Standardization of the management of rheumatoid purpura nephropathy in the West of France. What are the repercussions on the renal sequelae?

Introduction: Rheumatoid purpura is the most common vasculitis in children, and its renal involvement determines the prognosis. To date, no national protocol exists for its management. A protocol was drafted for the French Grand Ouest inter-region in 2011 in order to standardize practices. Objectives: The main objective is to evaluate renal sequelae with a median follow-up of 2 years since the implementation of this protocol. The secondary objectives are to evaluate the different therapeutic and diagnostic management. Method: Inclusion of all children from 2006 to 2018 with nephropathy due to rheumatoid purpura followed in the university hospitals of Rennes, Nantes, Tours, Angers and Brest. Results: 169 patients were included, of whom 104 were treated accroding to protocol and 65 differently. Sequels at 2-year follow-up concerned 27.0% of patients with no significant difference according to whether or not the protocol was followed. A significant decrease of 26.1% in the number of renal biopsies was observed in the group that followed the protocol. The latter was performed with a median delay of less than 30 days. Conclusion: The protocol allowed a standardization of practices without deleterious consequences at 2 years of follow-up and a decrease in renal biopsy punctures. It is in agreement with the recommendations of KDIGO (Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes) and European experts. On the other hand, in view of recent studies and the physiopathology, immunosuppressive drugs other than corticosteroids could be introduced earlier in severe forms.

Introduction: Le purpura rhumatoïde est la vascularite la plus fréquente chez l'enfant, dont l'atteinte rénale détermine le pronostic. Aucun protocole national n'existe à ce jour concernant sa prise en charge. Un protocole a été rédigé sur le Grand Ouest de la France en 2011 afin d'uniformiser les pratiques. Objectifs: L'objectif principal est d'évaluer les séquelles rénales avec une médiane de suivi de deux ans depuis la mise en place de ce protocole. Les objectifs secondaires sont d'évaluer les différentes prises en charge thérapeutiques et diagnostiques. Méthodes: Nous avons inclus tous les enfants de 2006 à 2018 ayant présenté une néphropathie due à un purpura rhumatoïde suivis dans les CHU de Rennes, Nantes, Tours, Angers et Brest. Résultats: Au total, 169 patients ont été inclus, dont 104 respectant le protocole et 65 hors protocole. Les séquelles à deux ans de suivi concernent 27 % des patients sans différence significative selon l'application ou non du protocole. Une diminution significative de 26,1 % des ponctions biopsies rénales est observée dans le groupe respectant le protocole. Cette dernière est réalisée avec un délai médian inférieur à 30 jours. Conclusion: Le protocole réalisé par le Grand Ouest a permis une uniformisation des pratiques sans conséquences délétères à deux ans de suivi et une diminution des ponctions biopsies rénales. Il est en accord avec les recommandations du KDIGO (Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes) et des experts européens. En revanche, au vu des études récentes et de la physiopathologie, les immunosuppresseurs hors corticothérapies pourraient être intégrés plus précocement dans les formes sévères.

Superior pedicle reduction mammoplasty: A multivariable analysis of 1306 patients. Risk factors for complications and development of a predictive score.

INTRODUCTION: Breast reduction surgery for hypertrophy is one of the most commonly performed procedures in plastic surgery. This surgery exposes patients to complications well documented in the literature. The objective of this study is therefore to identify the risk factors in order to establish an estimate of the risk of developing complications. We propose the first predictive score of postoperative complications including continuous preoperative variables like Body Mass Index (BMI) and Supra Sternal Notch - Nipple Distance (SSN:N). RESULTS: 1306 patients were analyzed. Multivariable logistic regression showed three independent risk factors : active smoking (OR 6.10 [4.23; 8.78] p < 0.0001), BMI (OR 1.16 [1.11; 1.22] p < 0.0001), SSN:N (OR 1.14 [1.08; 1.21] p < 0.0001). The Rennes Plastic Surgery Score estimating occurrence of postoperative complications was determined, integrating regression coefficient of each risk factor. CONCLUSION: Active smoking, BMI and SSN:N distance are independent preoperative risk factors for the occurrence of breast reduction complications. The Rennes Plastic Surgery Score including the continuous values of BMI and SSN:N allows us to provide to our patients a reliable estimate of the risk of occurrence of these complications. EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE LEVEL II: Lesser-quality prospective cohort or comparative study; retrospective cohort or comparative study; or untreated controls from a randomized controlled trial.

Does the participation of a senior plastic surgeon improve conditions of hospitalisation in craniosynostosis repair surgery?

INTRODUCTION: The real impact of the participation of other surgical specialties together with neurosurgeons on perioperative care in craniosynostosis repair surgery has not been determined. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the participation of a second senior surgeon (plastic surgeon) during surgical repair of pediatric monosutural craniosynostosis improved perioperative medical care. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed 2 cohorts of patients who had consecutively undergone primary repair surgery for trigonocephaly and unicoronal craniosynostosis. Infants were operated on by a single senior pediatric neurosurgeon before December 2017, and with the collaboration of a senior plastic surgeon after January 2018. RESULTS: Overall, 60 infants were included in the study: 29 in group 1 (single surgeon, 2011-2017), and 31 in group 2 (pair of surgeons, 2018-2021). Median surgery time was significantly shorter in group 2 than group 1: 180 vs. 167minutes; P=0.0045. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups in blood loss or intra/postoperative packed erythrocyte transfusion. Postoperative drain output was significantly lower in group 2. Median length of hospital and intensive care stay were significantly shorter in group 2, by 1 and 2 days, respectively; P<0.0001. Volume of infused solution, diuresis, immediate postoperative hemoglobin level, hematocrit, hemostasis (platelet count, fibrinogen, prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time), and return to oral feeding did not differ from one group to the other. CONCLUSION: Results confirmed our impression of an improvement in perioperative medical care. However, the role of surgical experience and the influence of the medical/nursing staff must not be minimized in these complex surgical procedures.

Virtual Reality as a Hypnotic Tool in the Management of Anxiety During the Performance of the Axillary Block.

Regional anaesthesia is a gold standard in upper limb orthopaedic surgery. Carried out on an awake patient, it can be a source of anxiety. In recent years, hypnotic techniques have been proposed in the management of perioperative anxiety. Among them, virtual reality is increasingly used as a distraction tool during anxious or painful actions despite the scarcity of proof of its benefit in the literature. Before implementing the systematic use of virtual reality when performing regional anaesthesia in our institution, we designed a study hypothesizing that the use of a virtual reality headset when performing an axillary block would reduce patient's anxiety. The study is an investigator-initiated, prospective monocentric and observational trial comparing anxiety scores of patients who underwent upper limb surgery under an axillary block with or without virtual reality headset. The perioperative anxiety was assessed by a numerical range scale before and after the peripheral nerve block performance. Between June 2021 and June 2022, 99 patients were included: 53 wearing the virtual reality headset and 46 not. The difference in numerical range scale for anxiety before and after the axillary block performance did not differ in the virtual reality group compared to the group without headset (mean = -1.9 ± 2.5 vs -1.5 ± 2.0, (p = 0.2520)). Technical difficulties reported by the operators were similar in both groups. Despite the large number of patients included, the virtual reality headset did not reduce patient's anxiety during a peripheral nerve block. Perioperative anxiety was low in all patients.

Assessment of Food Intake Assisted by Photography in Older People Living in a Nursing Home: Maintenance over Time and Performance for Diagnosis of Malnutrition.

Malnutrition is related to poor outcomes. Food intake semi-quantitative assessment is helpful for malnutrition screening. Aims: to assess maintenance over one month of one-day semi-quantitative assessment of food intake (primary aim) and its performance in diagnosing malnutrition (secondary aim) in older people living in a nursing home. Food portions consumed at lunch and dinner were measured during 20 days by the Simple Evaluation of Food Intake (SEFI)® assisted by photography (SEFI®-AP) in 70 residents. Nutritional status was assessed in each patient during the first week of food intake monitoring according to Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition criteria. Food intake was decreased, i.e., SEFI®-AP < 7, in 39% (n = 27/73) of patients. According to the methods, 36 to 48% (n = 25 to 33/73) of patients had malnutrition, and 6 to 37% (n = 4 to 25/73) sarcopenia. According to a generalized linear model on ranks with repeated measures, the SEFI®-AP medians of lunch (p = 0.11) and means of lunch and dinner (p = 0.15) did not vary over time. Day 3 SEFI®-AP anticipated decreased food intake from days 4 to 20, with a sensitivity of 78% (95% confidence interval (CI), 62-94), a specificity of 30% [95%CI, 17-44] and positive and negative predictive values of 41% [95%CI, 28-55] and 68% [95%CI, 48-89]. The performance of SEFI®-AP for diagnosis of malnutrition using calf circumference <31 cm as a phenotypic criterion was correct: area under the curve = 0.71 [95%CI, 0.59-0.83]. SEFI®-AP sensitivity was better if ≤9.5 than <7, and inversely for specificity. The food intake of older people living in nursing homes is stable over one month. One-day SEFI®-AP correctly anticipates food intake during the following month and predicts diagnosis of malnutrition. Any decrease in food intake should lead to suspect malnutrition.

High Visceral Fat is Associated with a Worse Survival after Liver Resection for Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma.

The impact of body composition (BC) on the prognosis of resected intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) has been poorly studied. Aims: i) to evaluate the prevalence of low muscle mass (MM) in patients; ii) to assess the impact of BC on patient overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS), and iii) on the incidence of postoperative complications. All consecutive patients who underwent liver resection for ICC between 2004 and 2016 and who had preoperative CT scans were included. Ninety-three patients were included. Sixty percent (55/91) had low total MM. On multivariable analysis, high visceral fat (HR 2.48, CI95% [1.63; 3.77], p < 0.0001), nodules >1 (HR 3.15 [1.67; 5.93], p = 0.0004), involvement adjacent organ (HR 6.67 [1.88; 23.69], p = 0.003), and postoperative sepsis (HR 3.04 [1.54; 5.99], p = 0.0013) were independently associated with OS. High visceral fat (HR 2.10 [1.31; 3.38], p = 0.002], nodules >1 (HR 3.01, [1.49; 6.10], p = 0.002), postoperative sepsis (HR 5.16 [2.24; 11.89], p = 0.0001), ASA score (p = 0.02) and perineural invasion (HR 3.30 [1.62; 6.76], p = 0.001) were independently associated with lower DFS. Conclusion: 60% of ICC patients had low MM before surgery. High visceral fat, but not muscle mass, was an independent prognostic factor for poor OS and DFS in European patients with resected ICC.

Discontinuation of second- versus first-line disease-modifying treatment in middle-aged patients with multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: There has been scant research on the consequences of discontinuing second-line disease-modifying treatment (DMT) in middle-aged patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The objective was therefore to examine the occurrence of focal inflammatory activity after the discontinuation of second versus first-line DMT in patients over 45 years. METHODS: Patients who had been treated for at least 6 months with second (natalizumab, fingolimod, anti CD20) or first-line DMT and who stopped their DMT were retrospectively included. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to study the occurrence of relapse and MRI activity according to the type of DMT stopped. Proportional hazard Cox models were calculated to identify factors associated with focal inflammatory activity. The annualized relapse rate was calculated under treatment and for every 3 months after DMT discontinuation. RESULTS: We included 232 patients (median age: 52.8 years), 49 of whom stopped second-line DMT. The probability of having a relapse within the year following discontinuation was 6% for first-line DMT, 9% for fingolimod and 43% for natalizumab. In multivariate analysis, the probability of relapse after DMT discontinuation was significantly increased with natalizumab compared to first-line DMT (HR = 3.24; 95% CI [1.52; 6.90]). A peak of relapse was observed at 0-3 months after stopping natalizumab or fingolimod. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that the risk of inflammatory activity is greater after discontinuation of natalizumab compared to other DMT even in middle-aged patients. As for younger patients, natalizumab discontinuation should only be considered if there is an adequate substitution of a different therapy. .

Malnutrition and decreased food intake at diagnosis are associated with hospitalization and mortality of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients.

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Malnutrition is frequent in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We examined the relationship between malnutrition at diagnosis and all-cause hospitalization, survival, and acute exacerbation in newly diagnosed IPF patients. METHODS: In this prospective cohort study, the nutritional status of 153 consecutive newly-diagnosed IPF outpatients was evaluated by measuring body mass index (BMI), fat-free mass index (FFMI) with bioelectrical impedance analysis, and food intake with the Self Evaluation of Food Intake (SEFI)®. Diagnosis was taken as the baseline date and malnutrition was defined as an FFMI below 17 (men) or 15 kg/m2 (women). To determine the factors associated with all-cause hospitalization and mortality, univariate Cox regression analyses were performed and variables with P < 0.2 were included in a stepwise multivariable analysis. RESULTS: A quarter (26%; 40/153) of the patients were suffering from malnutrition at baseline, which was more frequent (62%) in patients whose BMI was <25 kg/m2. Patients whose baseline FFMI was low were more likely to be hospitalized (Hazard Ratio (HR) = 1.98 [95% confidence interval, 1.15; 3.41], P = 0.0139) and/or die (HR = 1.79 [1.11; 2.89], P = 0.0165), but their acute exacerbation rate was similar to that of patients with normal FFMIs. Decreased food intake (SEFI®<7) at baseline was associated with all-cause hospitalization (P = 0.003) and mortality (P < 0.0001) during follow-up. Baseline higher gender-age-physiology (GAP) scores (HR = 1.24 [1.01; 1.52], P = 0.0434; HR = 1.71 [1.37; 2.14], P < 0.0001, respectively), lower BMI (HR = 0.89 [0.83; 0.96], P = 0.003; HR = 0.89 [0.82; 0.96], P = 0.003), and decreased food intake (SEFI® score) (HR = 0.81 [0.71; 0.93], P = 0.003; HR = 0.72 [0.64; 0.81], P < 0.0001), but not FFMI, were independently associated with all-cause hospitalization and mortality rates during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Malnutrition and decreased food intake at IPF diagnosis are associated with all-cause hospitalization and mortality. Future studies will determine whether dedicated interventions to improve food intake and nutritional status could improve outcomes for IPF patients.

Tolerability of duloxetine in elderly and in non-elderly adults: a protocol of a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Duloxetine is an antidepressant that benefits from a wide range of approval in the elderly population, while its safety for use compared to non-elderly is not clearly assessed. This protocol outlines a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis comparing the tolerability of duloxetine between elderly and non-elderly. METHODS: Searches will be conducted in PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov , Clinicaltrialsregister.eu, data sharing platforms, FDA drug approval packages, European public assessment reports and withdrawn applications from the EMA website. The review will be performed on studies available in electronic databases from their date of inception to the 31 March 2022. Only randomized controlled clinical trials, comparing duloxetine to placebo, will be included in this meta-analysis. The studies will be selected if they comprise both elderly and non-elderly adults, in conditions of use of duloxetine approved by the European Medical Agency (EMA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The primary outcome will be the rate ratio of serious adverse events under duloxetine compared to placebo, between participants at least 65 years old and non-elderly. Second, the number of any adverse events, clinical efficacy and quality of life will be compared between elderly and non-elderly under both interventions. The quality of evidence in the tolerability of duloxetine will be assessed using the GRADE system. A one or two-stage individual participant data random effect meta-analysis will be conducted depending on the availability of the data. DISCUSSION: This meta-analysis will investigate the tolerability safety of duloxetine in the elderly population across all conditions approved by European and American regulatory authorities. The results from this meta-analysis are intended to help prescribers to provide better care for the elderly population. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: The protocol has been registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; registration number: CRD42019130488 ).

A new software tool for planning interventional procedures in liver cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Intra-arterial therapy is an effective way of performing chemotherapy or radiation therapy in patients with primary liver cancer (i.e. hepatocellular carcinoma). Although this minimally invasive approach is now an established treatment option, support tools for pre-operative planning and intra-operative assistance might be helpful. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We developed an approach for semi-automatic segmentation of computed tomography angiography images of the main arterial branches (required for access path to the treatment site), automatic segmentation of the liver, arterial and venous tree, and interactive segmentation of the tumors (required for procedure-specific planning). This approach was then integrated into a liver-specific workflow within EndoSize® solution, a planning software for endovascular procedures. The main branches extraction approach was qualitatively evaluated inside the software, while the automatic segmentation methods were quantitatively assessed. RESULTS: Main branches extraction provides a success rate of 85% (i.e. all arteries correctly extracted) in a dataset of 172 patients. On public databases, a mean DICE of 0.91, 0.47 and 0.92 was obtained for liver, venous and arterial trees segmentation, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This pipeline is suitable for directly accessing the treatment site, giving anatomic measurements, and visualizing the hepatic trees, liver, and surrounding arteries during the pre-operative planning. ABBREVIATIONS: HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; TACE: transarterial chemoembolization; SIRT: selective internal radiation therapy; CT: computed tomography; CTA: computed tomography angiography; AMS: superior mesenteric artery; LGA: left gastric artery; RHA: right hepatic artery; LHA: left hepatic artery; rbHA: right branch of the hepatic artery; lbHA: left branch of the hepatic artery; GDA: gastroduodenal artery; VOI: volume of interest; SD: standard deviation; MICCAI: medical image computing and computer assisted interventions; MR: magnetic resonance.

Usefulness of Body Composition CT Analysis in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Pilot Study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility of a chest CT-based body composition analysis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and to investigate the respective contribution of lung and muscle CT quantitative analyses to the prognosis of IPF. METHOD: A total of 71 IPF patients were recruited at diagnosis. All patients underwent a standard chest CT-scan and a bioelectrical impedance analysis considered as reference standard for estimating malnutrition through the use of the fat-free mass index (FFMI). The skeletal muscle index (SMI) was measured on chest-CT at the level of the first lumbar vertebra by two radiologists. Lung fibrosis extent was quantified by three radiologists in consensus. The extent of emphysema, the pulmonary artery to aorta (PA/AO) diameter ratio and lymph node enlargement were also reported. Mortality and hospitalization over a 14-month follow-up were recorded. RESULTS: A low FFMI defining malnutrition was identified in 26.8% of patients. SMI was significantly lower in these patients (p<0.001) and was correlated with FFMI (r=0.637, p<0.001). Interobserver agreement of SMI measurement was very good (ICC=0.91). For diagnosing malnutrition, SMI showed a 0.79 sensitivity, a 0.69 specificity, a 0.48 PPV and a 0.90 NPV. In univariate analysis, fibrosis extent was significantly associated with death, while SMI did not reach significance. In multivariate analysis, fibrosis extent and PA/AO ratio were independently associated with hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: SMI measured on chest CT could be a reliable tool to exclude malnutrition in IPF. A quantitative analysis of both fibrosis and skeletal muscle may allow holistic management of IPF patients.

Importance of tranexamic acid in pediatric monosutural craniosynostosis surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Tranexamic acid (TXA) is an antifibrinolytic drug that has achieved significant reduction in perioperative blood loss and the quantity of blood transfused in many pediatric surgical procedures, without morbidity. Despite the accumulation of evidence regarding its effectiveness in craniosynostosis repair surgery, TXA is not unanimously employed by pediatric neurosurgery teams. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of the routine use of TXA in a homogeneous population of children who underwent open surgery for monosutural craniosynostosis. METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed 3 cohorts of patients that were subdivided from 2 cohorts surrounding the initiation of TXA (group 1, TXA- [2008-2011] and group 2, TXA+ [2011-2013]) and a third cohort of more recent patients (group 3, TXA+ [2016-2017]). TXA was administered using the same protocol comprising a loading dose of 10 mg/kg over 15 minutes after induction of general anesthesia followed by a 10 mg/kg per hour infusion until skin closure. Patients in all 3 groups underwent similar standardized procedures for scaphocephaly, trigonocephaly, and unicoronal craniosynostosis by the same pediatric neurosurgeon. RESULTS: Overall, 102 infants were included in the study: 32 infants in group 1, 36 in group 2, and 34 in group 3. Significant reductions in transfusion of packed erythrocytes (PE) and fresh-frozen plasma (FFP) were observed between the TXA- and TXA+ time periods. The median volume of PE transfusion was reduced by > 50% with the use of TXA (42.8 mL/kg in the TXA- group vs 20.0 in the TXA+ groups, p < 0.0001). Reduction in PE transfusion was 100% postoperatively in the TXA+ groups (20.0 mL/kg in the TXA- group vs 0.0 in the TXA+ groups, p < 0.0001). The median volume of FFP transfusion was reduced by 100% with the use of TXA (12.8 mL/kg in the TXA- group vs 0.0 in the TXA+ groups, p < 0.0001). All children in group 1 received a transfusion, whereas 3 children (8%) and 7 children (20%) in groups 2 and 3, respectively, did not. Significant reductions in postoperative drain output were also noted between the TXA- and TXA+ time periods. The total hospital length of stay was significantly lower in the TXA+ groups (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Use of TXA reduced blood loss and the need for transfusions but also decreased the hospital length of stay and, thus, minimized overall medical care costs. Intraoperative administration of TXA in craniosynostosis repair surgery should be routinely used in all centers that practice these procedures.

Apixaban and rivaroxaban in obese patients treated for venous thromboembolism: Drug levels and clinical outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) use remains challenging in obese patients treated for Venous-Thrombo-Embolism (VTE) due to the paucity of prospective and dedicated studies. OBJECTIVE: To assess rivaroxaban and apixaban concentrations at different time-points after intake, in obese patients followed at a thrombosis center and treated for VTE; to define factors associated with DOAC levels outside the on-therapy ranges; and to evaluate bleeding and thrombosis rates during follow-up. METHODS: Observational prospective study in two French University hospitals. Apixaban or rivaroxaban concentrations were measured after the first visit, regardless of last intake in obese patients receiving DOAC for VTE. Concentrations were compared to published reference values for non-obese patients. Demographic, clinical, biological and therapeutic data were collected. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors associated to DOAC concentrations outside the on-therapy ranges. RESULTS: Out of the 146 patients included, 22 (15%) had DOAC concentrations outside the on-therapy ranges, mainly in the rivaroxaban group (n = 17). Age ≤ 63 years, use of rivaroxaban and time since last intake ≤8 h were associated with DOAC concentrations outside the on-therapy ranges, in multivariable analysis. During the median follow-up of 16 months, two (1%) patients receiving apixaban had recurrent VTE. No patient had major bleeding, 11 (8%) patients had minor bleeding. CONCLUSION: In this specific prospective bi-centric study dedicated to VTE obese patients, use of DOACs at fixed doses led to concentrations similar to those of non-obese patients in a high proportion of patients, without any effect of the BMI, and with risk-benefit profile comparable to non-obese patients.

Significant decrease in interval colorectal cancer incidence after implementing immunochemical testing in a multiple-round guaiac-based screening programme.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: We aimed to evaluate the effects of switching to faecal immunochemical testing (FIT) on the cumulative 2-year incidence rate of interval cancers, interval cancer rate and test sensitivity within a mature population-based colorectal cancer screening programme consisting of six rounds of biennial guaiac faecal occult blood testing (gFOBT). METHODS: The FIT results were compared with those of gFOBT used in each of the previous two rounds. For the three rounds analysed, 279,041 tests were performed by 156,186 individuals. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine interval cancer risk factors (Poisson regression) and to compare the sensitivity of FIT to gFOBT. RESULTS: There were 612 cases of screen-detected cancers and 209 cases of interval cancers. The sex- and age-adjusted cumulative 2-year incidence rates of interval cancers were 55.7 (95% CI, 45.3-68.5), 42.4 (95% CI, 32.6-55.2) and 15.8 (95% CI, 10.9-22.8) per 100,000 person-years after the last two rounds of gFOBT and FIT, respectively. The FIT/gFOBT incidence rate ratio was 0.38 [95% CI, 0.27-0.54] (P < 0.001). Sex- and age-adjusted sensitivity was significantly higher with FIT than with gFOBT (OR = 6.70 [95% CI, 4.48-10.01], P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: This population-based study revealed a dramatic decrease in the cumulative incidence rates of interval cancers after switching from gFOBT to FIT. These data provide an additional incentive for countries still using gFOBT to switch to FIT.

Surgical rather than endoscopic resection of early-stage colorectal cancers promotes excessive imaging surveillance.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Imaging surveillance after curative resection of colorectal cancer (CRC) is debated, particularly in cases of early-stage CRC. The aim of this study was to retrospectively analyze whether and how patients with screened stage 0 and stage 1 CRC were monitored by imaging. METHODS: A cohort of patients with stage 0 (intramucosal) or stage 1 (T1N0) CRC detected from 2003 to 2015 through the French national screening programme was included. All imaging findings were recorded. Statistical analyses were performed for the entire cohort (n = 450) and separately for the two groups (stage 0 n = 268, stage 1 n = 182). Factors associated with imaging surveillance, including the patient's referring gastroenterologist, were determined by logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 450 patients were followed up for 6.6 ±â€¯3.9 years. Imaging surveillance was performed for 159 (35.3%), more often for those with stage 1 (66.5%) than stage 0 (14.2%) tumours (p < 0.0001). Within the stage 1 group, 17 of the 47 patients (36.2%) treated by local (endoscopic or surgical transanal) resection alone were followed up by imaging monitoring. Factors significantly associated with surveillance in the entire cohort were the gastroenterologist assigned to the patient (p < 0.0001) and surgical vs endoscopic resection (OR = 39.0, p < 0.0001). The histological risk of lymph node metastasis was not significantly associated with imaging monitoring for stage 1 patients. Of the 5 patients who developed distant metastasis during follow-up, one was diagnosed through imaging surveillance. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates excessive imaging surveillance for early-stage cancers. The use of surgical over endoscopic tumour resection could promote unnecessary surveillance.

Duration of mechanical ventilation is more critical for brain growth than postnatal hydrocortisone in extremely preterm infants.

Hydrocortisone is used in preterm infants. However, early disruption of growth velocities was observed in infants exposed to hydrocortisone. This retrospective study aimed to explore the postnatal brain growth of extremely preterm infants requiring hydrocortisone treatment as well as its association with perinatal factors. Extremely preterm infants exposed to hydrocortisone from 2011 to 2016 who survived up to 12 months were included. Each of them was matched with two infants not treated with hydrocortisone exhibiting similar gestational ages and nearly similar birth head circumferences. The outcome variables were brain tissue areas on MRIs performed at term-equivalent age and postnatal head circumference growth up to a corrected age of 12 months. Univariate and multiple regression analyses were performed. Infants treated with hydrocortisone (n=20) were matched with 40 infants not exposed to hydrocortisone. The infants exposed to hydrocortisone exhibited a lower birth weight (p=0.04) and a longer duration of mechanical ventilation (p<0.0001). Infants treated with hydrocortisone exhibited a smaller basal ganglia/thalamus area (p=0.04) at term-equivalent age and a smaller head circumference at a corrected age of 12 months (p=0.003). However, the basal ganglia/thalamus area and the postnatal brain growth were independently associated with the duration of mechanical ventilation and not with hydrocortisone. Interestingly, a significant interaction between hydrocortisone and sex was observed (p=0.04).Conclusion: This study supports previous data that indicated no obvious impact of hydrocortisone on brain growth and highlights the relationship between the severity of the neonatal course and postnatal brain growth in extremely preterm infants. What is Known: • Postnatal hydrocortisone disrupts transiently growth velocities including the head circumference growth. • Postnatal hydrocortisone has less impact on neurodevelopment than dexamethasone. What is New: • Hydrocortisone prescribed for infants in the most severe conditions did not show independent effect on brain growth up to the corrected age of 12 months. However, a different effect of hydrocortisone according to sex can't be excluded and needs further explorations. • Perinatal factors as birth weight and duration of mechanical ventilation were determinant for the subsequent brain growth.

Outpatient laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy: Feasibility and patient satisfaction.

OBJECTIVE: Laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy is the standard surgery to correct apical pelvic organ prolapse. It is currently mainly practiced in the context of a conventional hospitalization, but more and more practitioners are developing it as an outpatient procedure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of outpatient laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy and patient satisfaction. METHODS: This was a retrospective study comparing outpatients with inpatients who had undergone laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy. The main outcome was the rate of unscheduled visits and the number of early readmissions (i.e., <1 month). Secondary outcomes were complication rates and patient satisfaction. RESULTS: Eighty-four patients were included with 42 women in each group. The rate of unscheduled consultations was 16.7 % (n = 7/42) in the outpatient group and 21 % (n = 9/42) in the inpatient group. 2.4 % (n = 1/42) of outpatients and 4.8 % (n = 2/42) of inpatients were re-hospitalized within a month after surgery. The complication rate was not significantly different between the groups. In the outpatient group, 88.2 % of patients were satisfied compared with 97.5 % in the inpatient group (p = 0.17) CONCLUSIONS: Outpatient laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy can be considered a safe and satisfactory option.

Vulvar and vaginal melanomas: A retrospective study spanning 19 years from a tertiary center.

INTRODUCTION: Mucosal melanomas (MM) of the female genital tract are rare a. We aimed to study the prognostic factors of vulvar and vaginal locations of MM. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A multicenter, retrospective cohort study conducted between 01/01/2000 and 01/06/2019. RESULT: Of the 33 patients included 25 (75.8 %) had vulvar (VuM) and eight (24.2 %) vaginal melanomas (VaM). VaMs were deeper: median Breslow index: 17.5mm [3.5-22] versus 4.3mm [0.35-18] (p=0.013). Average follow-up was 24.0±59.8 months. Twenty-six patients (78.8 %) experienced recurrence. Disease-free survival was 52.9 % at 1year (64.7 % for VuM and 14.3 % for VaM) and 8.4 % at 3 years (11 % for VuM and 0% for VaM) (p=0.002). Median time to the first recurrence was 9.01 months [CI95 %: 2.07-56.71]. VaM recurred earlier than VuM (3.12 months [CI95 %: 2.07-12.49] versus 17.72 [CI95 %: 3.58-56.71], p=0.011). VaM had a higher risk of recurrence (HR=5.64 [CI95 %: 2.01-15.82], p=0.001) in multivariate analysis. Overall survival was 88.5 % at 1year (100 % for VuM and 50 % for VaM), and 59.4 % at 3 years (69.3 % for VuM and 25 % for VaM). Women with VaM died earlier: median specific death occurrence of 8.76 months [CI95 %: 6.54-24.72] versus 39.61 [CI95 %: 21.89-209.21], p=0.013 (HR=5.08 [CI95 %: 1.39-18.60], p=0.014). A lesion size ≥3cm was associated with an increased risk of mortality (HR=8.45 [CI95 %: 1.60-44.52], p=0.012). In multivariate analysis, vaginal location remained an independent and predictive variable of a higher risk of specific death (HR=8.56 [CI95 %: 1.95-37.64], p=0.005). CONCLUSION: A vaginal location of MM is associated with a poorer prognosis than a vulvar location.

Reappraisal of the characteristics, management, and prognosis of intramucosal colorectal cancers and their comparison with T1 carcinomas.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The recent description of "invasive" forms of intramucosal carcinoma (IMC) has rekindled interest in studying the characteristics, management, and prognosis of IMCs and comparing them with T1 colorectal cancers (CRCs). METHODS: This population-based study included 282 cases of IMC and 207 cases of T1 CRC diagnosed by colonoscopy after a positive fecal blood test through a screening program. RESULTS: IMC presented mainly in the form of pedunculated polyps (68.4%) located in the distal colon (69.9%) ≥20 mm in size (60.6%). IMCs were resected endoscopically in 227 (80.5%) patients and surgically resected in 55 (19.5%) patients. Surgical patients had more right-sided, more sessile, and larger lesions. There was no sign of lymphovascular invasion. Compared with T1 CRCs, IMCs demonstrated lower rates of sessile polyps (31.6% vs 49.8%, P < .0001), primary and ultimate surgical treatment (19.5% vs 39.1% and 19.9% vs 78.7%, P < .0001, respectively), lymph node metastasis in surgical patients (0% vs 9.5%, P = .041), cancer recurrence and cancer-related mortality (0% vs 5.6% and 0% vs 2.5%, respectively), and bleeding after endoscopic resection (1.8% vs 8.7%, P = .001). By multivariate analysis of the pooled cohort (IMC + T1 CRC, n = 489), the factors significantly associated with first-line surgery were shown to be polyp characteristics and the gastroenterologist who performed the colonoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: IMCs account for a quarter of all screening-detected CRCs. They have an excellent prognosis regardless of whether endoscopic or surgical treatment is performed. IMCs differ significantly from T1 carcinomas in terms of management and prognosis.

Transferrin saturation is independently associated with the severity of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and hypoxia among obese subjects.

INTRODUCTION & AIMS: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a frequent complication of obesity. Intermittent chronic hypoxia which frequently results from OSAS could modulate the systemic control of iron metabolism and alter serum iron parameters, especially among obese patients. AIMS: to evaluate whether serum parameters of iron bioavailability and storage (primary), as well as age, waist circumference, arterial hypertension and tobacco use (secondary) are associated with OSAS severity and/or hypoxia. METHODS: design: a single-center retrospective study with prospective data collection; inclusion criteria: consecutive patients referred for initial assessment for obesity underwent nocturnal respiratory polygraphy and iron status serum assessment within a 3-month period. The adjusted analyzes were performed using ANOVA and reported as adjusted means and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). RESULTS: 13 men and 56 women were included. OSAS prevalence: 72% (n = 50). Ferritin (mean ± SD, 260 ± 276 vs. 111 ± 89 µg/l, p = 0.01) and transferrin saturation (31 ± 10 vs. 24 ± 9%, p = 0.002) were significantly higher in case of moderate/severe OSAS than in absent/mild OSAS, independently from gender and tobacco use. Serum iron (19.4 µg/l [CI95%, 16.5-22.3] vs. 16.2 µg/l ([14.1-18.2], p = 0.056) and transferrin saturation (31.5% [26.3-36.7]) vs. 25.3% [21.6-29.1], p = 0.043) were higher when time under oxygen saturation <90% was >15%. Age (mean ± SD, 51 ± 11 vs. 41 ± 12 yr, p = 0.001), waist circumference (136 ± 18 vs. 123 ± 12 cm, p = 0.003), arterial hypertension (59% (n = 13/22) vs. 23% (n = 11/47), p = 0.004) and tobacco use (64% (n = 14/22) vs. 32% (n = 15/47), p = 0.01) were significantly greater in moderate/severe OSAS than in absent/mild OSAS. CONCLUSIONS: Transferrin saturation was associated with OSAS severity and time under hypoxia. This suggests a relationship between OSAS-induced hypoxia and iron metabolism among obese patients.