Indications and Outcomes of Intraocular Lens Explantation in a Tertiary Eyecare Center in Hungary between 2006 and 2020.

Purpose: Our study aimed to evaluate the indications and outcomes of intraocular lens (IOL) explantation surgeries in a tertiary eyecare center in Hungary. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included all IOL explantation surgeries performed between 2006 and 2020 at the Department of Ophthalmology of Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. There were no exclusion criteria for this study. For each patient, the demographics, clinical history, preoperative status, indications for IOL explantation, and operative and postoperative details were reviewed. Primary outcomes included explantation indications and the type of secondary implanted IOL. Results: A total of 161 eyes from 153 patients were included (96 males; 62.7%); age at the time of the IOL explantation was 65.0 ± 17.4 years. The mean time between primary cataract surgery and IOL explantation was 8.5 ± 7.7 years. In total, 139 (86.3%) PCIOLs and 22 (13.7%) ACIOLs were explanted. The main indications for IOL explantation were dislocation (n = 133; 95.7%) and refractive cause (n = 2; 1.4%) in the PCIOL group. Among ACIOL explantations, the main reasons were pseudophakic bullous keratopathy (n = 14; 63.6%), dislocation (n = 4; 18.2%), and refractive cause (n = 2; 9.1%). In the PCIOL group, 115 (82.7%) primary IOLs were implanted in the capsular bag, 16 (11.5%) were sulcus fixated, and 8 (5.8%) were scleral fixated. The most frequent ocular comorbidities were previous vitrectomy (n = 50, 31.1%), previous ocular trauma (n = 45, 28.0%), glaucoma (n = 16, 9.9%), pseudoexfoliation syndrome (n = 15, 9.3%), and high axial myopia (n = 14, 8.7%). The most commonly used secondary IOL implant was the prepupillary iris-claw IOL (n = 115, 73.7%), followed by the retropupillary iris-claw IOL (n = 32, 20.5%). Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) was significantly better following IOL exchange in the entire sample (1.57 ± 0.61 (range: 2.40-0.05) vs. 0.77 ± 0.56 (range: 2.40-0.00); p < 0.001). Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was maintained or improved in 80.7% of cases after IOL explantation. Conclusions: The most common indication for IOL explantation at a tertiary eyecare center in Hungary is IOL dislocation, followed by pseudophakic bullous keratopathy. Prepupillary and retropupillary iris-claw IOL are the most frequently used secondary implants and their use resulted in a significant UCVA improvement following IOL exchange.

Clinical Characteristics and Treatment of Ophthalmic Sequelae of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis at a Tertiary Eyecare Centre in Hungary.

INTRODUCTION: This study analysed the causative factors and clinical characteristics of acute and chronic ocular sequelae of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) treated at a large third-referral centre in a developed country (Hungary) over a 15-year period. METHODS: This was a retrospective review of patients with acute and/or chronic SJS/TEN who were managed between 2006 and 2020 at the Department of Ophthalmology of Semmelweis University in Budapest, Hungary. For each subject, clinical data, including patient demographics, clinical history, causative agents of SJS/TEN, and conservative and surgical treatment details, were reviewed. RESULTS: Ninety-six eyes of 48 patients were included (28 female; 58.3%); the age at disease onset was 32.1 ± 22.4 years. The most common causative factors were medicines (n = 36; 75.0%). Among these drugs, 29.2% were nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (n = 14), 20.8% were antibiotics (n = 10) and 14.6% were antiepileptic drugs (n = 7). In patients with chronic SJS/TEN, the most commonly found ocular sequelae were conjunctival hyperaemia in 45 (56.3%) eyes, symblepharon in 38 (47.5%) eyes, trichiasis/distichiasis in 37 (46.3%) eyes, corneal neovascularization in 31 (38.8%) eyes and corneal scarring in 29 (36.3%) eyes. In patients with chronic SJS/TEN, the most frequently used topical conservative treatment included antibiotics in 53 (66.3%) eyes, preservative-free artificial tears in 50 (62.5%) eyes and topical corticosteroids in 42 (52.5%) eyes of 40 patients. The most frequently performed ocular surgeries for managing chronic ocular sequelae in patients with SJS/TEN were epilation for trichiasis (n = 27; 33.8%), cataract surgery (n = 14; 17.5%), entropion surgery (n = 12; 15.0%), penetrating keratoplasty (PK) (n = 11; 13.8%) and amniotic membrane transplantation (n = 4; 5.0%). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that NSAIDs, antibiotics and antiepileptic drugs are the most common causative factors for SJS/TEN in Hungary. Like in other countries, in Hungary, the ocular management of patients with acute and chronic SJS/TEN is heterogeneous, and most cases do not follow modern therapeutic guidelines.

Evaluation of Retinal Blood Flow in Patients with Monoclonal Gammopathy Using OCT Angiography.

BACKGROUND: Monoclonal gammopathy (MG) is characterized by monoclonal protein overproduction, potentially leading to the development of hyperviscosity syndrome. OBJECTIVE: To assess retinal circulation using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) parameters in patients with monoclonal gammopathy. METHODS: OCTA measurements were performed using the Optovue AngioVue system by examining 44 eyes of 27 patients with MG and 62 eyes of 36 control subjects. Superficial and deep retinal capillary vessel density (VD SVP and DVP) in the whole 3 × 3 mm macular and parafoveal area, foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area, and central retinal thickness (CRT) were measured using the AngioAnalytics software. The OCTA parameters were evaluated in both groups using a multivariate regression model, after controlling for the effect of imaging quality (SQ). RESULTS: There was no significant difference in age between the subjects with monoclonal gammopathy and the controls (63.59 ± 9.33 vs. 58.01 ± 11.46 years; p > 0.05). Taking into account the effect of image quality, the VD SVP was significantly lower in the MG group compared to the control group (44.54 ± 3.22% vs. 46.62 ± 2.84%; p < 0.05). No significant differences were found between the two groups regarding the other OCTA parameters (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A decreased superficial retinal capillary vessel density measured using OCTA in patients with MG suggests a slow blood flow, reduced capillary circulation, and consequent tissue hypoperfusion. An evaluation of retinal circulation using OCTA in cases of monoclonal gammopathy may be a sensitive method for the non-invasive detection and follow-up of early microcirculatory dysfunction caused by increased viscosity.

Uncorrected refractive errors are important causes of avoidable visual impairment in Hungary: re-evaluation of two existing national data sets.

AIM: To review existing data for the prevalence of corrected, uncorrected, and inadequately corrected refractive errors and spectacle wear in Hungary. METHODS: Data from two nationwide cross-sectional studies were analysed. The Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness study collected population-based representative national data on the prevalence of visual impairment due to uncorrected refractive errors and spectacle coverage in 3523 people aged ≥50y (Group I). The Comprehensive Health Test Program of Hungary provided data on the use of spectacles in 80 290 people aged ≥18y (Group II). RESULTS: In Group I, almost half of the survey population showed refractive errors for distant vision, about 10% of which were uncorrected (3.2% of all male participants and 5.0% of females). The distance spectacle coverage was 90.7% (91.9% in males; 90.2% in females). The proportion of inadequate distance spectacles was found to be 33.1%. Uncorrected presbyopia was found in 15.7% of participants. In all age groups (Group II), 65.4% of females and 56.0% of males used distance spectacles, and approximately 28.9% of these spectacles were found to be inappropriate for dioptric power (with 0.5 dioptres or more). The prevalence of inaccurate distance spectacles was significantly higher in older age groups (71y and above) in both sexes. CONCLUSION: According to this population-based data, uncorrected refractive errors are not rare in Hungary. Despite recent national initiatives, further steps are required to reduce uncorrected refractive errors and associated negative effects on vision, such as avoidable visual impairment.

Seven-year outcomes following intensive anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy in patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration.

BACKGROUND: Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy is currently the most effective therapy of exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The aim of this study was to assess long-term benefits of intensive aflibercept and ranibizumab anti-VEGF therapy in patients with exudative AMD. METHODS: Two clinical trial sites recruited their original subjects for a re-evaluation 7 years after the baseline visit of the phase-3 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Trap-Eye: Investigation of Efficacy and Safety in Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration (VIEW 2) trial. Forty-seven eyes of 47 patients with AMD originally treated with ranibizumab (14 eyes) or aflibercept (33 eyes) were included. RESULTS: Mean number of injections was 17.8 ± 3.0 during participation in the VIEW 2 trial. Fourteen of 47 (30%) eyes were given additional injections with a mean number of 5.7 ± 4.5 after the trial. At a mean follow-up time of 82 ± 5 months best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) remained stable or improved (≤ 10 letters lost) in 55% of patients in the entire study population, in 43% in the ranibizumab group and in 60% in the aflibercept group. In both groups combined mean BCVA was 54 ± 13 letters at baseline, 65 ± 17 letters at the end of the intensive phase and 45 ± 25 letters at the end of follow-up. There was no statistically significant difference in BCVA between the two groups at baseline (p = 0.88) and at the end of follow-up (p = 0.40). Macular atrophy was observed in 96% of eyes, average area was 7.22 ± 6.31 mm2 with no statistically significant difference between groups (p = 0.47). Correlation between BCVA at end-of-follow-up and the area of atrophy was significant (p < 0.001). At the end of follow-up, fluid was detected in 7 of 47 eyes (15%) indicating disease activity. CONCLUSION: Long-term efficacy of aflibercept and ranibizumab was largely consistent. Following a two-year intensive therapy with as-needed regimen, BCVA was maintained or improved in almost half of the patients and in the ranibizumab group and more than half of the patients in the aflibercept group with very few injections. In a remarkable proportion of eyes, BCVA declined severely which underlines the need for long-term follow-ups and may indicate a more prolonged intensive therapy. TRIAL REGISTRATIONS: VIEW 2 study: ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT00637377, date of registration: March 18, 2008. Long-term follow-up: IRB nr.: SE RKEB 168/2022, ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT05678517, date of registration: December 28, 2022, retrospectively registered.

Intraoperative complication rates in cataract surgery performed by resident trainees and staff surgeons in a tertiary eyecare center in Hungary.

AIM: To compare the incidence of intraoperative complications during primary phacoemulsification (phaco) surgery between resident surgeons (residents) and staff surgeons (specialists) and to objectively determine the difficulty of stages in phaco surgery. METHODS: This retrospective study included cases of phaco cataract surgery performed between January and December 2019. There were no exclusion criteria. For each patient, demographics, clinical history, case complexity, type of surgeon, and operative details were reviewed. Primary outcomes included intraoperative complication rates and the objective measure of difficulty in the steps of the surgery performed by residents and specialists. RESULTS: A total of 3272 cases were included; 7.4% (n=241) of cases were performed by residents. The overall complication rate was 5.4% (n=177). The intraoperative complication rate was significantly higher (P<0.001) in residents (n=33, 13.7%) than in specialists (n=144, 4.8%). The most frequent complications were posterior capsule tear (n=85, 2.6%), anterior capsule tear (n=50, 1.53%), zonular fiber loss (n=45, 1.38%), and dropped nucleus (n=15, 0.46%). Objectively, the most difficult steps during surgery were phaco in 66 (60.0%), capsulorhexis in 21 (19.1%), irrigation/aspiration in 13 (11.8%), hydrodissection in 9 (8.2%), and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in 1 (0.9%) case. CONCLUSION: Intraoperative complication rates are higher in residents than in specialists. The order of objective difficulty in phaco surgery steps is in line with the subjective findings of other surveys, revealing that the most challenging parts of phaco surgery are phaco and capsulorhexis.

Visual impairment and blindness caused by posterior segment diseases in Hungary in people aged 50 years and older / Hátsószegmens-betegségek okozta látásromlás és vakság Magyarországon az 50 évnél idosebb korú lakosság körében

Introduction: Posterior segment diseases are the most common causes of blindness and visual impairment in devel-oped countries among people aged 50 years and older in Hungary. Objective: The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of visual impairment and blindness caused by posterior segment diseases in the population aged 50 years and older in Hungary. Method: 105 census enumeration units were randomly selected with a probability proportional to size by the Hungar-ian Central Statistical Office. The standardised Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness (RAAB) method was used. Participants underwent eye examination with a direct ophthalmoscope. Participants underwent visual acuity testing with a Snellen tumbling E-chart with or without a pinhole. Dilated fundus examination was performed in diabetic participants using an indirect binocular ophthalmoscope. Results: In total, 3523 (95.9%) out of 3675 eligible people were examined, of whom the prevalence of bilateral blind-ness and severe visual impairment was 0.7% and 0.2%, respectively. The most common causes of visual impairment caused by posterior segment diseases were age-related macular degeneration (1.419%), glaucoma (0.397%), diabetic retinopathy (0.341%) and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (0.198%). The most common causes of blindness caused by posterior segment diseases were age-related macular degeneration (37.5%), glaucoma (16.7%), diabetic retinopathy (8.3%), high myopia (8.3%), rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (8.3%) and retinitis pigmentosa (8.3%). Conclusion: Prevalence of severe visual impairment and blindness caused by posterior segment diseases was lower compared to results of RAAB surveys in other countries. The frequency order of different posterior segment diseases was in line with developed countries. Availability of eye care should be improved and financing should be modernized due to the continuously increasing number of patients with age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetes and pathologic myopia.

Corneal Densitometry and In Vivo Confocal Microscopy in Patients with Monoclonal Gammopathy-Analysis of 130 Eyes of 65 Subjects.

BACKGROUND: Corneal imaging may support an early diagnosis of monoclonal gammopathy. The goal of our study was to analyze corneal stromal properties using Pentacam and in vivo confocal cornea microscopy (IVCM) in subjects with monoclonal gammopathy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In our cross-sectional study, patients with monoclonal gammopathy (130 eyes of 65 patients (40.0% males; age 67.65 ± 9.74 years)) and randomly selected individuals of the same age group, without hematological disease (100 eyes of 50 control subjects (40.0% males; age 60.67 ± 15.06 years)) were included. Using Pentacam (Pentacam HR; Oculus GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany), corneal stromal light scattering values were obtained (1) centrally 0-2 mm zone; (2) 2-6 mm zone; (3) 6-10 mm zone; (4) 10-12 mm zone. Using IVCM with Heidelberg Retina Tomograph with Rostock Cornea Module (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany), the density of hyperreflective keratocytes and the number of hyperreflective spikes per image were manually analyzed, in the stroma. RESULTS: In the first, second and third annular zone, light scattering was significantly higher in subjects with monoclonal gammopathy, than in controls (p ≤ 0.04). The number of hyperreflective keratocytes and hyperreflective spikes per image was significantly higher in stroma of subjects with monoclonal gammopathy (p ≤ 0.012). CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms that increased corneal light scattering in the central 10 mm annular zone and increased keratocyte hyperreflectivity may give rise to suspicion of monoclonal gammopathy. As corneal light scattering is not increased at the limbal 10-12 mm annular zone in monoclonal gammopathy subjects, our spatial analysis provides evidence against the limbal origin of corneal paraprotein deposition. Using IVCM, stromal hyperreflective spikes may represent specific signs of monoclonal gammopathy.

Pregnancy-related ocular changes and the choice of delivery mode in the presence of ophthalmological diseases / Terhességhez kapcsolódó szemészeti változások és a szülésvezetés módjának szemészeti kérdései.

Összefoglaló. A terhesség során a szervezet hormonrendszerében jelentos változások mennek végbe, melyek a magzat optimális anatómiai és élettani fejlodését, valamint a várandósság terminusig történo kihordását biztosítják. Ezen hatások sokszor a reproduktív szervrendszeren kívül más szerveket is érinthetnek, így a szemet és a szem függelékeit. A szemészeti változások élettani és kóros eltérésekben nyilvánulhatnak meg, melyek a legtöbbször átmenetiek és ártalmatlanok, bizonyos esetben azonban terápiás beavatkozást igényelhetnek, vagy súlyos háttérbetegség kórjelzoi lehetnek. Közleményünkben áttekintjük a terhességhez kapcsolódó leggyakoribb fiziológiás szemészeti változásokat és egyéb patológiás szemészeti kórképeket, melyek a várandósság alatti megváltozott hormonális, immunológiai és metabolikus hatásokra kialakulhatnak, progrediálhatnak vagy fellángolhatnak. Ezenkívül ismertetjük a szülésvezetés módjának szemészeti indikációból történo eldöntésének vonatkozásait és a szülés kapcsán eloforduló szemészeti szövodményeket. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(52): 2089-2099. Summary. During pregnancy, significant changes occur in the endocrine system that ensure the appropriate anatomical and physiological development of the foetus as well as smooth delivery at term. Apart from the reproductive system, these effects can affect other organs such as the eye and ocular adnexa. Ophthalmic changes can manifest in physiological and pathological abnormalities, most of which are transient and harmless; however, some cases may require therapeutic intervention or may be indicative of severe underlying disease. Our review focuses on the most common physiological ophthalmic changes associated with pregnancy and other pathological ophthalmic diseases that may develop, progress or exacerbate due to altered hormonal, immunological and metabolic effects during gestation. Furthermore, aspects of deciding the delivery mode from an ophthalmic indication, along with ocular complications related to childbirth, are described. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(52): 2089-2099.

Ocular signs and comorbidities in monoclonal gammopathy: Analysis of 84 eyes of 42 subjects / A monoklonális gammopathia szemészeti jelei és szövodményei: 42 beteg 84 szemének vizsgálata

Összefoglaló. Célkituzés: A monoklonális gammopathia szemészeti jeleinek és szövodményeinek vizsgálata. Betegek és módszerek: Két nagy budapesti hematológiai ellátóhely 1999 és 2020 között diagnosztizált és/vagy kezelt, monoklonális gammopathiát mutató betegeit vizsgáltuk (42 beteg 84 szeme, 42,86% férfi; átlagéletkor 63,83 ± 10,76 év). A hematológiai diagnózis 3 esetben bizonytalan jelentoségu monoklonális gammopathia, 34 esetben myeloma multiplex, 3 esetben parázsló myeloma, 1-1 esetben Waldenström-macroglobulinaemia és amyloidosis voltak. Kontrollcsoportként véletlenszeruen kiválasztott, hasonló korcsoportú, hematológiai betegség nélküli egyéneket vizsgáltunk (43 beteg 86 szeme, 32,56% férfi; átlagéletkor 62,44 ± 11,89 év). A szemészeti vizsgálat elott minden személy kitöltötte a Szemfelszíni Betegség Index (OSDI-) kérdoívet. A szemészeti vizsgálat során a látóélesség vizsgálata mellett pupillatágítást követoen réslámpás vizsgálatot végeztünk. Eredmények: Monoklonális gammopathiában az OSDI-érték szignifikánsan magasabb volt, mint a kontrollokban (p = 0,002). Gammopathiában 3 beteg 5 szeménél (5,95%) találtunk potenciális szaruhártya-immunglobulinlerakódást. Gammopathiában szárazszem-betegség 66,67%-ban, szürke hályog 55,95%-ban, Meibom-mirigy-diszfunkció 20,24%-ban, hátsó kérgi szürke hályog 19,05%-ban, egyéb szaruhártyahegek és -homályok 17,86%-ban, krónikus szemhéjgyulladás 14,29%-ban, szemészeti eltérés hiánya 11,90%-ban, macula- és/vagy retinadrusen 9,52%-ban, szaruhártya-immunglobulinlerakódás 5,95%-ban, epiretinalis membrán 5,95%-ban, korábbi szürkehályog-mutét 5,95%-ban, glaucoma 4,76%-ban, Fuchs-dystrophia 2,38%-ban, perifériás retinadegeneráció 2,38%-ban, chorioidea naevus 2,38%-ban, diabeteses retinopathia 1,19%-ban, arteria centralis retinae elzáródás 1,19%-ban, vena centralis retinae ágelzáródás 1,19%-ban, amblyopia 1,19%-ban volt kimutatható. A szárazszem-betegség (p = 0,002), a hátsó kérgi szürke hályog (p = 0,001), a szürke hályog (p<0,00001) és az egyéb szaruhártyahegek és -homályok (p = 0,01) szignifikánsan magasabb arányban fordultak elo a monoklonális gammopathiát mutató betegekben, mint a kontrollokban. Következtetés : Monoklonális gammopathiában a szárazszem-betegség és a szürke hályog a leggyakoribb szemészeti eltérés. A monoklonális gammopathia potenciális szemészeti jelei és szövodményei miatt javasoljuk a betegek évenkénti szemészeti ellenorzését, életminoségük javítása érdekében. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(38): 1533-1540. OBJECTIVE: To examine ocular signs and ocular comorbidities in monoclonal gammopathy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed patients from two large referral hematology centers in Budapest, who were diagnosed and/or treated with monoclonal gammopathy between 1997 and 2020 (84 eyes of 42 patients, 42.86% male, mean age 63.83 ± 10.76 years). Before the ophthalmic examination, the subjects filled in the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire. Ophthalmic examination included visual acuity test and slit-lamp examination following dilation of the pupil. RESULTS: OSDI scores were significantly higher in subjects with monoclonal gammopathy than in controls (p = 0.002). Among gammopathy subjects, we observed potential corneal immunoglobulin deposition in 5 eyes of 3 patients (5.95%). In gammopathy subjects, there was dry eye disease (66.67%), cataract (55.95%), Meibomian gland dysfunction (20.24%), posterior cortical cataract (19.05%), corneal scars and degenerations (17.86%), chronic blepharitis (14.29%), absence of ocular complaint (11.90%), macular or retinal drusen (9.52%), corneal immunoglobulin deposition (5.95%), epiretinal membrane (5.95%), previous cataract surgery (5.95%), glaucoma (4.76%), Fuchs dystrophy (2.38%), peripheral retinal degeneration (2.38%), chorioideal naevus (2.38%), diabetic retinopathy (1.19%), central retinal artery occlusion (1.19%), central retinal vein branch occlusion (1.19%) and amblyopia (1.19%). The proportion of dry eye disease (p = 0.002), posterior cortical cataract (p = 0.001), cataract (p<0.00001), and corneal scars and degenerations (p = 0.01) were significantly higher in gammopathy subjects than in controls. CONCLUSION: Dry eye disease and cataracts are the most common ocular comorbidities in patients with monoclonal gammopathy. Therefore, due to the potential ocular signs and comorbidities of monoclonal gammopathy, we suggest a regular, yearly ophthalmic checkup of these patients to improve their quality of life. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(38): 1533-1540.

Ocular Signs and Ocular Comorbidities in Monoclonal Gammopathy: Analysis of 80 Subjects.

PURPOSE: To examine the ocular signs of monoclonal gammopathy and to evaluate ocular comorbidities in subjects with monoclonal gammopathy. Patients and Methods. We analyzed patients from two large referral hematology centers in Budapest, diagnosed and/or treated with monoclonal gammopathy between 1997 and 2020. As a control group, randomly selected individuals of the same age group, without hematological disease, have been included. There were 160 eyes of 80 patients (38.75% males; age 67.61 ± 10.48 (range: 38-85) years) with monoclonal gammopathy and 86 eyes of 43 control subjects (32.56% males; age 62.44 ± 11.89 (range 37-86) years). The hematological diagnosis was MGUS in 9 (11.25%), multiple myeloma in 61 (76.25%), smoldering myeloma in 6 (7.50%), and amyloidosis or Waldenström macroglobulinemia in 2 cases (2.50%-2.50%). Before detailed ophthalmic examination with fundoscopy, 42 subjects with gammopathy (52.50%) and all controls filled the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire. RESULTS: The OSDI score and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were significantly worse in subjects with monoclonal gammopathy than in controls (p=0.02; p=0.0005). Among gammopathy subjects, we observed potential corneal immunoglobulin deposition in 6 eyes of 4 (3.75%) patients. Ocular surface disease (p=0.0001), posterior cortical cataract (p=0.01), and cataract (p=0.0001) were significantly more common among gammopathy subjects than in controls (χ 2 test). CONCLUSIONS: Ocular surface disease and cataract are more common, and BCVA is worse in patients with monoclonal gammopathy than in age-matched controls. Therefore, and due to the potential ocular signs and comorbidities of monoclonal gammopathy, we suggest a regular, yearly ophthalmic checkup of these patients to improve their quality of life.

Clinical Review of Ocular Traumas Resulting in Enucleation or Evisceration in a Tertiary Eye Care Center in Hungary.

PURPOSE: To analyse the demographic and clinical characteristics of ocular traumas resulting in enucleation/evisceration in a large tertiary referral center in a developed country (Hungary) over a period of 15 years. Patients and Methods. A retrospective review of enucleated/eviscerated eyes that underwent surgery between 2006 and 2020 at the Department of Ophthalmology of Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, due to ocular trauma as the primary indication for enucleation/evisceration. For each subject, clinical history, B-scan ultrasound report, and histopathology results were reviewed. RESULTS: There were 124 enucleated/eviscerated eyes from 124 patients (91 males (73.4%)). The mean age at the time of trauma was 37.3 ± 26.0 years while the mean age at the time of enucleation/evisceration was 46.9 ± 20.3 years. The main clinical diagnoses after ocular trauma were open globe injury (n = 96; 77.4%), ocular burns (n = 6; 4.8%), traumatic optic neuropathy (n = 4; 3.2%), bulbar avulsion (n = 3; 2.4%), traumatic cataract (n = 2; 1.6%), retinal ablation (n = 1; 0.8%), and traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula (n = 1; 0.8%). Among the 124 patients, 98 (79.0%) underwent enucleation and 26 (21.0%) evisceration. Patients who underwent primary enucleation/evisceration (n = 24 19.4%) were significantly older at the time of the injury (57.7 ± 22.7 years) than people who underwent secondary eye removal (32.4 ± 24.4 years) (p < 0.0001). The mean time interval between trauma and enucleation/evisceration was 114.9 ± 163.5 months. The main clinical indications for anophthalmic surgery were atrophia/phthisis bulbi (n = 56, 45.2%), acute trauma (n = 25, 20.2%), painful blind eye due to glaucoma (n = 17, 13.7%), endophthalmitis (n = 10, 8.1%), and cosmetic reasons (n = 7, 5.6%). One patient (0.8%) had sympathetic ophthalmia. CONCLUSIONS: Primary enucleation/evisceration was performed in one-fifth of all ocular trauma-related anophthalmic surgeries in our tertiary eye care center with enucleation being the most common procedure. Atrophia/phthisis bulbi was the most frequent immediate clinical indication for enucleation/evisceration.

Retinal biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease and vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID): implication for early diagnosis and prognosis.

Cognitive impairment and dementia are major medical, social, and economic public health issues worldwide with significant implications for life quality in older adults. The leading causes are Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular cognitive impairment/dementia (VCID). In both conditions, pathological alterations of the cerebral microcirculation play a critical pathogenic role. Currently, the main pathological biomarkers of AD-ß-amyloid peptide and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins-are detected either through cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or PET examination. Nevertheless, given that they are invasive and expensive procedures, their availability is limited. Being part of the central nervous system, the retina offers a unique and easy method to study both neurodegenerative disorders and cerebral small vessel diseases in vivo. Over the past few decades, a number of novel approaches in retinal imaging have been developed that may allow physicians and researchers to gain insights into the genesis and progression of cerebromicrovascular pathologies. Optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT angiography, fundus photography, and dynamic vessel analyzer (DVA) are new imaging methods providing quantitative assessment of retinal structural and vascular indicators-such as thickness of the inner retinal layers, retinal vessel density, foveal avascular zone area, tortuosity and fractal dimension of retinal vessels, and microvascular dysfunction-for cognitive impairment and dementia. Should further studies need to be conducted, these retinal alterations may prove to be useful biomarkers for screening and monitoring dementia progression in clinical routine. In this review, we seek to highlight recent findings and current knowledge regarding the application of retinal biomarkers in dementia assessment.

Predictive factors of selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist treatment in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy.

To compare the macular morphology of good and poor responders to eplerenone treatment in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) patients. Thirty eyes of 29 patients with chronic CSCR were treated with 50 mg/day oral eplerenone and followed up for 1 year. The integrity of outer retinal layers at baseline was assessed using optical coherence tomography. Patients who showed complete resolution of subretinal fluid at 1 year were assigned to the good responder group (Group 1), whilst those who showed moderate or no resolution were classified as poor responders (Group 2). Ellipsoid zone interruption, ELM interruption and hyperreflective foci in outer segment (OS) and outer nuclear layer (ON layer) was significantly more frequent in Group 2 than in Group 1 (p < 0.05 for all parameteres). Outer segment elongation was significantly more frequently seen in Group 1 than in Group 2 (p < 0.05) Multivariable regression analysis showed that intact ellipsoid zone at baseline is an independent predictor of good therapeutic response, with an odds ratio of 26.00 (95% CI 3.69-183.45; p = 0.001) after controlling for the effect of hyperreflective foci and ELM integrity. There is higher chance of the resolution of subretinal fluid after eplerenone treatment in CSCR patients with intact outer retinal layers at baseline. Baseline morphologic evaluation of the outer retinal layers on OCT scans can be useful in predicting the response to mineralocorticoid antagonist therapy in these patients.

Choroidal thickness changes in patients with diabetes / A chorioidea vastagságának változása diabeteses betegekben.

INTRODUCTION: Swept-source optical coherence tomography is a useful non-invasive device that is used to understand better the role of choroid in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. AIM: To measure choroidal thickness in diabetic eyes and to correlate it with established systemic risk factors, the severity and the therapy of diabetic retinopathy. METHOD: Prospective cross-sectional study using swept-source optical coherence tomography has been performed. Choroidal and macular thickness maps of 117 eyes of 60 diabetic patients were compared to data from 45 eyes of 24 healthy controls. In all diabetic patients, the systemic risk factors (duration and type of diabetes, blood hemoglobin A1C level, hypertension), the type (no, non-proliferative or proliferative) and the therapy of diabetic retinopathy were recorded, and their relation to choroidal thickness was evaluated using multiple regression models. RESULTS: A significantly thinner choroid was measured in diabetic patients compared to controls (p<0.05). Analysing the whole cohort, aging (p<0.001) and the presence of hypertension (p<0.05) showed significant correlation with choroidal thinning. In diabetic patients, the duration of diabetes significantly correlated with choroidal thinning (p<0.05). In multivariable analysis, the duration of diabetes remained a significant predictor of choroidal thickness (ß -0.18; p = 0.02). A significantly thinner choroid was measured in patients with proliferative retinopathy and in patients after panretinal photocoagulation treatment compared to nonproliferative retinopathy (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Diabetes mellitus itself and diabetic retinopathy progression affects choroidal thickness significantly. Choroidal thickness is affected significantly by systemic risk factors (age, the presence of hypertension, disease duration). Choroidal thinning proved to be correlated with panretinal photocoagulation treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Orv Hetil. 2020; 161(35): 1475-1482.

Clinical Review of Microbial Corneal Ulcers Resulting in Enucleation and Evisceration in a Tertiary Eye Care Center in Hungary.

PURPOSE: To analyse the clinical and microbiological characteristics and preexisting ophthalmic and systemic conditions of infectious keratitis resulting in enucleation/evisceration in a large tertiary referral center in a developed country (Hungary) over a period of 12 years. Patients and Methods. A retrospective review of enucleated/eviscerated eyes undergoing surgery between 2007 and 2018 at the Department of Ophthalmology of Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, with infectious keratitis as the primary indication for enucleation or evisceration. For each subject, clinical history, B-scan ultrasound report, and microbiological analyses were reviewed. RESULTS: There were 48 enucleated/eviscerated eyes from 47 patients (29 females (61.7%), age at the time of surgery 66.4 ± 18.5 years). Indication for surgery was hopeless, unmanageable keratitis (62.5%), and keratitis with endophthalmitis (37.5%). The most common preexisting ophthalmic conditions were previous cataract surgery (60.4%), previous therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) (56.3%), corneal perforation (52.1%), glaucoma (41.7%), and long-term topical steroid usage (31.3%). In order to treat keratitis, before enucleation or evisceration, 20 eyes (41.7%) underwent PKP, 12 eyes (25.0%) amniotic membrane transplantation, 8 eyes (16.7%) conjunctival autograft transplantation, 6 eyes (12.5%) tarsorrhaphy, and 4 eyes (8.3%) vitrectomy to salvage the eye prior to the final treatment of enucleation or evisceration. The most frequent preexisting systemic diseases were hypertension (62.5%), cardiac disease (20.8%), diabetes mellitus (20.8%), and rheumatoid arthritis (14.6%). Staphylococcus aureus (17.0%) and Propionibacterium acnes (12.8%) were the most commonly isolated gram-positive bacteria, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most frequently isolated gram-negative pathogen bacterium (10.6%). Six globes (12.5%) had positive fungal cultures (1 case of Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Trichosporon inkin, Acremonium sp., Fusarium sp., and Penicillium sp.). CONCLUSIONS: Staphylococcus aureus, Propionibacterium acnes, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis with or without endophthalmitis represent the most common indication for ocular enucleation/evisceration in patients with microbial keratitis in a tertiary referral center in Hungary. The incidence of enucleation and evisceration related to mycotic keratitis does not seem to have increased within the last decade. Most frequent preexisting systemic diseases in cases of enucleation and evisceration are hypertension, cardiac disease, diabetes mellitus, and rheumatoid arthritis.

Relationship between diabetes mellitus and cataract in Hungary.

AIM: To examine the coexistence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and cataract in Hungary. The effects of DM on the cataract surgical results were also in the focus of analysis. METHODS: Statistical data analysis of the results of the Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness with Diabetic Retinopathy (RAAB+DR) module conducted in Hungary in 2015. This cross-sectional, population-based, national survey included 3523 people aged 50 years and over. Participants of the survey were examined on-site. Visual acuity, main cause for visual impairment (using direct and indirect ophthalmoscopes), in case of best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) ≤0.5 and blood glucose level (random test with glucometer) were examined. RESULTS: The prevalence of cataract was 23.4%, and DM was 20.0%. The occurrence of cataract steadily increased with age. Among the examined participants with DM, the prevalence of cataract was significantly (P=0.012) higher (+35%) than that in non-diabetic subjects (29.5% vs 21.8%). Following aging (OR=15.2%, P<0.001), DM proved to be the most independent influencing risk factor (OR=49.9%, P<0.001). The presence of DM was neither an influencing factor for complications of cataract surgery, nor for postoperative visual acuity. CONCLUSION: DM appears to be one of the main risk factors for developing cataract. Other risk factors, such as age, sex and environment also play an influencing role. Diabetes does not seem to affect the occurrence of cataract surgical complications.

Differential diagnosis and management of melanocytic lesions of the ocular surface / [Pigmentsejt-eredetu szemfelszíni elváltozások differenciáldiagnózisa és kezelése]

Our purpose is to summarize the actual knowledge about melanocytic lesions of the ocular surface (conjunctival nevus, primary acquired melanosis and conjunctival melanoma),especially their clinical appearance, differential diagnosis and treatment. Conjunctival nevus is the most common benign, conjunctival melanocytic lesion. Primary acquired melanosis mainly presents in middle-aged or elderly individuals, characterized by proliferation of melanocytes of the conjunctival epithelial layer. Conjunctival melanoma is a rare tumor, it is the second most common malignant ocular surface tumor after ocular surface squamous neoplasia and the third most common ocular malignancy following choroideal malignant melanoma and ocular surface squamous neoplasia. Early recognition and proper management of conjunctival melanoma is indispensable due to its high malignant and metastatic potential. Due to frequent recurrences, the knowledge and use of intra- and postoperative adjuvant treatment modalities, and regular follow-up are necessary. Orv Hetil. 2020; 161(15): 563­574.

Clinicopathological Review of 547 Bulbar Enucleations in Hungary (2006-2017).

PURPOSE: To analyse current clinicopathological enucleation indications in a large third-referral centre in a developed country (Hungary) over a period of 12 years. METHODS: Retrospective review was performed on 547 enucleated eyes of 543 patients (48.6% males, age 52.7 ± 24.5 years) who were operated on between 2006 and 2017 at the Department of Ophthalmology of Semmelweis University, in Budapest, Hungary. For each subject, clinicopathological data, including patient demographics, indications for enucleation, B-scan ultrasound reports, operative details, and histopathological analyses, were reviewed. Primary enucleation indications were classified into trauma, tumours, systemic diseases, surgical diseases, infections or inflammations, miscellaneous diseases, and unclassifiable groups. Clinical immediate enucleation indications were classified as tumours, atrophia or phthisis bulbi, infection or inflammation, painful blind eye due to glaucoma, acute trauma, threatening or spontaneous perforation, cosmetic causes, and expulsive bleeding. RESULTS: The most common primary enucleation indications were tumours (47.3%), trauma (16.8%), surgical diseases (15.7%), infection or inflammation (11.6%), systemic diseases (5.1%), miscellaneous diseases (2.0%), and unclassifiable diseases (1.5%). Clinical immediate enucleation indications were tumours (46.1%), atrophia or phthisis bulbi (18.5%), infection or inflammation (18.5%), painful blind eye due to glaucoma (11.2%), acute trauma (3.7%), threatening or spontaneous perforation (1.3%), cosmetic reasons (0.5%), and expulsive bleeding (0.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Intraocular tumours represent the most common clinicopathological indication for ocular enucleation in our study population. Following ocular trauma and systemic diseases, the rate of enucleation decreased in the last decade, compared to those previously reported in other developed countries. However, changes were not observed for surgical diseases, infectious and inflammatory causes, or for miscellaneous and unclassified diseases. Orbital implant financing should be increased to ensure better postoperative aesthetic rehabilitation, following enucleation in Hungary.

Choroidal thickness changes in non-treated eyes of patients with diabetes: swept-source optical coherence tomography study.

AIMS: To measure choroidal thickness (CT) in diabetic eyes and its correlation with metabolic status and the severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective cross-sectional study using swept-source optical coherence tomography. CT maps of 96 treatment naïve eyes of 48 patients with diabetes were compared to 46 eyes of 23 healthy controls. CT changes and their relation to diabetes, age, gender, disease duration, hypertension (HT), hemoglobin A1c level, type and severity of DR were evaluated. RESULTS: A significantly thinner choroid was measured in patients with diabetes compared to controls (p < 0.009). In the diabetic group age, gender, disease duration and HT were significantly correlated with CT in univariable regression models (p < 0.05). In multivariable analysis, the duration of diabetes significantly negatively correlated with CT (p = 0.02). According to analysis of variance, there was a significant difference among means of CT in different stages of DR (p = 0.002), with thinner CT in cases with more advanced DR. In a multivariable predictive model, thinner CT was associated with an increased risk for the presence of DR (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes mellitus itself and the severity of DR affect CT significantly, even after adjusting for the effects of confounding systemic factors. Disease duration seems to be associated with a reduction of choroidal thickness. Decreased CT proved to be correlated with the severity of DR.