Biochemical markers as predictors of bone remodelling in dental disorders: a narrative description of literature.

Osteoporosis is a systemic disease in which the skeletal condition is characterized by a decreased mass of normally mineralized bone, due to an augmentation of bone resorption processes. Bone biomarkers serum are used for the diagnosis. On the other hand the main cause of the resorption in the bone jaws are periodontitis, inflammatory cysts, developmental cysts, odontogenic neoplasms. Periodontal diseases can be localized to a single site of the jaws or can affect all the teeth, with a massive bone resorption. The cysts are classified in developmental and inflammatory. They caused a local bone resorption in the jaws. Keratocystic odontogenic tumor produces a large bone resorption for its local aggressive nature. Their diagnosis is clinical and radiological.The aim of our review is to find a correlation between bone biomarkers serum and periodontitis, inflammatory cists, developmental cysts, odontogenetic neoplasms.The RANK/RANKL/OPG system is the most studied not only in osteoporosis but also in the periodontitis, inflammatory cysts, developmental cysts, odontogenic neoplasms. In the last years osteoimmunology was used to study the periodontal disease progression, because the immunity cells start the bone resorption processes.A lot of studies analyze the biomarkers present in the biofluids, as saliva and gingival crevicular fluid, but not the correlation with serum biomarkers.Future studies must be organized to deepen the correlation between bone biomarkers and bone jaws resorption and to allow diagnosis and prognosis of periodontitis, inflammatory cysts, developmental cysts, odontogenic neoplasms.

Bone regeneration in dentistry.

The edentulism of the jaws and the periodontal disease represent conditions that frequently leads to disruption of the alveolar bone. The loss of the tooth and of its bone of support lead to the creation of crestal defects or situation of maxillary atrophy. The restoration of a functional condition involves the use of endosseous implants who require adequate bone volume, to deal with the masticatory load. In such situations the bone need to be regenerated, taking advantage of the biological principles of osteogenesis, osteoinduction and osteoconduction. Several techniques combine these principles with different results, due to the condition of the bone base on which we operate changes, the surgical technique that we use, and finally for the bone metabolic conditions of the patient who can be in a state of systemic osteopenia or osteoporosis; these can also affect the result of jaw bone reconstruction.