Proximal discrepancies in intrinsic atomic interaction determines comparative in vivo biotoxicity of Chlorpyrifos and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol in embryonic zebrafish.

Bioaccumulation of Chlorpyrifos (CP) as pesticides due to their aggrandized use in agriculture has raised serious concern on the health of ecosystem and human beings. Moreover, their degraded products like 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) has enhanced the distress due to their unpredictable biotoxicity. This study evaluates and deduce the comparative in vivo mechanistic biotoxicity of CP and TCP with zebrafish embryos through experimental and computational approach. Experimental cellular and molecular analysis showed higher induction of morphological abnormalities, oxidative stress and apoptosis in TCP exposed embryos compared to CP exposure due to upregulation of metabolic enzymes like Zhe1a, Sod1 and p53. Computational analysis excavated the differential discrepancies in intrinsic atomic interaction as a reason of disparity in biotoxicity of CP and TCP. The mechanistic differences were deduced due to the differential accumulation and internalisation leading to variable interaction with metabolic enzymes for oxidative stress and apoptosis causing physiological and morphological abnormalities. The study unravelled the information of in vivo toxicity at cellular and molecular level to advocate the attention of taking measures for management of CP as well as TCP for environmental and human health.

Phage-tail-like bacteriocins as a biomedical platform to counter anti-microbial resistant pathogens.

Phage Tail Like bacteriocins (PTLBs) has been an area of interest in the last couple of years owing to their varied application against multi-drug resistant (MDR), anti-microbial resistant (AMR) pathogens and their evolutionary link with the dsDNA virus and bacteriophages. PTLBs are defective phages derived from Myoviridae and Siphoviridae phages, PTLBs are distinguished into R-type (Rigid type) characterized by a non-flexible contractile nanotube resembling Myoviridae phage contractile tails, and F-type (Flexible type) with a flexible non-contractile rod-like structure similar to Siphoviridae phages. In this review, we have discussed the structural association, mechanism, and characterization of PTLBs. Moreover, we have elucidated the symbiotic biological function and application of PTLBs against MDR and XDR pathogens and highlighted the evolutionary role of PTLBs. The difficulties that must be overcome to implement PTLBs clinically are also discussed. It is imperative that these issues be addressed by academics in future studies before being implemented in clinical settings. This article is novel in its way as it will not only provide us with a gateway that acts as a novel strategy for scholars to mitigate and control the uprising issue of AMR pathogens but also promote the development of clinical studies for PTLBs.