Antiplatelet Action of Chloramine Derivatives of Adenosine Phosphates and Their Chemical Activity in Relation to Sulfur-Containing Compounds.

We studied the properties of N6-chloroadenosine phosphates (ATP, ADP, and AMP chloramines) as compounds with potentially increased antiplatelet efficacy determined by their binding to the plasma membrane of platelets. Chloramine derivatives of ATP, ADP, and AMP do not differ in their optical absorption characteristics: their absorption spectra are in the range of 220-340 nm with a maximum at 264 nm. Chloramines of adenosine phosphates are characterized by high reactivity with respect to thiol compounds. In particular, the rate constants of the reaction of N6-chloroadenosine-5'-diphosphate with N-acetylcysteine, reduced glutathione, dithiothreitol, and cysteine reach 59,000, 250,000, 340,000, and 1,250,000 M-1×sec-1, respectively, and only 1.10±0.02 M-1×sec-1 with methionine. It has been found that N6-chloradenosine-5'-triphosphate is a strong inhibitor of platelet functions: it effectively suppresses ADP-induced cell aggregation (IC50 in the whole blood is 5 µM) and inhibits aggregation of preactivated platelets and induces dissociation of their aggregates.

Inhibition of plasma coagulation and platelet aggregation with structural analogs of taurine chloramine.

We studied the effects of amide and N-alkyl analogs of taurine chloramine on rabbit plasma coagulation and platelet aggregation. Alkyl analog N-isopropyl-N-chlorotaurine produced greater increase in plasma coagulation time after its activation by the contact method or with thrombin than amide analog N-propionyl-N-chlorotaurine. In case of coagulation induced by the tissue factor, the test analogs produced similar effect. Inhibition of platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma under the effect of N-isopropyl-N-chlorotaurine depended on the nature of the agonist. Aggregation was suppressed stronger under conditions of collagen stimulation than in response to ADP agonist. Estimated partial charges of the chlorine atom in amide analogs were 5-fold higher than in N-alkyl analogs. This fact determined the difference in the chemoselective interaction with sulfur-containing amino acid residues in targets and the specific features of anticoagulation and antiaggregant effects of two analogs of taurine chloramine.

[Molecular characteristics and prediction of the reactive properties of the N-chlorotaurine analogs].

A number of molecular characteristics for the N-chlorotaurine structural analogs, amino acid chloramines and relative compounds have been computed by the ab initio method B3LYP/6-31G. In particular, the characteristics were the Mulliken atomic charges for the chloramine part and its adjacent atoms. A quantitative measure of the capabilities of the chloramines to react with the methionine sulfide group or sulfhydryl group of reduced glutathione was their reaction rate constants. The constants available in literature and determined in own experiments have been depicted with an exponential equation of multiple correlation. In the case of a reaction with methionine, the high determination coefficient (R2) was obtained with five independent variables. They were the charges of active chlorine, nitrogen, carbon bonded with nitrogen, a bond length between nitrogen and carbon atoms, and also molecular mass. The equation has been used to predict the rate constant values for the reaction between compounds that contain active chlorine and methionine. The prediction has showed that structural analogs of N-chlorotaurine bearing two methyl groups at beta-carbon of taurine are remarkable for the low value of the discussed rate constant.

[Covalent chloramine inhibitors of blood platelet functions: computational indices for their reactivity and antiplatelet activity].

The quantum mechanics computation of the reactivities of chloramine derivatives of amino acids and taurine has been accomplished. A pair of computational indices that reflect a predisposition of alpha amino acid chloramines to chemical decay have been revealed. One of the indices was the dihedral angle for the chain of four atoms: carbons at beta- and alpha-positions, carbon of the carboxyl group, and carbonyl oxygen. The second index was the sum of partial charges for three or two carbon atoms in the chain. The amino acid chloramines with high values of the indices showed enhanced stability. Partial charges for active chlorine in known chloramines having different structures have been computed. The charges correlate with the rate constants of the reaction between chloramines and the thiol group of reduced glutathione. New derivatives of taurine chloramines have been constructed via the introduction of different substituents into the chloramine part. Among them, the amidoderivatives had the greatest charges of active chlorine (0.19-0.23). It was found in the study of the reactions of N-acetyl-N-chlorotaurine and N-propyonyl-N-chlorotaurine with amino acids and peptides possessing the thiol, thioester, or disulphide groups that the amidoderivatives manifested the thiol chemoselectivity. N-Acetyl-N-chlorotaurine and N-propionyl-N-chlorotaurine suppress the aggregation activity of blood platelets under their activation by the agonists ADP and collagen. It is not excluded that the amidoderivatives studied prevent platelet aggregation by a modification of the critical thiol group in the purine receptor P2Y12.

[Amino acid chloramines and chlorimines as antiplatelet agents: reactive properties and mechanism of action].

Oxidative modifications of thiols, disulfide, and thioester atomic groups in proteins, peptides, and amino acids induced by chloramines or chloramine derivatives of amino acids and other reactive oxidants are considered. In the case of disulfide and thiol groups, production of sulfur-reactive groups may take place, such as disulphide S-oxides and sulphenic groups. Various chloramines and chloramines differently modify sulfur-containing groups. For example, N,N-dichlorotaurine rapidly modifies the thiolgroup in reduced glutathione and N-chloroglycine readily oxidizes the thioester group in methionine. Amino acid chloramines inhibit platelet aggregation by modifying S-containing centres. Autodecay of amino acid chloramines does not affect aggregation as follows from the absence of positive correlation between chloramines decay rate and antiplatelet activity. N,N-dichlorotaurine and its chlorimine derivatives are characterized by high stability and have good prospects as potential antiaggregants.

[The relatioship between decomposition of amino acid chloramines and their structures].

Rate constants of the decomposition of monoamine alpha-amino acid chloramine derivatives were determined by a spectrophotometeric method. Several amino acid chloramines with elevated stability have been found. These included n-chloroglycine, n-chlorovaline, n-chlorothreonine, and n-chloroisoleucine. Their molecular structures are characterized by some characteristic feature at the beta-position. In the case of glycine chloramine, carbon atom at this position is absent, and the chloramine derivatives of three other amino acids possess branched chains. Partial atomic charges of the electrostatic potential (Wang-Ford) for chloramines of alpha-amino acids were computed using the semiempirical quantum-mechanical method AM1. The chloramines with elevated stability have high positive sums of charges of three carbon atoms that are atoms at alpha- and beta-positions and a carboxyl group atom. High partial charge also was obtained for one carbon atom at the beta-position. These computational values may be employed for prediction of the stability of designed amino acid chloramines. One of the important predictions is that the highest atomic charges and stabilities are characteristics of the amino acid chloramines, in which all hydrogen atoms at the beta-position are replaced by carbon-hydrogen chains or hydroxyl groups.

Antiaggregant effect of taurine chloramines in the presence of serum albumin.

The effects of taurine chloramine derivatives on initial aggregation of isolated platelets suspended in buffered saline were studied. Inhibition of ADP-induced aggregation in pure cell suspension depended on the structure of chloramine antiaggregants. The most effective of them was N,N-dichlorotaurine; its concentration needed for 50% inhibition of aggregation was about 0.1 mM. Weaker antiaggregants N-chloro-N-methyltaurine and N-chlorotaurine in a final concentration of 0.5 mM reduced platelet aggregation by only 10%. The studied chloramines considerably differed by their characteristics (velocity of the reaction with sulfur-containing groups of atoms). N,N-dichlorotaurine exhibited the weakest reactivity with methionine thioester group. In turn, the velocity constant with reduced glutathione was by 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than that of other chloramines. Antiaggregant effect of taurine chloramine derivatives was 2-fold higher in the presence of serum albumin, presumably due to special interactions of taurine chloramines in complex with albumin with platelets.

[Initial selectivity of the antiplatelet covalent action of biogenic chloramines on platelet-rich plasma].

To describe in full the peculiarities of the antiplatelet action of covalent inhibitors on platelet-rich plasma, we have proposed to take into account the initial selectivity that determines the elevated efficacy of inactivation of platelet molecular target (receptor). The quantitative index of initial selectivity is the ratio of rate constant of inactivation of the platelet molecular target to the rate constant of the chemical reaction of an inhibitor with reactive atomic groups in plasma proteins. For the important case of the domination of the inhibitor expenditure in the reaction with plasma proteins, a formula was derived which depicts the dependence of the share of inactivated targets on the concentration of the inhibitor introduced and reactive atomic groups contained in plasma. In the case of chloramine derivatives of amino acids, evidence was obtained indicating that the degree of inhibition of platelet aggregation measured by the turbidimetric method is equal to the square of the share of inactivated receptors. The index of initial selectivity can be evaluated by measuring the degree of inhibition of platelet aggregation and the operating concentration of the inhibitor. According to experimental evidence, the effects of a number of chloramine derivatives of amino acids (biochloramines) on aggregation of platelets stimulated by ADP show selectivity at the molecular target level, so that the index of initial selectivity is greater than 1. The mechanism of the selective action of the biochloramines having significant molecular masses (150-200 Da) probably consists in the inactivation of the molecular target via chemical modification of several reactive atomic groups in its different sites. One may suppose that the biochloramines with lower molecular masses (150-100 Da) exhibit a high anti-aggregatory capacity owing to another mechanism of initial selectivity, which involves the modification of highly sensitive sulfur-containing atomic groups.

Antiaggregant effects of biogenic chloramines.

Alanine and taurine sharply potentiate antiaggregant effects of hypochlorite on platelets in platelet-rich plasma. This effect is determined by more pronounced action of chloramine derivatives, products of interaction of added amino acids with hypochlorite. Platelets are more sensitive to the inhibitory effects of amino acid chloramine derivatives (biogenic chloramines) compared to erythrocytes and neutrophils. The antiaggregant effects of biobenic amines, as covalent platelet inhibitors, in platelet-rich plasma are characterized by their increased reaction capacity with molecular targets in cells. Quantitative parameter of this initial selectivity (ratio of rate constant of inactivation of platelet receptors to rate constant of side reaction with plasma proteins) far surpasses 1. N,N-Dichlorotaurine is a perspective antiaggreant among the studied biogenic chloramines. This agent is stable and exhibits specific pharmacological activity in all test systems, including animal model of thrombosis.

[Mechanism of action of biogenic chloramines and hypochlorite on initial aggregation of blood platelets].

The antiaggregant action of two reactive oxidants N,N-dichlorotaurine (chloramine of biogenic type) and sodium hypochlorite on the initial ADP-induced aggregation of rabbit blood platelets has been studied. Platelet aggregation in the reconstructed platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was measured by the nephelometric method, and the aggregation index was an increase in the intensity of small-angle light scattering. The introduction of chloramine at comparatively small concentrations (no greater than 1 mM active chlorine) directly into the reconstructed platelet-rich plasma induces the suppression of the initial aggregation (formation of small aggregates) several times stronger than in the case of its preliminary incubation with plasma alone. This suggests that N,N-dichlorotaurine exerts its antiaggeregant action on the platelet-rich plasma by direct interaction with cells. The effects of the inhibition of platelet aggregation in two variants of introduction of high concentrations of N,N-dichlorotaurine do not significantly differ. In this case a great amount of residual chloramine remains in the plasma, which just induces the suppression of platelet aggregation during subsequent reconstruction of the platelet-rich plasma. Similar data have been obtained in the study of the antiaggregant action of hypochlorite. N,N-Dichlorotaurine and hypochlorite at final concentrations of 0.2-0.3 and 0.15 mM, respectively, inhibit strongly the initial aggregation of isolated platelets (approximately 2 x 10(8) cells in 1 ml) preliminarily activated for 1.5 min by the addition of 100-500 nM ADP. However, the antiaggregants show a more profound suppression of aggregation of unstimulated platelets. The antiaggregant effects of N,N-dichlorotaurine and hypochlorite are probably due to the oxidative modification of sulfur-containing groups in platelet plasmatic membrane.

[Luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence of rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes: the nature of oxidants that directly induce luminol oxidation].

The present work deals with the reaction pathways, including the formation of hydroxyl radicals and chloroamines, which lead to luminol chemiluminescence caused by hypochlorite generation in a suspension of stimulated rabbit polymorphnonuclear leukocyte. Luminol-enhanced (0.02 mM) chemiluminescence of leukocytes stimulated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate does not change in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide at moderate concentrations (0.02-2.6 mM) at which it must show the specific ability to scavenge hydroxyl radicals. It suggests that no generation of hydroxyl radical with the participation of hypochlorite and superoxide anion takes place after the stimulation of polymorphnonuclear leukocytes. A high dimethyl sulfoxide concentrations (260 mM) a significant fall in chemiluminescence intensity, due to direct interaction of the scavenger with hypochlorite, is observed. Chemiluminescence intensity rose if luminol was added to a leukocyte suspension preliminary stimulated for 10 min. The effect results from the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide but not chloroamines. Exogenic amino acids and taurin at high concentrations (3-15 mM) weaken the chemiluminescence. The data obtained suggest that chemiluminescence in the system studied results predominantly from the direct initial reaction of hypochlorite with luminol. The chemiluminescence intensity is enhanced by hydrogen peroxide via the oxidation of luminol oxidation products.

[Chemiluminescence in a stimulated polymorphonuclear leukocytes--luminol system: suppression by thiols].

The effect of some scavengers of thiol nature, which eliminate all reactive oxygen species and oxidants with reactive chlorine, on the luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes was studied. The use of two scavengers of this type (penetrating and not penetrating into the cell) made it possible to separate the luminescence of cell structures from the luminescence generated by oxidants in the surrounding medium. It was found that about a half of luminol luminescence is due to its oxidation in the medium surrounding the cell, and it is completely inhibited by the nonpenetrating reduced glutathione. The cell itself is a source of a considerable portion of luminescence, and this luminescence is quenched by penetrating sulfhydryl compounds such as dithiothreitol and N-acethyl cysteine. Reduced glutathione, which penetrates into cells and whose action is due only to the sulfhydryl group, is recommended as a candidate for the selective neutralization of extracellular oxidants.

[Chemiluminescence of the polymorphonuclear leukocytes-luminol system in the presence of biogenic chloramines]. / Khemiliuminestsentsiia sistemy polimorfnoiadernye leikotsity-liuminol v prisutstvii biogennykh khloraminov.

It was demonstrated that N-chlorphenylalanine and other chloramines strengthen sharply chemiluminescence in the polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PML)-luminol system without special activation of cells. The intensity of chemiluminescence is higher than the intensity of luminol solution emission induced by N-chlorphenylalanine. But it was nearly equal to chemiluminescence intensity of a mixture of luminol, N-chlorphenylalanine and 20-30 nM H2O2. The increase in chemiluminescence in the PML-luminol system in the presence of N-chlorphenylalanine is not related to PML activation but is the result of direct oxidation of luminol by N-chlorphenylalanine. Chloramine derivatives of amino acids and taurine at final concentrations of 0.01-0.1 mM do not suppress luminol chemiluminescence in suspension of PML stimulated by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate. At the same time, hypochlorite inhibits sharply luminol emission induced by stimulated cells.

Structure and oxidation capacity of amino acid chloramine derivatives and their effects on platelet aggregation.

Comparison of antiaggregation capacity of N-chloramine acids with different position of the chloramine group in the molecule showed that in the most efficient compounds the distance between the chloramine and carboxyl groups was 3-5 carbon atoms. This feature of antiaggregation activity was not related to the difference in oxidation capacity of N-chloramine acids. It was hypothesized that the revealed structural dependence of antiaggregation activity of N-chloramine acids is determined by the structure of platelet membrane, in particular, the presence of a negatively charged group near the site of interaction between N-chloramine acids and platelet membrane.

Antithrombotic activity of N,N-dichlorotaurine on mouse model of thrombosis in vivo.

Intravenous injection of chloramine derivatives of amino acids and taurine reduced the mortality rate in mice with thrombosis induced by intravenous injection of ADP or collagen-epinephrine mixture. Intravenous injection of N,N-dichlorotaurine caused 50% inhibition of platelet aggregation induced by ADP and measured in the platelet-enriched plasma in vitro. The antithrombotic effect of chloramine derivatives of amino acids and taurine is related to their ability to suppress functional activity of platelets.

[Kinetic characteristics of luminol chemiluminescence caused by chloramine compounds]. / Kineticheskie osobennosi khemoliuminestsentsii liuminola, vyzvannoi biogennymi khloraminovymi soedinenniami.

The decaying part of the kinetic curves of luminol chemiluminescence (0.02 mM) induced by N-chlorphenylalanine is approximated by an exponential dependence, which varies insignificantly as chloramine concentration is changed from 0.2 to 0.7 mM. On the whole, the chemiluminescence of luminol is a result of its oxidation, which occurs in three stages with the formation of two intermediate products. N-Chlorphenylalanine is involved in the process at the initial stage. The reciprocal of the time the luminescence reaches a maximum increases linearly with the growth of N-chlorphenylalanine concentration. According to the calculations using the equations that reflect three stages of luminol conversion in the presence of excess chloramine, the rate constant for the initial stage is about 10(3) l/(mol.min). The rate constant for one stage of the conversion of luminol oxidation product is approximately 0.2 min-1, and the rate constant of the other is severalfold greater. Luminol chemiluminescence induced by low concentrations of N,N-dichlortaurine is more durable. Probably, it is composed of two types of emission one of which slowly decays.

[Chemiluminescence in oxidation of luminol by chloramine derivatives of biogenic compounds]. / Khemiliuminestsentsiia pri okislenii liuminola khloraminovymi proizvodnymi biogennykh soedinenii.

Chloramine derivatives of amino acids induce chemiluminescence of a luminol solution. The chemiluminescence is more prolonged than the emission of luminol produced by hypochlorite. Persistent chemiluminescence also appears under the action of hypochlorite on a mixture of luminol and amino acids. It is assumed that the chemiluminescence of luminol in suspensions of stimulated phagocytes may be associated with its oxidation by chloramines.

[Changes in small-angle light scattering by platelets during their activation and aggregation]. / Izmeneniia malouglovogo rasseianiia sveta trombotsitami pri ikh aktivatsii i agregatsii.

Small-angle light scattering (0.5-7 degrees) platelets is enhanced upon the adenosine-5'-diphosphate-induced formation of microaggregates of platelets. The intensity of the scattered light, measured within a short period of time after stimulation of platelets, may by used as a nephelometric quantitative index of their initial aggregation. The light transmittance of platelet suspensions decreases after stimulation due to both the rounding of cell body and the initial aggregation of cells. Sodium hypochlorite at concentrations corresponding to its content in tap water inhibits the Ca(2+)-induced aggregation of isolated rabbit platelets. The tap water causes the transition of platelets to a state that is refractory with respect to CaCl2.

Free-radical and cyclooxygenase-catalyzed lipid peroxidation in membranes of blood cells under UV irradiation.

The data on the role of lipid peroxidation in the effects of UV irradiation of blood are reviewed. Lipid photoperoxidation in blood cells is the result of photochemical transformation of lipid hydroperoxides, both existing and newly formed ones, into free radicals and direct photolysis of photooxidants. Dark lipid autoperoxidation is also induced by UV radiation. Both peroxidation and photooxidation of lipids are inhibited by low concentrations of antiradical antioxidants. The cyclooxygenase-catalyzed peroxidation of arachidonic acid in blood cells is stimulated by UV radiation. This process is suppressed by acetylsalicylic acid and indomethacin. The therapeutic activity of the blood that was UV-irradiated and then infused into rats with peritonitis was due to the cyclooxygenase activation.