Embodiment of an Emotional State Concurs with a Stress-Induced Reconsolidation Impairment Effect on an Auditory Verbal Word-List Memory.

Stress alters memory. Understanding how and when acute stress improves or impairs memory is a challenge. Stressors can affect memory depending on a combination of factors. Typically, mild stressors and stress hormones might promote consolidation of memory processing and impair memory retrieval. However, studies have shown that during reconsolidation, stressors may either enhance or impair recalled memory. We propose that a function of reconsolidation is to induce changes in the behavioral expression of memory. Here, we adapted the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) to evaluate the effect of cold pressor stress (CPS) during the reconsolidation of this declarative memory. A decay in memory performance attributable to forgetting was found at the time of memory reactivation 5 d after training (day 6). Contrary to our initial predictions, the administration of CPS after memory reactivation impaired long-term memory expression (day 7), an effect dependent on the presence of a mismatch during Reactivation Session. No differences in recognition tests were found. To assess putative sources of the negative memory modulation effects induced during reconsolidation, current emotional state was evaluated immediately after Testing Session (day 7). An increase in arousal was revealed only when CPS was administered concurrently with memory reactivation-labilization. The possibility of integration during reconsolidation of independent associations of these emotive components in the trace is a critical factor in modulating neutral memories during reconsolidation by stressors.

Desarrollo de las emociones en las niñas y los niños. Revisión de los principales factores moduladores / Development of emotions in children. A rewiew of the main modulating factors

La valoración emocional es un proceso central de la reacción emocional. Sin embargo, las investigaciones en niñas y niños se centran en el reconocimiento de las emociones. El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar las investigaciones recientes que analizaron los factores moduladores de la valoración emocional en niñas y niños preescolares. Se revisan estudios sobre el reconocimiento emocional y acerca de cómo éste aumenta su precisión a mayor edad y en posibles variaciones según la valencia de los estímulos (negativos, neutros y positivos). Se discute si el género podría ser un factor modulador de las reacciones emocionales, a partir de las diferencias en la valoración. Además, se sintetizan las investigaciones que analizaron la influencia del lenguaje, de la cultura y de la pobreza sobre las emociones. Debido a la escasez de estudios realizados en niñas y niños preescolares, este artículo sistematiza el conocimiento actual y propone claves sobre las que podrían orientarse investigaciones futuras.

Emotional appraisal is a central process of the emotional reaction. Nevertheless, research with children in this field is often focused on emotional recognition. The purpose of this work is to review the most recent researches and analyze the factors that modulate emotional appraisal in preschool children. Studies on emotional recognition in children and how it increases its accuracy according to the age are reviewed. Also, there are studies concerning possible variations according to the valence of the stimuli (negative, neutral and positive). Based on differences in the emotional appraisal, it is discussed if gender could be a modulating factor of emotional reactions. Furthermore, investigations that analyzed the influence of language, culture and poverty in emotions has been summarized. Due to the lack of studies in preschool children, this work aims to outline the current knowledge and put forward keys on which future research could be oriented.