An Annotated Checklist of Monogeneans (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea) from Aquatic Vertebrates in Peru: A Review of Diversity, Hosts and Geographical Distribution.

Monogeneans are flatworm parasites that infest fish gills primarily but can also infect various other vertebrates, including amphibians, aquatic reptiles, mammals like hippos, and occasionally invertebrates like copepods, isopods, and cephalopods. Despite their remarkable diversity, our knowledge of monogenean parasites in Peru remains significantly limited, resulting in substantial gaps in our comprehension of their taxonomic identities, host associations, and geographic distribution. To address these knowledge deficits, we present an extensively curated checklist of monogeneans associated with aquatic vertebrates in Peru. This comprehensive compilation is derived from meticulous literature surveys, the examination of specimens deposited in both international and national collections, and the inclusion of additional freshly collected specimens. The checklist offers a thorough repository of data encompassing the diversity, host associations, and geographical distribution of these parasites. Taxonomic discrepancies are addressed through a critical review of the existing literature, supplemented by the direct examination of specimens, including type or voucher specimens, deposited within scientific collections. Additionally, we provide data on the DNA sequences of individual taxa. The compiled list comprises records of 358 monogenean species, including 270 valid species and 88 taxa identified at the family or generic level, all reported across 145 host species in Peru. Predominantly, these parasitic species exhibit associations within fish, with 335 infecting teleosts and 20 affecting chondrichthyans. Three monogenean species have been documented as infecting amphibians, namely Mesopolystoma samiriensis, Polistoma sp. and Wetapolystoma almae. Among the monogeneans reported, 141 were found in marine environments and 214 in freshwater environments. The most diverse families were Dactylogyridae and Diplectanidae, comprising 217 and 24 species, respectively. The hosts that harbored the highest number of monogeneans were Pygocentrus nattereri (with 23 species), followed by Stellifer minor (13 spp.) and Triportheus angulatus (11 spp.). We detected many species that do not have any material deposited in a scientific collection due to the loss or deactivation of the collection. These findings represent only a fraction of the potential diversity, considering the wide variety of aquatic vertebrate hosts inhabiting the tropical and subtropical regions of Peru.

New record of monogeneans (Platyhelminthes: Monogenea) infecting some marine fishes from the Peruvian coastal zone

A parasitological survey searching monogeneans infesting marine fish was carried out during June 2018 and January 2020 from the coastal zone of Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes (northern Peru) and from the coastal zone of Chorrillos, Lima (central Peru). The gills, skin, nasal cavities, or branchial gill-cover of seven species were sampled. Ten monogenean species assigned to six families and nine genera were identified. The monogeneans Callorhynchocotyle callorhynchi (Manter, 1955); Capsala biparasiticum (Goto, 1894) Price, 1938; Euryhaliotrema sagmatum Kritsky & Boeger, 2002; Listrocephalos kearni Bullard, Payne &Braswell, 2004; Magniexcipula lamothei Bravo-Hollis, 1981; Nasicola klawei (Stunkard, 1962) Yamaguti, 1968; and Pseudorhabdosynochus anulus Violante-Gonzalez & Rojas-Herrera, 2011 are registered for the first time in Peru. While Capsala gregalis (Wagner & Carter, 1967) Chisholm & Whittington, 2007; Heterocotyle margaritae Chero, Cruces, Sáez, Santos & Luque, 2020; and Monocotyle luquei Chero, Cruces, Iannacone, Sanchez, Minaya, Sáez & Alvariño, 2016 have been previously registered in Peruvian waters, however, the region of Tumbes (northern Peru) represent a new locality record for these species.

Durante junio de 2018 y enero de 2020 se realizó un levamiento parasitológico para buscar monogeneos que infectan peces marinos en la zona costera de Puerto Pizarro, departamento de Tumbes (norte de Perú) y en la zona costera de Chorrillos, departamento de Lima (centro de Perú). Se analizaron las branquias, la piel, las cavidades nasales o el opérculo de siete especies. Se identificaron diez especies de monogeneos, asignadas a seis familias y nueve géneros. Los monogeneos Callorhynchocotyle callorhynchi (Manter, 1955); Capsala biparasitica (Goto, 1894) Price, 1938; Euryhaliotrema sagmatum Kritsky y Boeger, 2002; Listrocephalos kearni Bullard, Payne y Braswell, 2004; Magniexcipula lamothei Bravo-Hollis, 1981; Nasicola klawei (Stunkard, 1962) Yamaguti, 1968; y Pseudorhabdosynochus anulus Violante-Gonzalez & Rojas-Herrera, 2011 son registrados por primera vez en Perú. Mientras que, Capsala gregalis (Wagner y Carter, 1967) Chisholm y Whittington, 2007; Heterocotyle margaritae Chero, Cruces, Sáez, Santos & Luque, 2020; y Monocotyle luquei Chero, Cruces, Iannacone, Sanchez, Minaya, Sáez & Alvariño, 2016 han sido previamente registrados en aguas peruanas, sin embargo, la región de Tumbes (norte de Perú) representa un nuevo registro de localidad para estas especies.

Cryptococcus neoformans en heces de palomas (Columba livia) en Lima Metropolitana / Cryptococcus neoformans in the stools of dove (Columba livia) in metropolitan Lima

Objetivos: Investigar la presencia del hongo levaduriforme Cryptococcus neoformans en heces de palomas domésticas (Columba livia). Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal realizado en la ciudad de Lima- Perú. Se recolectaron 300 muestras de heces encontradas en los suelos de parques y hospitales. Además se tomó 30 muestras de las cloacas de algunas palomas capturadas. Resultados: Se aisló el hongo en 47 muestras de las que 7 correspondieron al Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans pero no se aisló el hongo en cloaca. Las 7 cepas aisladas tuvieron 100% de sensibilidad frente a Anfotericin B, Nistatina y Clotrimazol; además presentaron 100% de resistencia a Fluconazol e Itraconazol y 57% de resistencia a Ketoconazol. Conclusiones: Cryptococcus neoformans se encuentra presente en heces de palomas en Lima Metropolitana. (AU)

Objectives: To evaluate the presence of Cryptococcus neoformans in the stools of domestic dove (Columba livia). Methods: Cross-sectional study carried-out in the city of Lima-Peru. 300 stool samples found in the soil of parks and hospital were collected. In addition, 30 sewage samples were also processed. Results: the fungus was isolated in 47 samples, Cryptococcus neoformans var neoformans was isolated in 7 of these samples, none was isolated from sewage samples. The seven strains showed 100% susceptibility to amphotericin B, nystatin and clotrimazol, but showed 100% resistance to fluconazole and itraconazole and 57% resistance to ketoconazole. Conclusions: Cryptococcus neoformansis found in the stools of domestic dove in metropolitan Lima. (AU)