RESUMO
The WRKY family is one of the most important transcription factor families in plants, involved in the regulation of a broad range of biological roles. The recent releases of whole-genome sequences of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) allow us to perform a genome-wide identification and characterization of the WRKY family. In this study, 61 CaWRKY proteins were identified in the pepper genome. Based on protein structural and phylogenetic analyses, these proteins were classified into four main groups (I, II, III, and NG), and Group II was further divided into five subgroups (IIa to IIe). Chromosome mapping analysis indicated that CaWRKY genes are distributed across all 12 chromosomes, although the location of four CaWRKYs (CaWRKY58-CaWRKY61) could not be identified. Two pairs of CaWRKYs located on chromosome 01 appear to be tandem duplications. Furthermore, the phylogenetic tree showed a close evolutionary relationship of WRKYs in three species from Solanaceae. In conclusion, this comprehensive analysis of CaWRKYs will provide rich resources for further functional studies in pepper.
Assuntos
Capsicum/genética , Simulação por Computador , Genes de Plantas , Família Multigênica , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Cromossomos de Plantas/genética , Sequência Conservada/genética , Éxons/genética , Duplicação Gênica/genética , Íntrons/genética , Solanum lycopersicum/genética , Filogenia , Proteínas de Plantas/química , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Alinhamento de Sequência , Solanum tuberosum/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/química , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismoRESUMO
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus is one of the main diseases affecting tomato production worldwide. Previous studies have shown that Ty-2 is an important resistance gene located between molecular markers C2_At2g28250 (82.3 cM) and T0302 (89.0 cM), and exhibits strong resistance to tomato yellow leaf curl virus in Asia. In this study, Ty-2 candidate genes were subjected to bioinformatic analysis for the sequenced tomato genome. We identified 69 genes between molecular markers C2_At2g28250 and T0302, 22 of which were disease-related resistant genes, including nucleotide binding site-leucine-rich repeat disease resistance genes, protease genes (protein kinase, kinase receptor, and protein isomerase), cytochromes, and transcription factors. Expressed sequence tag analysis revealed that 77.3% (17/22) of candidate disease-resistance genes were expressed, involving 143 expressed sequence tags. Based on full-length cDNA sequence analysis, 7 candidate genes were found, 4 of which were involved in tomato responses to pathogens. Microarray expression analysis also showed that most candidate genes were involved in the tomato responses to multiple pathogens, including fungi, viruses, and bacteria. RNA-seq expression analysis revealed that all candidate genes participated in tomato growth and development.
Assuntos
Mapeamento Cromossômico , Simulação por Computador , Resistência à Doença/genética , Genes de Plantas , Doenças das Plantas/genética , Solanum lycopersicum/genética , Solanum lycopersicum/virologia , Begomovirus/fisiologia , DNA Complementar/genética , Etiquetas de Sequências Expressas , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Estudos de Associação Genética , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , Doenças das Plantas/virologia , Análise de Sequência de RNARESUMO
The objective of the present study was to analyze the genetic diversity of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). Representative TYLCV sequences were searched in the National Center for Biotechnology Information database. Comprehensive analysis of TYLCV was performed using bioinformatics by examining gene structure, sequence alignments, phylogeny, GC content, and homology. Forty-eight representative TYLCV sequences were selected from 48 regions in 29 countries. The results showed that all TYLCV sequences were 2752-2794 nucleotides in length, which encoded 6 open reading frames (AV1, AV2, AC1, AC2, AC3, and AC4). GC content ranged from 0.41-0.42. Sequence alignment showed a number of insertions and deletions within these TYLCV sequences. Phylogenetic tree results revealed that the sequences were divided into 10 classes; homology of the sequences ranged from 72.8 to 98.6%. All 48 sequences contained the typical structure of TYLCV, including open reading frames and intergenic regions. These results provide a theoretical basis for the identification and evolution of the virus in the future.
Assuntos
Begomovirus/genética , Variação Genética , Solanum lycopersicum/virologia , Composição de Bases/genética , Sequência de Bases , Begomovirus/isolamento & purificação , Sequência Conservada , Filogenia , Homologia de Sequência do Ácido NucleicoRESUMO
High-field electron spin resonance measurements of an antiferromagnet Ca3ZnMnO6 isostructure, with the Ising-chain multiferroic Ca3CoMnO6, have been carried out. Two distinct resonance modes were observed below TN = 25 K, which is well explained by conventional antiferromagnetic resonance theory with easy-plane anisotropy. The zero-field spin gap is derived to be about 166 GHz, originating from the easy-plane anisotropy and exchange interaction. Our result suggests that the Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya interaction, which may induce spin canting, is absent. Disappearance of Ising anisotropy in Ca3ZnMnO6 suggests that the Co(4+) ion, as well as the Co-Mn superexchange, plays an important role for the Ising nature in Ca3CoMnO6.