individuals corresponded to Rhodnius prolixus and 48.2% to Maculata Triatoma, with ontogenetic development towards adult. The parasitology and molecular tests, their typical morphology and the infection in the murine model revealed the presence of T. cruzi in an average of 54,8%, for both species of triatominae, with circulation of the TcI genotype of T. cruzi. Conclusions The infestation of coyol palm trees with Rhodnius prolixus and Maculata Triatoma was reported for the state of Anzoátegui in Venezuela, as well as the presence of TcI sub-populations of T. cruzi, being this palm tree the peridomicilar habitat of the triatominae-T. cruzi binomial and possible bioindicador of risk of infection for surrounding human populations.

[Triatominae in Palm Trees and Their Natural Infection by Trypanosoma cruzi in Regions of Eastern Venezuela]. / Infección natural por Trypanosoma cruzi en triatominos que habitan en la palma corozo ( Acrocomia aculeta ) en regiones del oriente de Venezuela.

INTRODUCTION: To know the natural infestation by triatominae and their infection by Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) in Acrocomia Aculeata (A. aculeata) or coyol palm in the state of Anzoátegui, Venezuela. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Triatominic infestation and its infection by T. cruzi was studied in non-affected A. aculeata in phytosanitary campaigns. The presence of the parasite was determined by microscopy and PCR-kDNA, and its characterization was made by means of molecular markers. RESULTS: Fourteen palm trees with triatominic infestation were found; 48.8% of the individuals corresponded to Rhodnius prolixus and 48.2% to Maculata Triatoma, with ontogenetic development towards adult. The parasitology and molecular tests, their typical morphology and the infection in the murine model revealed the presence of T. cruzi in an average of 54,8%, for both species of triatominae, with circulation of the TcI genotype of T. cruzi. CONCLUSIONS: The infestation of coyol palm trees with Rhodnius prolixus and Maculata Triatoma was reported for the state of Anzoátegui in Venezuela, as well as the presence of TcI sub-populations of T. cruzi, being this palm tree the peridomicilar habitat of the triatominae-T. cruzi binomial and possible bioindicador of risk of infection for surrounding human populations.

OBJETIVOS: Conocer la infestación natural por triatominos y su infección por Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) en Acrocomia aculeata (A. aculeata) o palma corozo en el estado Anzoátegui, Venezuela. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se estudió la infestación triatomínica y su infección por T. cruzi en A. aculeata desafectadas en campañas fitosanitarias. La presencia del parásito se determinó por microscopia y PCR-kDNA, y se realizó su caracterización mediante marcadores moleculares. RESULTADOS: Se encontraron 14 palmeras con infestación triatomínica, el 48,8 % de los ejemplares correspondieron a Rhodnius prolixus y el 48,2 % a Triatoma maculata, con desarrollo ontogénico hacia el adulto. Las pruebas parasitológicas y moleculares, su morfología típica y la infección en el modelo murino revelaron la presencia de T. cruzi en 54,8 % en promedio, para ambas especies de triatominos, con circulación del genotipo TcI de T. cruzi. CONCLUSIÓNES: Se reportó para el estado Anzoátegui en Venezuela, la infestación de palma corozo con Rhodnius prolixus y Triatoma maculata y la presencia de subpoblaciones TcI de T. cruzi, siendo esta palma el hábitat peridomiciliar del binomio triatominos-T. cruzi y posible bioindicador de riesgo de infección para poblaciones humanas circunvecinas.

[Serological diagnosis of sporotrichosis using an antigen of Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto mycelium]. / Diagnóstico serológico de la esporotricosis mediante el empleo del antígeno de micelio de Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto.

We developed and analyzed an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) in order to detect antibodies in sera from sporotrichosis patients. We used a crude antigen of Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto, obtained from the mycelial phase of the fungi. Positive sera were analyzed by other serological techniques such as double immunodiffusion (IGG) and counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE). The assay was validated by using sera from patients with other pathologies such as: histoplasmosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, lupus and healthy individuals as negative controls. For the Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto antigen, we found a 100% of specificity by every technique and sensitivity higher than 98% with IDD, CIE and ELISA. Our results show a high sensitivity and specificity for the Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto antigen, so it can be used for IDD, CIE and ELISA. The results suggest that this antigen could be used in conjunction with other conventional tests for differential diagnosis and may be useful for monitoring the disease progression and response to treatment.

Diagnóstico serológico de la esporotricosis mediante el empleo del antígeno de micelio de Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto / Serological diagnosis of sporotrichosis using an antigen of Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto mycelium

En este estudio se desarrolló y se evaluó el ensayo por inmunoabsorción ligado a enzimas (ELISA), para la detección de anticuerpos en sueros de pacientes con esporotricosis, para lo cual se empleó un antígeno crudo de Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto obtenido a partir de la forma micelial. Los sueros positivos para esporotricosis fueron ensayados por otras técnicas serológicas: inmunodifusión doble (IDD) y contrainmunoelectroforesis (CIE). El ensayo fue validado utilizando sueros de otras patologías como histoplasmosis, paracoccidioidomicosis, tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, lupus y sueros de individuos sanos como controles negativos. Se encontró una especificidad de 100 % con las técnicas utilizadas y una sensibilidad del antígeno de S.schenckii sensu stricto, por encima del 98% para IDD, CIE y ELISA. Estos resultados demuestran la alta sensibilidad y especificidad del antígeno de S. schenckii sensu stricto, para el diagnóstico de la esporotricosis, empleando las técnicas de IDD, CIE y ELISA. Los resultados sugieren, que este antígeno podría ser usado en conjunto con otras pruebas convencionales para el diagnóstico diferencial y puede ser útil para monitorizar la evolución de la enfermedad y respuesta al tratamiento.

We developed and analyzed an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) in order to detect antibodies in sera from sporotrichosis patients. We used a crude antigen of Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto, obtained from the mycelial phase of the fungi. Positive sera were analyzed by other serological techniques such as double immunodiffusion (IGG) and counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE). The assay was validated by using sera from patients with other pathologies such as: histoplasmosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, lupus and healthy individuals as negative controls. For the Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto antigen, we found a 100% of specificity by every technique and sensitivity higher than 98% with IDD, CIE and ELISA. Our results show a high sensitivity and specificity for the Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto antigen, so it can be used for IDD, CIE and ELISA. The results suggest that this antigen could be used in conjunction with other conventional tests for differential diagnosis and may be useful for monitoring the disease progression and response to treatment.

Myopathy in patients with Hashimoto's disease.

Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) is an autoimmune disease of the thyroid gland. Patients may present or not a hypothyroid state, and frequently have manifestations of myopathy. The present work was aimed to assess the clinical symptoms and signs of skeletal muscle alterations in HT, describe the muscular pathological changes and relate them to the functional thyroid status and to the autoimmune condition of the patient. Clinical and laboratory studies were performed in ten HT patients and three control subjects (hormonal levels and electromyography). Biopsies from their vastus lateralis of quadriceps femoris muscle were analyzed under light (histochemistry and immunofluorescense) and electron microscopy. All patients showed muscle focal alterations, ranging from moderate to severe atrophy, necrosis, activation of satellite cells, presence of autophagosomes, capillary alterations and macrophage and mast cell infiltration, common to autoimmune diseases. The intensity of clinical signs and symptoms was not related to the morphological muscle findings, the electromyography results, or to the state of the thyroid function. Reactions for immunoglobulin in muscle fibers were positive in 80% of the patients. Fiber type II proportion was increased in all patients, with the exception of those treated with L-thyroxine. In conclusion, autoimmune processes in several of the patients may be associated to the skeletal muscle alterations, independently of the functional state of the thyroid gland; however, fiber II type proportion could have been normalized by L-thyroxine treatment.

Myopathy in patients with Hashimoto´s Disease. / Miopatía en pacientes con enfermedad de Hashimoto

Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) is an autoimmune disease of the thyroid gland. Patients may present or not a hypothyroid state, and frequently have manifestations of myopathy. The present work was aimed to assess the clinical symptoms and signs of skeletal muscle alterations in HT, describe the muscular pathological changes and relate them to the functional thyroid status and to the autoimmune condition of the patient. Clinical and laboratory studies were performed in ten HT patients and three control subjects (hormonal levels and electromyography). Biopsies from their vastus lateralis of quadriceps femoris muscle were analyzed under light (histochemistry and immunofluorescense) and electron microscopy. All patients showed muscle focal alterations, ranging from moderate to severe atrophy, necrosis, activation of satellite cells, presence of autophagosomes, capillary alterations and macrophage and mast cell infiltration, common to autoimmune diseases. The intensity of clinical signs and symptoms was not related to the morphological muscle findings, the electromyography results, or to the state of the thyroid function. Reactions for immunoglobulin in muscle fibers were positive in 80% of the patients. Fiber type II proportion was increased in all patients, with the exception of those treated with L-thyroxine. In conclusion, autoimmune processes in several of the patients may be associated to the skeletal muscle alterations, independently of the functional state of the thyroid gland; however, fiber II type proportion could have been normalized by L-thyroxine treatment.

La tiroiditis de Hashimoto (TH) es una enfermedad autoinmune de la glándula tiroides. Los pacientes pueden tener o no un estado hipotiroideo y suelen presentar manifestaciones de miopatía. Este trabajo estudia los síntomas y signos clínicos de alteración muscular esquelética que puedan estar presentes en pacientes con TH, describe los cambios patológicos musculares y los relaciona con el estado funcional de la glándula tiroides y la condición autoinmune del paciente. Diez pacientes y tres sujetos controles fueron examinados clínicamente, se midieron los niveles de hormonas tiroideas, se practicó electromiografía y se tomó biopsia del vasto lateral del músculo cuádriceps crural para microscopía de luz (histoquímica e inmunofluorescencia) y microscopía electrónica. Todos los pacientes mostraron alteraciones musculares focales, atrofia moderada a severa, presencia de autofagosomas (glucogenosomas), necrosis, activación de las células satélites, infiltración de macrófagos y mastocitos, así como alteraciones en los capilares, similares a las de las enfermedades autoinmunes. La intensidad de los signos y síntomas no estuvo relacionada con los hallazgos morfológicos en músculo, los resultados de la electromiografía ni con el estado funcional tiroideo. La reacción a las inmunoglobulinas fue positiva en el músculo de 80% de los pacientes. La proporción de fibras musculares tipo II estuvo incrementada en los pacientes excepto en aquellos que recibieron tratamiento con L-tiroxina. En conclusión, el proceso autoinmune hacia el músculo parece asociarse a las alteraciones en éste, independientemente del estado funcional tiroideo, sin embargo, la proporción de las fibras tipo II puede haber sido normalizada por el tratamiento con L-tiroxina.

Ultrastructural study on tissue alterations caused by trypanosomatids in experimental murine infections.

The ultrastructural study in different tissues of mice experimentally infected with isolates of Trypanosoma evansi, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Leishmania mexicana reveals changes in cardiac myocytes, skeletal muscle fibers, and hepatic, adrenal, kidney, and spleen cells. Some of these changes were cytoarchitectural and others consisted of necrosis. Alterations in the microvasculature were also found. The mononuclear cell infiltrate included neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages. This work shows that diverse mice tissues are important target for trypanosomatids.

Morfometría ultraestructural de la glándula adrenal de ratones infectados experimentalmente con dos aislados venezolanos de trypanosoma evansi / Ultrastructural morphometry of the adrenal gland of mice experimentally infected with two Venezuelan isolates of trypanosoma evansi

Este trabajo describe cualitativamente y analiza cuantitativamente las variaciones ultraestructurales de la glándula adrenal de ratones durante el desarrollo de infecciones murinas experimentales por dos aislados venezolanos de Trypanosoma evansi, uno proveniente de asno y otro de caballo. Las modificaciones submicroscópicas observadas incluyeron alteraciones en el retículo endoplasmático liso, mitocondrias, gotas lipídicas, aparato de Golgi y núcleo. También se apreciaron alteraciones en el número de vesículas de epinefrina, norepinefrina, gránulos de lipofucsina y presencia singular de figuras mielínicas. Estos cambios ultraestructurales estarían asociados a problemas metabólicos que inducirían la muerte de los animales infectados. El estudio cuantitativo demostró diferencias significativas en las características y las magnitudes del daño causado por ambos aislados, siendo el tripanosoma proveniente de caballo más patogénico. El análisis multivariante de los cambios submicroscópicos discriminó la acción patogénica en la glándula adrenal de tripanosomas de la misma especie que provienen de hábitats diferentes (Equus asinus y E. caballus) y de zonas geográficas distintas (estado Apure y estado Guárico).

This work describes qualitatively and analyzes quantitatively the ultrastructural variations of the mice adrenal gland during the development of murine experimental infections by two Venezuelan isolates of Trypanosoma evansi, one de rived from a donkey and another from a horse. The submicroscopic modifications included modifications in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lipid droplets, Golgi apparatus, and nucleus. Alterations in the number of epinephrine, norepinephrine vesicles, and lipofuscin granules and singular myelin-like figures were also observed. Such ultrastructural changes would be associated to metabolic problems including the infected animal’s death. The quantitative study demonstrated significant differences in the characteristics and magnitude of the damage caused by both isolates, being more pathogenic the horse derived trypanosome. The multivariate analysis of the submicroscopic changes discriminated the pathogenic action of trypanosomes of the same species coming from different habitats (Equus asinus and E. caballus) and different geographic zones (Apure state and Guarico state) in the adrenal gland.

Expresión de HSP60 en infecciones murinas experimentales por Trypanosoma evansi / HSP60 expression in experimental murine infections by Trypanosoma evansi

La inducción de la síntesis de proteínas de choque térmico ha sido relacionada con la defensa del organismo frente a infecciones diversas. Este trabajo examina la acumulación de Hsp60 en Mus musculus infectados experimentalmente con un aislado equinos de Trypanosoma evansi, agente etiológico de la “derrengadera” en los Llanos venezolanos. Ratones NMRI (♀; 20 gr de peso corporal), normales e inmunosuprimidos (ciclofosfamida; 250 mg/kg) fueron inoculados intradermicamente con 1 tripomastigote/gr de peso corporal. La acumulación de Hsp60 se determinó mediante Western blot con el uso de un anticuerpo monoclonal en muestras de plasma obtenidas cada cuatro días post-inoculación. Los niveles de parasitemia también fueron registrados. Se observa acumulación diferencial y variable de Hsp60 que se correlaciona la parasitemia y la condición inmune del hospedador. Los resultados sugieren un control inmunológico en la regulación de la expresión de Hsp60, cuyos patrones de expresión dependen de la condición fisiológica del hospedador y los niveles de parasitemia.

Heat shock protein induction has been related to organism defense in diverse kinds of infection. This investigation examines Hsp60 accumulation in Mus musculus infected ex - perimentally with Trypanosoma evansi isolated from horse. This parasite is the causal agent of the “derrengadera” in Venezuelan planes. Normal and immunosupressed (cyclophosphamide( 250 mg/kg).) NMRI mice (♂; 20 gr body weight) were intra-dermal inoculated with 1 trypomastigote/ gr body weight; control groups were injected with distillated water in the same conditions. Hsp60 accumulation was analyzed by Western blot with a monoclonal antibody in plasma samples obtained each four days post-inoculation. Parasitemia levels were also registered. We observed a differential accumulation of Hsp60, which correlates with pa - rasitemia and immune conditions of the host. These results suggest an immunological control of Hsp60 expression that depends on the physiological condition of the host and parasitemia.

Análisis cuantitativo del crecimiento y cambio morfométrico en poblaciones de Leishmania chagasi y Trypanosoma cruzi mantenidos en cultivos axénicos puros y mixtos / Quantitative approach to the analysis of the growth and morphometric change in populations of Leishmania chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi maintained in pure and mixed axenic cultures

Las relaciones que se establecen entre géneros de la familia trypanosomatidae en condiciones de coexistencia en el mismo medioambiente pueden estar vinculadas a respuestas compensatorias inter-poblacionales que incluyen cambios morfológicos (diferentes estadios) y morfométricos (diferencias mensurables). El análisis cuantitativo de tales respuestas en cultivos axénicos puros de Leishmania chagasi y trypanosoma cruzi, así como en isomezclas axénicas de L. chagasi-T. cruzi mantenidas in vitro, no ha sido abordado, desconociéndose por lo tanto, particularidades biológicas. Muestras interdiarias de cultivo se fijaron, colorearon, observaron, digitalizaron y procesaron cuantitativamente. Además de cuantificar las densidades poblacionales, se registraron las magnitudes numéricas de variables morfométricas que, posteriormente, se analizaron con herramientas estadísticas. Los resultados indicaron cambios específicos en las variables investigadas, así como heterogeneidad morfométrica entre los mismos morfotipos de los mismos géneros al ser mantenidos en cultivos puros o mixtos. Los modelos de cambio morfométrico de L. chagasi y T. cruzi en cultivos puros difieren de los modelos de cambio morfométrico en los cultivos mixtos (L. chagasi-T. cruzi). Las metodologías biométricas discriminan, en términos morfométricos, poblaciones del mismo estadio (morfotipo) en ambientes diferentes.

The relations established among genera of the Trypanosomatidae family in coexisting conditions in the same environment may be linked to inter-population compensatory answers that include morphological (differences among stages) and morphometrical (measurable difference) changes. The quantitative analysis of these answers in Leishmania chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi pure axenic cultures, as well as in L. chagasi - T. cruzi axenic iso-mixtures in vitro maintained has not been approached, and consequently, potentially useful biological particularities in the control of these important human parasites are unknown. Every other day culture samples were fixed, stained, observed, digitalized and quantitatively processed. In addition to quantify, the population densities and the appearance-disappearance stage (morphotypes) dynamics, the numeric magnitudes of the morphometric variables were recorded and later analyzed with multivariate statistical techniques. The results indicate specific changes in the investigated variables, as well as morphometric heterogeneity between the same morphotypes of the same genera when maintained in pure or mixed cultivation. The morphometric change models for L. chagasi and T. cruzi in pure culture differ from the models of morphometric change in mixed cultivation (L. chagasi-T. cruzi). The biometric methodologies discriminate in morphometric terms populations of the same stage (morfotype) in different environments.

Activities against hemostatic proteins and adrenal gland ultrastructural changes caused by the brown widow spider Latrodectus geometricus (Araneae: Theridiidae) venom.

Brown widow spider (BrWS) (Latrodectus geometricus) venom produces intense systemic reactions such as cramps, harsh muscle nociceptive, nauseas, vomiting and hypertension. The proposed pathogenic mechanisms resulting in these accidents have principally been damages occurring at the nervous system. However, it is suspected that there is also damage of the adrenal glands, as a result of the experimental animal's clinical manifestations, which developed symptoms compatible with acute adrenal insufficiency. We have currently found that the adrenal gland is damaged by this venom gland homogenates (VGH) producing severe alterations on cortex cells resulting in death by acute adrenal insufficiency. In general, the ultrastructural study on the glands of mice under transmission electronic microscopy observations showed alterations in the majority of the intracellular membranes within 3 to 24h. BrWSVGH also showed specific actions on extracellular matrix proteins such as fibronectin, laminin and fibrinogen. In addition, zymogram experiments using gelatin as substrates detected gelatinolytic activity. The molecular exclusion fractionation of crude BrWSVGH resulted in 15 fractions, of which F1 and F2 presented alpha/beta-fibrinogenase and fibronectinolytic activities. Fractions F6, F14 and F15 showed only alpha-fibrinogenase activity; in contrast, the gelatinolytic action was only observed in fraction F11. Only metalloproteinase inhibitors abolished all these proteolytic activities. Our results suggest that adrenal cortex lesions may be relevant in the etiopathogenesis of severe brown widow spider envenoming. To our knowledge, this is the first report on adrenal gland damages, fibrinogenolytic activity and interrelations with cell-matrix adhesion proteins caused by L.geometricus VGH. The venom of this spider could be inducing hemostatic system damages on envenomed patients.

Ultraestructura renal en infecciones murinas experimentales con un aislado venezolano de Trypanosoma evansi / Renal ultrastructure in experimental murine infections with a Venezuelan isolate of Trypanosoma evansi

Infecciones murinas experimentales con un aislado venezolano de Trypanosoma evansi ocasionan cambios ma - cros copicos y ultraestructurales en el rinon de los ratones. La modificacion macroscopica se restringe a palidez progresiva del organo. Por su parte, las alteraciones ultraestructurales incluyen incremento del grosor de la membrana basal glomerular, asi como del espesor de la membrana basal de los tubulos contorneados proximales, cambios en la colocacion y el agrupamiento de las mitocondrias asociadas a la lamina basal, asi como extenso deterioro epitelial. Los tripanosomas intravasculares fueron detectados en la circulacion renal a partir de dia 9 post-infeccion. Se discute al respecto del dano glomerular, sugiriendo que las alteraciones submicroscopicas debilitarian la funcion tubular, contribuyendo mediante un proceso nefritico al desarrollo de una falla renal aguda que culminaria con la muerte del hospedador experimental. La significancia de los cambios ultraestructurales fue corroborada estadisticamente.

Murine experimental inoculations with a Venezuelan isolate of Trypanosoma evansi cause macroscopic and ultrastructural changes in the kidney of the infected animals. The macroscopic modifications are restricted to the progressive paleness of the organ. By its part, the ultrastructural alterations include thickness enlargement of the glomerular basal and the proximal tubule basal membranes, changes in the mitochondrial grouping and layout close to the basal membrane, as well as extensive epithelial damage. Intra vascu - lar trypanosomes were seen in the renal circulation from day 9 post-infection and on. The glomerular injury is discussed, suggesting that submicroscopic alterations could weaken the tubular function contributing through a nephritic process with the development of an acute renal failure culminating in the experimental host¡¦s death. The significance of the sequential increasing ultrastructural changes was statistically corroborated.

Leishmania chagasi y Trypanosoma cruzi: Conducta trófica en cultivos axénicos puros y mixtos / Leishmania chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi: Trophic behavior in pure and mixed axenic cultures

El mecanismo adaptativo entre Leishmania y Trypanosoma ante la competencia por los recursos nutricionales en ambientes compartidos ha sido pobremente investigado. En particular, el estudio de la conducta trófica entre Leishmania chagasi y Trypanosoma cruzi podría contribuir al entendimiento de situaciones de gran relevancia médica en humanos, como son las infecciones mixtas por ambos tripanosomatídeos. En este trabajo se establecieron cultivos axénicos puros de Leishmania chagasi y Trypanosoma cruzi, así como cultivos axénicos mixtos (L. chagasi + T. cruzi) en médio BHI. Se registraron los cambios de dinámica poblacional (organismos por mililitro), la evolución de la estructura de las poblaciones, las variaciones de las concentraciones de colesterol, glucosa y proteínas totales, así como los cambios de pH en el medio de cultivo. El manejo cuantitativo de los conjuntos numéricos generados experimentalmente se abordó con técnicas univariadas (Análisis de la Varianza) y multivariadas (Análisis Discriminante Múltiple). Los resultados demuestran diferencias estadísticas significativas entre las medias de los parámetros considerados y prueban que el comportamiento “in vitro” investigado en el cultivo mixto L. chagasi – T. cruzi difiere taxativamente del estudiado en los cultivos puros de L. chagasi y T. Cruzi

The adaptive mechanisms betweenLeishmania and Trypanosoma facing the competencefor the nutritional resources in shared environmentshave been poorly investigated. Particularly, thestudy of the trophic behavior between Leishmaniachagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi could contribute tothe understanding of relevant medical situations, asmixed human infections. In this work pure axeniccultures of Leishmania chagasi and Trypanosomacruzi, as well as mixed cultures (L. chagasi + T.cruzi) were established in BHI medium. Changes ofpopulation dynamics (organisms/mL), the evolutionof the population’s structure, the variations of theconcentration of cholesterol, glucose and total proteins,as well as the changes of the medium’s pH wereregistered. The generated numerical sets were tackledwith univariate (Analysis of Variance) and multivariate(Multiple Discriminant Analysis) techniques. Theresults demonstrate significant statistical differencesbetween the media of the considered parameters andprove that the “in vitro” behavior investigated in theL. chagasi – T. cruzi mixed culture precisely differsfrom the L. chagasi and T. cruzi pure cultures

Análisis ultraestructural del músculo levator auris longus de ratón intoxicado in vivo por la neurotoxina botulínica tipo A / Ultrastructural analysis of mouse levator auris longus muscle intoxicated in vivo by botulinum neurotoxin type A

En este estudio investigamos los cambios ultraestructurales a corto y largo plazo provocados por la toxina botulínica tipo A inyectada a dosis sub-letales in vivo en el levator auris longus de ratones. La neurotoxina actuó temporalmente sobre los terminales nerviosos e indujo una parálisis generalizada que afectó la morfología de la preparación neuromuscular estudiada influyendo sobre: tamaño y complejidad de la terminación nerviosa, población vesicular, apariencia de las mitocondrias, fisonomía de las células de Schwann, desarrollo y distribución de los pliegues de la membrana postsináptica, y morfología de los núcleos de los diferentes elementos de la placa motora. Además, la cantidad de tejido conectivo endomisial aumentó significativamente con relación a los casos control, siendo estos cambios marcados en las primeras semanas. Entre los 20 y 25 días, período correspondiente al proceso de recuperación observamos terminales nerviosos de apariencia variable, unos completamente degenerados rodeados por restos de prolongaciones de células de Schwann y otros nuevos contactos caracterizados ultraestructuralmente por su pequeño calibre y población vesicular escasa, rodeadas parcialmente por la célula de Schwann, axones tempranamente mielinizados, pliegues sinápticos escasamente desarrollados. Sesenta días posteriores a la inyección, el axón terminal recobró su apariencia normal: las vesículas sinápticas llenaban el axoplasma, las mitocondrias exhibían crestas y densidades electrónicas de apariencia habitual. Se puede concluir que la toxina botulínica tipo A provoca fenómenos de desnervación en el nervio terminal y en los componentes de la placa motora. Las células de Schwann juegan un papel importante en la recuperación morfofuncional de los terminales nerviosos y en su degradación.

[Ultrastructural analysis of mouse levator auris longus muscle intoxicated in vivo by botulinum neurotoxin type A]. / Análisis ultraestructural del músculo levator auris longus de ratón intoxicado in vivo por la neurotoxina botulínica tipo A.

We studied the short and long term ultrastructural changes produced by botulinum neurotoxin type A injected in vivo, at a sublethal dose, in mouse levator auris longus muscle. The neurotoxin had a temporary effect on nerve terminals which consisted in a generalized paralysis, that affected the following features of the neuromuscular sample's morphology: size of the nerve terminals, vesicle population, mitochondrial appearance, Schwann cell's morphology, development and distribution of post-synaptic membrane folds, and nuclear morphology of the different elements of the motor end plate. Besides, the amount of endomysial connective tissue was significantly greater compared to non-intoxicated cases, and these changes were more notorious during the first couple of weeks. 20 to 25 days after the injection, during the recovery phase, we observed nerve terminals with a variable appearance: some completely degenerated, enveloped by Schwann cell processes, and new contacts characterized ultrastructurally for their small size, scarce vesicles, partially enveloped by Schwann cells, early myelinized axons and barely developed synaptic folds. Sixty days after the injection, the axon terminal recovered its normal appearance: synaptic vesicles filled the axon's cytoplasm, and the mitochondria showed normal appearing cristae and electronic densities. We conclude that botulinum neurotoxin type A produces changes related to denervation of the nerve terminals and affects the motor end plate components. Schwann cells play an important role both in the morphofuntional recovery of nerve terminals and in their degradation.