A Cadaveric Study on the High Origin of the Radial Artery.

INTRODUCTION: Among the upper limb's vascular variations, the radial artery's high origin from the axillary artery is rare, and literature regarding the same is limited. Anomalous origin of radial artery can cause failure of radial approach to coronary angiography and reconstructive surgeries of upper limbs and hence is of clinical significance. With this background, the current cadaveric study was planned to describe the branching pattern of the axillary artery and its variations. METHODS: We conducted this descriptive, cross-sectional study on sixty adult human cadaveric upper limbs at the anatomy departments of Government TD Medical College, Alappuzha, and Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, over two years from 2021 to 2023. The axillary artery's branching pattern and termination were noted, and the prevalence of high origin of the radial artery from the axillary artery was documented. RESULTS: High origin of radial artery from axillary artery was observed in four (6.70%) limbs and was higher than the prevalence reported in earlier literature. Among these variations, one was a female cadaver with a bilateral high origin of radial artery arising from the third part of the axillary artery. The other two were from separate male upper limbs, both from the right upper limb. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of the high origin of the radial artery from the axillary artery was high compared to earlier reported literature. This calls for further research in the anatomy of arterial patterns of the upper limb to avoid complications during arterial procedures of the upper limb.

Deciphering the role of polyphenol in defence mechanism against tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse.) in cocoa (Theobroma cocoa L.).

Tea mosquito bug (TMB) is a serious pest of cocoa whose prevalence is high, mostly during summer and post monsoon season. Three species of tea mosquito bug have been reported on cocoa: Helopeltis antonii Signoret, H. theivora Waterhouse, and H. bradyi Waterhouse. H. theivora is the most prevalent one causing damage to young shoots, cherelles and pods. Rearing of tea mosquito bug on cocoa was found to be a failure in the present study hence Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse was maintained on the alternate host mile-a-minute (Mikania micrantha Kunth) under laboratory condition in insect rearing cages. Using freshly reared tea mosquito bugs twenty cocoa hybrids were screened for resistance and were ranked after 72 hours of screening. All the hybrids having less than three lesions per plant in seedlings and less than 33 lesions on pods were ranked as highly resistant. It was observed that hybrids classified as highly resistant had significantly higher phenol content than those classified as susceptible. The significantly low phenol content in the susceptible hybrids suggests that phenolics have a function in mediating resistance to tea mosquito bug in cocoa. From correlation and regression analysis it is confirmed that phenol content can be used as a potential marker indicating the level of resistance of cocoa hybrids against tea mosquito bug resistance.

Bioconjugated gold nanoparticles as an efficient colorimetric sensor for cancer diagnostics.

The chances of curing and reducing the adverse effect of cancer partly lie in early detection. Colorimetric sensor-based technique show promising results since the target is detected with high sensitivity but without the use of advanced/costly techniques through a simple visual color change. In most cases, gold nanoparticles (Au Nps) functionalized with biomolecules complementary to target analyte are used for colorimetric detection. The interaction of functionalized Au Nps with target analytes induce aggregation or dispersion where the color of the solution changes from red to blue or blue to red respectively, which can be visualized by the naked eyes. Such a facile technique has a high commercial viability and therefore, understanding its concept is essential. Here, some of the reported studies are discussed technically for better understanding about the invitro colorimetric detection of cancer.