Clinical Neurology in Practice: The Tongue (part 2).

BACKGROUND: The tongue is an essential organ for the development of certain crucial functions such as swallowing and speech. The examination of the tongue can be very useful in neurology, as the various types of lingual alterations can lead to certain specific diagnoses, the tongue being a kind of 'mirror' of some neurological function. REVIEW SUMMARY: To discuss the elements of clinical examination of the tongue in relation to neurological disorders. After reviewing the different superficial lesions of the tongue, we deal with various movement disorders of the tongue (fasciculations/myokimia, orolingual tremor, choreic movements of the tongue, dystonia of the tongue, lingual myoclonus, and psychogenic movements), disorders of taste and lingual sensitivity and lingual pain. CONCLUSIONS: Examination of the tongue should not be limited to studying its motility and trophicity. It is equally important to check the sensory function and understand how to interpret abnormal movements involving the tongue. This study also aimed to demonstrate the importance of nonmotor tongue function in neurological practice.

Clinical Neurology in Practice: The Tongue (Part 1).

BACKGROUND: The tongue is an essential organ for the development of certain crucial functions, such as swallowing and language. The examination of the tongue can be very useful in neurology, as the various types of lingual alterations can lead to certain specific diagnoses, the tongue being a kind of "mirror" of some neurological function. REVIEW SUMMARY: In this study, we reviewed the literature on anatomy, physiology, and the various aspects of the examination of the tongue. CONCLUSIONS: Examination of the tongue should be an integral part of the clinical examination of the cranial nerves. This study aimed to demonstrate the importance of tongue motor and non-motor functions in neurological practice.

Childhood CIDP: Study of 31 patients and comparison between slow and rapid-onset groups.

OBJECTIVES: To describe 31 children presenting a CIDP; to compare patients with rapid-onset disease vs. patients with slow-onset disease, a rapid-onset disease being defined by a time to peak impairment of less than 8 weeks. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective chart review identified 31 patients completing criteria for childhood CIDP, with 24 "confirmed CIDP" and 7 "possible CIDP". Data collected were time to peak impairment, clinical presentation, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, nerve conduction study, nerve biopsy, treatments. Evaluation at the end of follow-up was reported according to modified Rankin scale. RESULTS: Thirteen patients (42%) exhibited symptoms in less than 2 months with more often cranial nerve abnormalities (38% vs. 6%, p = 0.059), and sensitive symptoms (62% vs. 11%, p = 0.0057). They evolved predominantly in a relapsing way (69% vs. 22%, p = 0.0047). Length of the disease was also longer in the rapid-onset group (5.5 years vs. 3.83 years) but without statistical difference. The slow-onset group exhibited more frequently ataxia at onset (28% vs. 8%, p > 0.05), and evolved predominantly in a progressive manner (61% vs. 15%, p > 0.05). Outcome was similar and good in the two groups. At least 3 out of the 4 major electrophysiological criteria were positive for 27/31 children (87%). Axonal involvement could be present very early. Immunoglobulins were given in 29 cases and corticosteroids in 22. A partial or complete recovery 1 month after first treatment was reported in 30 cases. Among second-line treatments, only azathioprine seemed effective in two out of three intractable children. CONCLUSIONS: The differences noted between the two groups should be tested in wider populations. Electrophysiological criteria are restrictive and axonal involvement should be studied. Prospective trials are required to find out the best first and second line treatments.

Sensory loss in multifocal motor neuropathy: a clinical and electrophysiological study.

Some patients fulfilling the criteria for the diagnosis of multifocal motor neuropathy with conduction block (MMN-CB) at the onset of disease may subsequently develop a sensory loss associated with electrophysiological sensory abnormalities. The latter could represent an overlap between MMN-CB and multifocal acquired demyelinating sensory and motor (MADSAM) neuropathy. The objective was to specify the features of MMN-CB with sensory loss (MMN-CB-Se). Five patients in a series of 11 consecutive patients who fulfilled the criteria of the American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine for MMN-CB at the first examination and were treated periodically with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) developed sensory loss in the course of the disease. In these five patients we compared the clinical, laboratory, and electrophysiological features found after the development of sensory loss with those at the first examination. The mean time to appearance of objective sensory signs was 7.2 years. In three of the five patients the sensory loss was preceded by intermittent paresthesias in the same nerve territories as the motor involvement. The most frequent electrophysiological abnormality was amplitude reduction of sensory nerve action potentials. There were no bilateral or symmetrical clinical and electrophysiological sensory abnormalities. Anti-GM1 IgM antibodies were positive in four patients. MMN-CB-Se could be an overlap between MMN-CB and MADSAM. It shares the distribution of the sensory disorders encountered in MADSAM, but it is closer to MMN-CB on clinical and therapeutic levels. Study of more patients would be useful to classify this subgroup more accurately.

Peripheral nerve lesions associated with a dominant missense mutation, E33D, of the lamin A/C gene.

Some mutations of the lamin A/C gene may be responsible for a combination of distinct phenotypes, such as muscular dystrophy and peripheral neuropathy. We describe muscle and peripheral nerve lesions in a patient with a dominant lamin A/C missense mutation, E33D. Myopathic and neurogenic patterns coexisted on muscle biopsy specimens, whereas the peripheral nerve presented a mixture of axonopathy and Schwann cell hypertrophy. A few abnormal nuclei were found in muscle fibers and Schwann cells. Our morphological findings in this case attest to the predominant axonal damage, but suggest possible involvement of Schwann cells in neuropathies related to laminopathies.

A prospective evaluation of phrenic nerve conduction in multifocal motor neuropathy and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate electrophysiologically phrenic nerve involvement in multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN) and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). The response latencies following phrenic nerve stimulation were increased in 11 of 14 (80%) patients in the CIDP group but in only 1 of 14 (8%) patients in the MMN group. The mean diaphragmatic compound muscle action potential (CMAP) was significantly lower in amplitude in the CIDP group compared to the MMN group and to a control group of 8 subjects (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences between the MMN and control groups. Only the reduction in CMAP amplitude correlated with the presence of restrictive lung function. Phrenic nerve conduction measurement should be performed more systematically, especially in CIDP and, when diaphragmatic CMAPs are reduced in amplitude, pulmonary function tests should be performed to look for a restrictive lung syndrome.