[Influence of working conditions and salary on temporary agency work for intermediate care and intensive care units : Partial results of a nationwide survey]. / Einfluss der Arbeitsbedingungen und des Gehalts auf die Leiharbeit für Intermediate-Care- und Intensivstationen : Teilergebnisse einer bundesweiten Umfrage.

BACKGROUND: Agency nursing is used as a form of labour to counter vacant staff positions in hospitals. Stakeholders and nurses might view this critically for different reasons. AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate what individual net income nurses in German intensive care units and intermediate care units consider "fair and acceptable" for their work. Furthermore, what influence does salary have on the willingness to change to agency nursing or back to a permanent position. METHODS: From September-October 2020, an anonymous online survey was performed among nurses of intermediate care units, intensive care units and special care units in German-speaking countries. The results were evaluated using descriptive statistics. RESULT: Of 1203 participants, 1036 (86%) of those working in Germany could be evaluated. The question about the individual net income was answered by 1032 (99%) participants. The majority of respondents (n = 522) stated that they had an individual net income of 2000-2999 €/month. The higher the level of the net income, the lower the willingness to switch to agency work. The participants in permanent employment only perceive a net income of 3200 €/month (median 3200 €; interquartile range [IQR] 2800-3800 €) as acceptable and fair for their work. In all, 142 agency nurses stated that an individual net income of 3200 €/month (median 3200 €; IQR 3000-3950 €) would be sufficient to move from agency nursing back into permanent employment. CONCLUSION: The intensive care nurses in this survey consider a salary of 3200 €/month as acceptable and fair for their work. The salary level can be a parameter for the decision to go into agency work, but also to move back to permanent employment. Regardless of the salary, better working conditions were indicated as an essential element in terms of job satisfaction for all respondent groups.

Influence of working conditions and salary on agency work for intermediate and intensive care units : Part 2: Partial results of a nationwide survey.

BACKGROUND: Agency work in nursing is used as a form of labor to counter vacant staff positions in hospitals. Both hospital owners and nurses view this critically for different reasons. AIM: The aim of this study was to assess what personal net income nurses in German intensive care units and intermediate care units consider "fair and sufficient" for their work (addressed in Part 1 of the survey) and what influence-aside from the salary-the working conditions have on the willingness to change to temporary work or back to a permanent position. METHODS: From September to October 2020, an anonymous online survey was conducted among nurses of intermediate care units, intensive care units, and special care units in German-speaking countries. Descriptive statistics were used for the analysis. RESULT: Of 1203 participants, 86% (n = 1036) could be evaluated. None of the job satisfaction factors queried received four or five stars (maximum five stars) from those participating in the survey. The most unsatisfied group proved to be regularly employed nurses with an additional part-time job. Key job satisfaction factors differed markedly between the groups, with regular employees favoring consistency and stability. Agency workers prefer gaining experience in a broader range of tasks. Unreliable duty rosters and poor nurse to patient ratios were common points of criticism. CONCLUSION: For job satisfaction, making nurses feel appreciated and respected is essential. This includes a guaranteed nurse to patient ratio and reliable duty rosters that also include tasks outside direct patient care. In order for nurses to leave agency work, it is necessary to take into account the differences in interests in terms of the focus of activity.

In vivo effects of L1 coating on inflammation and neuronal health at the electrode-tissue interface in rat spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion.

The spinal cord (SC) and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) are target implantation regions for neural prosthetics, but the tissue-electrode interface in these regions is not well-studied. To improve understanding of these locations, the tissue reactions around implanted electrodes were characterized. L1, an adhesion molecule shown to maintain neuronal density and reduce gliosis in brain tissue, was then evaluated in SC and DRG implants. Following L1 immobilization onto neural electrodes, the bioactivities of the coatings were verified in vitro using neuron, astrocyte and microglia cultures. Non-modified and L1-coated electrodes were implanted into adult rats for 1 or 4 weeks. Hematoxylin and eosin staining along with cell-type specific antibodies were used to characterize the tissue response. In the SC and DRG, cells aggregated at the electrode-tissue interface. Microglia staining was more intense around the implant site and decreased with distance from the interface. Neurofilament staining in both locations decreased or was absent around the implant, compared with surrounding tissue. With L1, neurofilament staining was significantly increased while neuronal cell death decreased. These results indicate that L1-modified electrodes may result in an improved chronic neural interface and will be evaluated in recording and stimulation studies.

Decidual vascularization and the expression of angiogenic growth factors and proteases in first trimester spontaneous abortions.

BACKGROUND: Decidual vascular development is important for implantation. This study analysed decidual vascular adaptation to implantation in correlation with miscarriage in decidual secretory endometrium (DSE), decidua parietalis (DP) and decidua basalis (DB) of miscarriage patients and matched controls. METHODS: Decidua was obtained during first trimester termination of pregnancy (controls) and vacuum aspiration in case of missed abortion (cases). Vascularization and the expression of VEGF-A, placental growth factor, Flt-1, KDR, angiopoietin (Ang)-1, Ang-2, TIE-2, and membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases MT1-, MT2-, MT3- and MT5-MMP were determined at mRNA and protein level. Uterine natural killer cells (CD56), macrophages (CD68), proliferation (Ki67) and apoptosis (activated caspase-3) were evaluated in consecutive sections. RESULTS: Decidual vascularization showed differences between cases and controls, i.e. fewer vessels with larger circumference in cases. This correlated with the differential expressions of various factors at mRNA/antigen level and with increased endothelial flt1, KDR, MT2- and MT5-MMP expression in miscarriage patients. The differences between cases and controls were probably not based on altered proliferation and/or apoptosis, since Ki67 and active Caspase-3 showed comparable expression levels in both groups. Although DB of cases and controls showed similar amounts of CD56- and CD68-positive cells, the case group did show elevated levels of CD56 in DSE (P < 0.05) and of CD68 in DP compared with the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The differences in vascularization and in the expression of angiogenic factors and proteases between groups suggest a correlation between decidual vascularization and the occurrence of miscarriages.

A randomized, controlled trial of remacemide for motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease.

BACKGROUND: Preclinical studies suggest that glutamate antagonists help ameliorate motor fluctuations in patients with PD treated with levodopa. METHODS: In a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-ranging study, the authors assessed the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of the glutamate receptor blocker remacemide hydrochloride in 279 patients with motor fluctuations treated with levodopa. The primary objective was to assess the short-term tolerability and safety of four dosage levels of remacemide during 7 weeks of treatment. Patients were also monitored with home diaries and the Unified PD Rating Scale (UPDRS) to collect preliminary data on treatment efficacy. RESULTS: Remacemide was well tolerated up to a dosage of 300 mg/d on a twice daily schedule and 600 mg/d on a four times daily schedule. The most common dosage-related adverse events were dizziness and nausea, as observed in previous studies of remacemide. The percent "on" time and motor UPDRS scores showed trends toward improvement in the patients treated with 150 and 300 mg/d remacemide compared with placebo-treated patients, although these improvements were not significant. CONCLUSION: Remacemide is a safe and tolerable adjunct to dopaminergic therapy for patients with PD and motor fluctuations. Although this study had limited power to detect therapeutic effects, the observed improvement is consistent with studies of non-human primates with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced parkinsonian signs and symptoms. Additional studies are warranted to confirm these results over an extended period of observation, and to explore the potential neuroprotective effects of remacemide in slowing the progression of PD.