Three Dimensional-Printed Gingivectomy and Tooth Reduction Guides Prior Ceramic Restorations: A Case Report.

Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) dentistry have significantly changed workflows in recent years. Restorations and devices can now be digitally designed and 3D-printed for dental care purposes. This clinical case report provides straightforward protocols for the digital design and 3D manufacture of gingivectomy and tooth preparation guides. These types of guides improved the gingival architecture of the anterior teeth and provided controllable tooth preparations prior to labial ceramic veneers. Thoughtful clinical evaluation started with listening to the patient's chief complaint and extra- and intra-oral evaluations. Then a digital wax-up was performed, followed by an intra-oral mock-up, to evaluate the shape of the proposed restorations. After patient acceptance, the clinical procedure started with the gingivectomy and tooth preparation. Hand-crafted porcelain veneers were bonded under rubber dam isolation to avoid any contamination and maximize the bonding protocol. The esthetic and functional demands were fully satisfied. Predictable outcomes can be obtained whenever a meticulous evaluation and execution of all the steps are performed. Three dimensional printing technology allows the fabrication of devices such as gingivectomy and tooth reduction guides that help accomplish the desired results.

Fracture resistance of ultratranslucent multilayered zirconia veneers with different facial thicknesses.

To assess the fracture resistance of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) ultratranslucent multilayered zirconia (5Y-YZP) veneers with varying facial thickness. Sixty translucent zirconia veneers were designed and milled using a chairside CAD/CAM system for maxillary central incisors. The butt joint incisal veneer tooth preparations consisted of 1.00 mm incisal reduction, 0.40 mm chamfer margin, and three different facial reductions; 0.50, 0.75, and 1 mm, respectively. The ceramic veneers were cemented to printed resin dies and subjected to thermal cycling. Subsequently, the restorations were loaded with compressive loading force, and fracture occurrences were recorded. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the fractured specimens were captured. The fracture resistance varied among the veneers with different facial thicknesses. Ultratranslucent zirconia veneers with a facial thickness of 1.00 mm exhibited the highest fracture resistance values (742.15 N), followed by those with 0.75 mm facial thickness (673 N). Minimally invasive veneers with 0.50 mm thickness displayed similar fracture resistance as thicker veneers with 0.75 mm. However, veneers with 1.00 mm thickness displayed the highest values. SEM fracture patterns for 0.50 and 0.75 mm display similar and fewer crack lines than 1.00 mm veneers. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Minimally invasive zirconia veneers exhibit similar fracture resistance to thicker veneers.

Combining Orthodontic and Restorative Care with Novel Workflows.

This report describes multidisciplinary care combining orthodontics and restorative dentistry for a patient with Class II occlusion and stained mandibular and maxillary resin composite veneers. The orthodontic treatment improved severe overjet and malocclusion prior to restorative care. Occlusal assessment was provided with a novel digital device (PlaneSystem, Zirkonzahn) that is integrated with digital workflows for the evaluation of the occlusal plane and condylar path inclination. Diagnostic digital impressions and digital wax-up for intraoral mock-ups led to the patient's treatment acceptance. Minimally invasive tooth preparation, final digital impressions, and bonding under dental dam isolation fulfilled the patient's esthetic and functional demands with all-ceramic restorations.

Fracture resistance of CAD/CAM milled versus direct hand-made interim laminate veneers.

Background: Comparative studies of interim veneer restorations crafted using subtractive computer-aided manufacturing (s-CAM) milling technology and traditional direct hand-made approaches are needed. Purpose: This comparative in vitro study evaluated the fracture resistance of two types of provisional veneer restorations for maxillary central incisors: milled (s-CAM) and traditional direct hand-made bis-acryl veneers. Materials and methods: Fifty maxillary right central incisor veneers (25 specimens per group) were fabricated and divided according to the fabrication method: (1) s-CAM milled (Structure CAD, VOCO Dental); and (2) hand-made (Protemp Plus, 3M). The restorations were cemented onto 3D-printed resin dies using temporary cement and subjected to 1000 cycles of thermal cycling between 5° and 55 °C. These restorations subsequently were subjected to compressive loading until fracture occurred. Images of the fractured samples were captured using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Statistical analysis was performed using the one-way ANOVA test and the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Significant differences (p < 0.001) in the fracture resistance were observed between the two groups. s-CAM milled interim veneers displayed higher fracture resistance values (439.60 ± 26 N) compared to the traditional method (149.15 ± 10 N). Conclusion: The manufacturing method significantly influences the fracture resistance of interim veneer restorations. s-CAM interim laminate veneer restorations for maxillary central incisors exhibit a fracture resistance superior to that of the traditional method using bis-acryl.Clinical relevanceClinicians should consider CAD/CAM milled veneers for scenarios demanding long-term interim restoration and the withstanding of high occlusal forces.

The Influence of Thickness on Light Transmission for Pre- and Fully Crystallized Chairside CAD/CAM Lithium Disilicate Ceramics.

AIM: This in vitro study aimed to compare the light-transmission properties of two chairside CAD/CAM lithium disilicate (LD) ceramics (a novel fully crystallized and a traditional pre-crystallized) across varying thicknesses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred flat specimens were obtained from precrystallized (e.max CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) and fully crystallized (LiSi GC Block; GC, Tokyo, Japan) LD at five different thicknesses (0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.50 and 2.0 mm). All specimens were polished with a polishing system for lithium disilicate restorations following recommendations from the manufacturer. Light transmission was evaluated with a radiometer. The statistical analysis between e.max CAD and LiSi GC Block was performed using a Mann-Whitney test for each thickness at a significance level of 0.05 (p < 0.05), followed by a Kruskal-Wallis test to compare the light transmission between the thicknesses of e.max CAD and LiSi GC Block. RESULTS: Light transmittance was significantly affected by ceramic thickness. The 0.5 mm thick specimens exhibited the highest transmittance values compared to all other groups, while a light transmittance of 0.00 was observed in the 2.0 mm thick specimens for both e.max CAD and LiSi GC Block. In the comparison between e.max CAD and LiSi GC Block according to thickness, there was a statistically significant difference exclusively between groups with a thickness of 1.50 mm (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Light transmission for pre- and fully crystallized CAD/CAM lithium disilicate ceramics only showed a statistical difference at the thickness of 1.50 mm (p = 0.002). E.max CAD demonstrated acceptable light transmission up to a thickness of 1.5 mm. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: A thickness of 2 mm for chairside CAD/CAM lithium disilicate ceramics, whether pre-crystallized or fully crystallized, necessitates the use of dual-cure resin luting cement due to reduced light transmission.

A Comparative Study of Shade-Matching Reproducibility Using an Intraoral Scanner and a Spectrophotometer.

BACKGROUND: We compared the repeatability of the shade determination of resin composite restorations and acrylic teeth in light and darker shades at baseline and after an aging process through two digital tooth color-matching methods: using a Trios 3Shape intraoral scanner and using a Vita Easyshade Compact spectrophotometer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty upper central incisor acrylic teeth in the shade A1 (n = 10) and A3 (n = 10) were randomly assigned to be restored with Filtek Bulk Fill in the shade A1 (n = 10) or A3 (n = 10). Subsequently, 20 Class V cavities were prepared in a standardized manner (mesio-distal = 3.0 mm, cervical-occlusal = 2.0 mm, depth = 1.5 mm). Cavities were restored using an universal adhesive system and resin composite in two increments and were light-cured. The shade difference between the resin composite Class V restorations in acrylic teeth of the A1 and A3 shades was evaluated at baseline and after aging. Aging was simulated using ultraviolet light for 120 h. An Easyshade device and an intraoral scanner were used under D65 illumination. Measurements were taken five times, on top of the restoration and on the acrylic teeth, in a randomized manner. RESULTS: Data analysis was on the calculation of the arithmetic mean for the percentage of repeatability conducted by the Trios scanner and the Easyshade device. There was no statistically significant comparison between the shade measurement devices (p > 0.05). At baseline, the repeatability for both the Trios intraoral scanner and the Vita Easyshade Compact device for artificial teeth in the shades A1 and A3 was 100%. After aging, the trueness recorded by the intraoral scanner and the Easyshade device for artificial teeth in the shade A1 was 80%. For Class V restoration with shade A1, the intraoral scanner recorded 80% trueness and the Easyshade device recorded 60% trueness at baseline. For shade A3, the intraoral scanner recorded 60% trueness and the Easyshade device recorded 60% trueness. CONCLUSIONS: The intraoral scanner and Easyshade device are reliable for baseline shade selection, but their accuracy decreases after aging, particularly for darker shades.

Expediting the Rehabilitation of Severely Resorbed Ridges Using a Combination of CAD-CAM and Analog Techniques: A Case Report.

With the life expectancy increasing, there is a growing need for prosthetic dental treatments to restore the oral health, function, and quality of life of edentulous patients. Presently, only a few articles are available describing the oral rehabilitation of patients with severely resorbed ridges with milled complete dentures. This clinical case report provides a straightforward protocol consisting of a combination of analog and digital techniques for the rehabilitation of edentulous patients with severely resorbed ridges with milled fixed and removable complete dentures. This technique permits the minimization of the number of appointments, improves patient comfort, allows for the digital archiving of important clinical data, and permits the manufacture of prostheses with improved mechanical properties. These favorable outcomes were achieved by using the patient's existing PMMA complete denture as a custom tray for a final impression with light-bodied Polyvinylsiloxane. Subsequently, the resulting models were digitized, and a digital complete denture was designed and manufactured in an expedited manner using CAD-CAM techniques. Therefore, this case report highlights the potential of CAD/CAM technology to predictably restabilize oral functions and improve patients' quality of life.

Ceramic versus Composite Resin Polishing Systems on the Surface Roughness of Milled Leucite-Reinforced Ceramics.

Background and Objective: This study aimed to compare the surface finish of milled leucite-reinforced ceramics polished with ceramic and composite polishing systems based on the manufacturers' recommendations. Materials and Methods: Sixty subtractive computer-aided manufactured (s-CAM) leucite-reinforced glass-ceramic specimens (IPS-Empress-CAD) were assigned into six groups: no polishing, a ceramic polishing kit, and four composite kit groups. The roughness average (Ra) was evaluated in microns using a profilometer, and scanning electron micrographs were obtained for qualitative analysis. A Tukey HSD posthoc test (α = 0.05) was used to determine significant intergroup differences. Results: After surface evaluation of the ceramics, the Ra values of the polishing systems ranked OptraFine (0.41 ± 0.26) < Enhance (1.60 ± 0.54) < Shofu (2.14 ± 0.44) < Astropol (4.05 ± 0.72) < DiaComp (5.66 ± 0.62) < No Polishing (5.66 ± 0.74). Discussion: Composite polishing systems did not provide as smooth surfaces as the ceramic polishing kit for CAD-CAM leucite-reinforced ceramics. Thus, using ceramic polishing systems, polishing leucite ceramics is recommended, whereas composite polishing systems should not be considered as an alternative for use in minimally invasive dentistry.

Nasotracheal enterococcal carriage and resistomes: detection of optrA-, poxtA- and cfrD-carrying strains in migratory birds, livestock, pets, and in-contact humans in Spain.

This study determined the carriage rates and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes of enterococci from nasotracheal samples of three healthy animal species and in-contact humans. Nasal samples were collected from 27 dog-owning households (34 dogs, 41 humans) and 4 pig-farms (40 pigs, 10 pig-farmers), and they were processed for enterococci recovery (MALDI-TOF-MS identification). Also, a collection of 144 enterococci previously recovered of tracheal/nasal samples from 87 white stork nestlings were characterized. The AMR phenotypes were determined in all enterococci and AMR genes were studied by PCR/sequencing. MultiLocus-Sequence-Typing was performed for selected isolates. About 72.5% and 60% of the pigs and pig-farmers, and 29.4% and 4.9%, of healthy dogs and owners were enterococci nasal carriers, respectively. In storks, 43.5% of tracheal and 69.2% of nasal samples had enterococci carriages. Enterococci carrying multidrug-resistance phenotype was identified in 72.5%/40.0%/50.0%/23.5%/1.1% of pigs/pig-farmers/dogs/dogs' owners/storks, respectively. Of special relevance was the detection of linezolid-resistant enterococci (LRE) in (a) 33.3% of pigs (E. faecalis-carrying optrA and/or cfrD of ST59, ST330 or ST474 lineages; E. casseliflavus-carrying optrA and cfrD); (b) 10% of pig farmers (E. faecalis-ST330-carrying optrA); (c) 2.9% of dogs (E. faecalis-ST585-carrying optrA); and (d) 1.7% of storks (E. faecium-ST1736-carrying poxtA). The fexA gene was found in all optrA-positive E. faecalis and E. casseliflavus isolates, while fexB was detected in the poxtA-positive E. faecium isolate. The enterococci diversity and AMR rates from the four hosts reflect differences in antimicrobial selection pressure. The detection of LRE carrying acquired and transferable genes in all the hosts emphasizes the need to monitor LRE using a One-Health approach.

Additive Wax-Up and Diagnostic Mockup As Driving Tools for Minimally Invasive Veneer Preparations.

This report describes the importance of and outlines steps for additive wax-up and diagnostic mockup for anterior teeth as diagnostic and driving tools for non-prep and minimally invasive veneer preparations. A 35-year-old male presented to the clinic with the chief complaint of spaces between his front teeth. Diagnostic additive wax-up provided the possibility of offering minimally invasive preparations, and the use of a diagnostic intraoral mockup fulfilled the patient's esthetic demands for treatment approval. Veneer preparations over the diagnostic mockup were provided as they are minimally invasive. Ceramic veneers were hand-crafted following the previous diagnostic wax-up, and restorations were bonded under rubber dam isolation. Overall, additive wax-up provides information needed to know if minimally invasive veneer preparations are possible, and the diagnostic mockup displays a physical, tentative outcome for the patient's evaluation before irreversible tooth preparations. These simple, but effective, techniques can drive the diagnosis and prognosis of minimally invasive veneer restorations.

On the Design and Validation of Assessing Tools for Measuring the Impact of Programs Promoting STEM Vocations.

This paper presents the design and validation process of a set of instruments to evaluate the impact of an informal learning initiative to promote Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) vocations in students, their families (parents), and teachers. The proposed set of instruments, beyond assessing the satisfaction of the public involved, allow collecting data to evaluate the impact in terms of changes in the consideration of the role of women in STEM areas and STEM vocations. The procedure followed to develop the set of instruments consisted of two phases. In the first phase, a preliminary version (v1) of the questionnaires was designed based on the objectives of the Girls4STEM initiative, an inclusive project promoting STEM vocations between 6 and 18 years old boys and girls. Five specific questionnaires were designed, one for the families (post activity), two for the students (pre and post activity) and two for the teachers (pre and post avitivity). A refined version (v2) of each questionnaire was obtained with evidence of content validity after undergoing an expert judgment process. The second phase was the refinement of the (v2) instruments, to ascertain the evidence of reliability and validity so that a final version (v3) was derived. In the paper, a high-quality set of good practices focused on promoting diversity and gender equality in the STEM sector are presented from a Higher Education Institution perspective, the University of Valencia. The main contribution of this work is the achievement of a set of instruments, rigorously designed for the evaluation of the implementation and effectiveness of a STEM promoting program, with sufficient validity evidence. Moreover, the proposed instruments can be a reference for the evaluation of other projects aimed at diversifying the STEM sector.

Percepciones sobre el conocimiento de la detección temprana de la ambliopía de médicos generales y pediatras de Bucaramanga / Perceptions on knowledge about the early detection of amblyopia among general practitioners and pediatricians in Bucaramanga / Percepções sobre o conhecimento da detecção precoce de ambliopia de médicos gerais e pediatras de Bucaramanga

Introducción. La ambliopía es un desorden visual originado durante el desarrollo cortical considerándose la causa de ceguera prevenible más frecuente. El diagnóstico y tratamiento temprano han demostrado ser efectivos; sin embargo, su detección es tardía debido, en parte, a falta de conocimiento. El objetivo del presente artículo es describir las percepciones sobre el conocimiento de médicos generales y pediatras en Bucaramanga acerca de la detección temprana de la ambliopía. Metodología. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo descriptivo de tipo exploratorio, utilizando como técnica entrevistas semi-estructuradas a 20 profesionales de la salud, para ello se usó el enfoque de Taylor y Bogdan. Resultados. Las entrevistas permitieron identificar dos categorías: falencias en el proceso de formación del pregrado y posgrado, y barreras de infraestructura para la realización de valoración visual; además de cuatro subcategorías entre las que se identifican conceptos erróneos sobre la ambliopía, falta de claridad sobre la edad oportuna para la realización de la valoración visual de primera vez, así como imaginarios errados relacionados con la valoración y remisión a servicios especializados de optometría y oftalmología. Discusión. El estudio permitió develar la falta de conocimientos de los profesionales de la salud y las distintas causas que contribuyen a esta problemática, así como la importancia del fortalecimiento de este tema en los currículos. Conclusión. Es necesario fortalecer el conocimiento de los médicos generales y pediatras con el fin de detectar precozmente los niños en riesgo de ambliopía y reducir la carga de la enfermedad. Cómo citar: Maldonado Rueda SJ, Marzal Guerra EE, Delgado-Serrano J, Cepeda-Bareño DF, Oviedo Cáceres MP. Percepciones sobre el conocimiento de la detección temprana de la ambliopía de médicos generales y pediatras de Bucaramanga. MedUNAB. 2020;23(1):62-71. doi:10.29375/01237047.3782

Introduction. Amblyopia is a visual disorder that arises during cortical development, and is considered the most frequent cause of preventable blindness. Early diagnosis and treatment have been demonstrated to be highly effective. However, it is often detected at a late stage, partly due to lack of knowledge. The purpose of this article is to describe the perceived knowledge of general practitioners and pediatricians in Bucaramanga on the early detection of amblyopia. Methodology. A descriptive, qualitative exploratory study was performed, by means of semistructured interviews of 20 healthcare professionals, using the approach suggested by Taylor and Bogdan. Results. The interview results found two types of issues: shortcomings in undergraduate and graduate training, lack of infrastructure to perform the visual assessment. It also detected four sub-categories, including incorrect concepts about amblyopia, lack of clarity about the right age to perform the first-time visual assessment, and erroneous beliefs about the assessment and referral to specialized optometry and ophthalmology services. Discussion. The study found gaps in knowledge by healthcare professionals as well as the different contributing factors to this problem, and indicates the importance of strengthening this subject in the curricula. Conclusion. It is necessary to strengthen knowledge among general practitioners and pediatricians to enable the early detection of children at risk of amblyopia and reduce the burden of this disease. Cómo citar: Maldonado Rueda SJ, Marzal Guerra EE, Delgado-Serrano J, Cepeda-Bareño DF, Oviedo Cáceres MP. Percepciones sobre el conocimiento de la detección temprana de la ambliopía de médicos generales y pediatras de Bucaramanga. MedUNAB. 2020;23(1):62-71. doi:10.29375/01237047.3782

Introdução. A ambliopia é um transtorno visual causado durante o desenvolvimento cortical, considerado a causa mais frequente de cegueira evitável. O diagnóstico e o tratamento precoce provaram ser eficazes; no entanto, sua detecção é tardia devido, em parte, à falta de conhecimento. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever as percepções sobre o conhecimento de médicos gerais e pediatras em Bucaramanga a respeito da detecção precoce da ambliopia. Métodos. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo, exploratório e qualitativo, utilizando entrevistas semiestruturadas com 20 profissionais de saúde, fazendo uso da abordagem de Taylor e Bogdan. Resultados. As entrevistas permitiram identificar duas categorias, falhas no processo de formação dos graduandos e pósgraduandos, barreiras de infraestrutura para realizar avaliação visual e quatro subcategorias, entre as quais estão: conceitos errôneos sobre a ambliopia, falta de clareza sobre a idade apropriada para realizar a primeira avaliação visual, bem como uma valoração errônea relacionada com a avaliação e encaminhamento para serviços especializados de optometria e oftalmologia. Discussão. O estudo revelou o desconhecimento dos profissionais da saúde e as diferentes causas que contribuem para esse problema, bem como a importância de fortalecer essa questão nos currículos. Conclusão. É necessário ampliar o conhecimento dos médicos gerais e pediatras na detecção precoce das crianças em risco de ambliopia e reduzir a carga da doença. Cómo citar: Maldonado Rueda SJ, Marzal Guerra EE, Delgado-Serrano J, Cepeda-Bareño DF, Oviedo Cáceres MP. Percepciones sobre el conocimiento de la detección temprana de la ambliopía de médicos generales y pediatras de Bucaramanga. MedUNAB. 2020;23(1):62-71. doi:10.29375/01237047.3782

Processes and contexts influencing health inequalities among women who are mothers.

This paper presents a conceptual framework that aims to conceptualise the different processes and contexts influencing health inequalities among women who are mothers. On the one hand, four processes are shown: (1) social stratification; (2) route into motherhood; (3) exposure and vulnerability to risk factors; and (4) generation of health inequalities. On the other hand, the role of the socioeconomic and political context, the labour market context, and the social, community and family context, as well as their inter-relationships, are presented. In addition, different family policy models, social values and cultural imperatives are considered.

Inequalities in health and health behaviours between couple and lone mothers before and during the financial crisis in Spain (2003-2012).

Lone mothers report worse health and adopt more risky health behaviours than couple mothers, as largely documented in several European countries, but not deeply in Spain. The primary aim of this study was to identify the possible existence of inequalities in health and health behaviours between couple and lone mothers in Spain by occupational social class and employment status. A second aim was to explore whether any inequalities were influenced by the economic crisis beginning in 2008, analysing changes in inequalities between 2003-2004 and 2011-2012. Two waves of the cross-sectional Spanish National Health Survey data were used. Analyses were restricted to mothers aged 16-64 years, with at least one child aged 18 years or younger. The sample consisted of 2982 mothers in 2003-2004 and 3070 in 2011-2012, representing more than 80% of couple mothers. Two health outcomes and two health behaviour measurements were used. Robust Poisson regression was run to estimate inequalities between couple and lone mothers, calculating prevalence ratios adjusted by age and stratified by social class and employment status. We found inequalities in health and health behaviours between couple and lone mothers in Spain amongst the manual social class, with lone mothers reporting a more than 30% higher prevalence of poor self-perceived health and being smoker in both time points of study compared with couple mothers. Furthermore, lone mothers were at 50% higher risk of having at least one selected chronic condition and 86% higher probability of sleeping less than 6 hours/day in 2011-2012 This study could not confirm that inequalities between couple and lone mothers changed in Spain during the study period, although some patterns were noticeable. Inequalities pointed towards an increase amongst mothers in the manual social class with paid employment, while inequalities amongst unemployed mothers (both manual and non-manual social class) pointed towards a decrease.

Gender Diversity in STEM Disciplines: A Multiple Factor Problem.

Lack of diversity, and specifically, gender diversity, is one of the key problems that both technological companies and academia are facing these days. Moreover, recent studies show that the number of female students enrolled in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) related disciplines have been decreasing in the last twenty years, while the number of women resigning from technological job positions remains unacceptably high. As members of a higher education institution, we foresee that working towards increasing and retaining the number of female students enrolled in STEM disciplines can help to alleviate part of the challenges faced by women in STEM fields. In this paper, we first review the main barriers and challenges that women encounter in their professional STEM careers through different age stages. Next, we focus on the special case of the information theory field, discussing the potential of gendered innovation, and whether it can be applied in the Information Theory case. The working program developed by the School of Engineering at the University of Valencia (ETSE-UV), Spain, which aims at decreasing the gender diversity gap, is then presented and recommendations for practice are given. This program started in 2011 and it encompasses Bachelor, Master and PhD levels. Four main actions are implemented: Providing institutional encouragement and support, increasing the professional support network, promoting and supporting the leadership, and increasing the visibility of female role models. To assess the impact of these actions, a chi-square test of independence is included to evaluate whether there is a significant effect on the percentage of enrolled female students. The percentage of graduated female students in the information and Communications Technology Field is also positioned with respect to other universities and the Spanish reference value. This analysis establishes that, in part, this program has helped to achieve higher female graduation rates, especially among Bachelor students, as well as increasing the number of top-decision positions held by faculty women.

Effects of two bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids, Antioquine and Tetrandrine, compared to Verapamil in Rat Thoracic Aorta.

The objective of this study was to compare two alkaloids (antioquine and tetrandrine) with verapamil; knowing that the smooth muscle respond to KCl and relationships with calcium. The effects of antioquine and tetrandrine, was studied in adults Wistar rat with modified methods used in the determination of aorta contractility and compared with verapamil effect in the same assays. The analysis of the effect of a drug or extract on aortic reactivity included maximal relaxation or maximal contraction (Cmax) (Phase 1). In our results, verapamil induced a blockade of 98.7 ± 0.7% (n = 6) in presence of endothelium and 97.9 ± 4.3% in ausence of endothelium, both in phase 1 and in phase 2 of 47.4 ± 4.1% (n = 6) in aortas in the presence of endothelium and 61.8 ± 1.1% in ausence of endothelium; Tetrandrine assays showed a phase 1 blocking effect of 63.4 ± 5.5 and 47.7 ± 2.9% (with and without endothelium, respectively) and phase 2 of 43.5 ± 6.2 and 28.5 ± 5.7%, (with and without endothelium, respectively). Antioquine presents in phase 1 and phase 2, a blockade that is not significant from the point of view of calcium antagonism. We can conclude that tetrandrine block the movement of calcium from both intracellular and extracellular deposits, with the greatest effect when aortas are in the presence of endothelium.

Epidemiology of Dog and Cat Abandonment in Spain (2008-2013).

Millions of pets are abandoned worldwide every year, which is an important animal welfare and financial problem. This paper was divided into three studies. Our first two studies were designed as a national survey of animal shelters to profile the population of stray dogs and cats, as well as to gather information on both relinquishment and adoption. The aim of our third study was to test the impact of identification on the recovery of dogs entering animal shelters. Studies one and two indicate that more than 100,000 dogs and more than 30,000 cats enter animal shelters annually in Spain. We observed a seasonal effect in the number of admissions in cats. Two-thirds of dogs and cats entering shelters were found as strays, while the rest were relinquished directly to the shelter. Most pets admitted to animal shelters were adult, non-purebred, and without a microchip, with the majority of dogs being medium sized. Adult dogs spent significantly more time in shelters than puppies. While most animals were either adopted or recovered by their owner, a considerable percentage remained at the shelter or was euthanized. The identification of dogs with a microchip increased by 3-fold the likelihood of them being returned to the owner.

Eventos adversos y complicaciones del tratamiento antineoplásico administrados durante la infancia / Adverse events and complications of antineoplastic treatment administered during childhood

El cáncer infantil es una enfermedad crónica potencialmente mortal, la cual representa un gran impacto no solo para los pacientes, sino para su familia. El niño con cáncer debe enfrentarse al impacto emocional, físico, social, psicológico y a los efectos de la enfermedad y su tratamiento. Se considera que uno de cada 640 adultos jóvenes entre las edades de 20 y 39 años presentaron cáncer en su infancia, esto sumado al aumento de sobrevida debido a los tratamientos actuales, hace que las complicaciones que se puedan presentar en el tratamiento o por su enfermedad sean un marcador de morbimortalidad a largo plazo. Por tal motivo, el niño con cáncer debe hacer frente a los cambios adquiridos y a las complicaciones de la enfermedad y su tratamiento. Todos estos factores pueden poner en peligro la calidad de vida del niño con diagnóstico de cáncer y hacer más difícil el cumplimiento del régimen de terapia antineoplásica propuesto. El objetivo de este artículo es hacer una revisión de las principales complicaciones y efectos adversos que pueden ocurrir en pacientes que son sometidos a tratamientos antineoplásicos detallando las complicaciones por sistemas, las complicaciones propias de los medicamentos y los eventos adversos ocurridos por la atención a estos pacientes. MÉD.UIS. 2014;27(3):77-88.

Childhood cancer is a life-threatening chronic disease, which represents a great impact not only for patients, but for their family. The child with cancer must face the emotional, physical, social, and psychological effects of the disease and its treatment impact. It is believed that 1 in every 640 young adults between the ages of 20 and 39 years had cancer in their infancy, this added to increased survival due to current treatments, causes complications that may arise in the treatment or their disease be a marker of long-term morbidity. Therefore children with cancer must face the acquired changes and complications of the disease and its treatment. All these factors can impair the quality of life of children with cancer diagnosis and ensure implementation of the proposed scheme antineoplastic therapy more difficult. The aim of this article is to review major complications and side effects that can occur in patients who are undergoing cancer treatments detailing complications systems, the complications of drugs and adverse events that occurred in the care of these patients. MÉD.UIS. 2014;27(3):77-88.

Conocimiento etnobotanico tradicional y uso de plantas Medicinales en un area rural de la Región Metropolitana de Chile: estudio descriptivo / Traditional ethnobotanical knowledge and use of medicinal plants in a rural area of the metropolitan region of Chile: descriptive study

Con el fin de caracterizar y evaluar el conocimiento botánico perteneciente a la población en el área rural (poco abordado por la etnobotánica) se realizó un estudio a través de encuestas para aprender sobre plantas medicinales cultivadas y utilizadas en una zona rural de la Región Metropolitana (San Juan de Pirque). Las conclusiones son que los usuarios tienen un conocimiento híbrido (producto de los conocimientos tradicionales en combinación con la información de diversos tipos) de plantas medicinales. Hemos encontrado que la mayoría de las especies cultivadas en los jardines botánicos fueron especies introducidas y muy pocos las nativas. También, se les conocía por sus nombres comunes y no se detectaron nuevos nombres no descrito previamente en la literatura.

Health inequalities among older adults in Spain: the importance of gender, the socioeconomic development of the region of residence, and social support.

BACKGROUND: This study analyzes health inequalities among older adults in Spain by adopting a conceptual framework that globally considers two dimensions of health determinants (gender and the socioeconomic development of the region of residence) and the mediating influence of social support, taking into account individual socioeconomic position. METHODS: Data came from the 2006 Spanish National Health Interview Survey. A subsample of people aged 65 to 85 years with no paid work living in two socioeconomically developed regions situated in the north of Spain and in two less developed ones situated in the south was selected. The health outcomes analyzed were self-rated health status and poor mental health status. Multiple logistic regression models were fitted and covariates (age, socioeconomic position, household type, and social support) were added in subsequent steps. FINDINGS: Self-rated health status among older adults was poorer in the less socioeconomically developed regions, but especially among women, whereas the poorest mental health status was found in one of the most socioeconomically developed regions, especially for men. Social support was an important determinant of health status, regardless of the socioeconomic development of the region. Gender inequalities in health did not differ by regional socioeconomic development with one exception regarding poor self-rated health. CONCLUSION: These results show the importance of implementing stronger gender equity policies, as well as reducing socioeconomic inequalities among regions and strengthen social support among older adults.