[Premalignancies of colon]. / Prekancerózy tlustého streva.

The most common premalignant lesions of colorectal carcinoma include sporadic adenomas. Tubular and tubulovillous adenomas with mild dysplasia are considered benign lesions, while villous adenomas represent tumors with uncertain bio-logical behavior. In recent years, demonstrable growth of flat lesions in the proximal intestine has been seen. Precision and yield of colonoscopy depends to some extent on good preparation, careful screening of intestine and use of new instruments of better quality. As an indicator of screening colonoscopy quality, the so -called adenoma detection rate is used. The text briefly describes options of endoscopic and surgical resolving of premalignancies. In the Czech Republic, attendance in the screening program is low, which could be changed by prepared addressed invitations of clients. The population with a genetic or familiar risk is examined according to recommended procedures intended for increased- risk persons.

[New knowledge of the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease]. / Nové poznatky v patogenezi Crohnovy choroby.

Crohns disease is a complex chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract with multifactorial pathogenesis. Over the recent years, there has been rather a sharp increase in the incidence of Crohn's disease and, even though this disease had been known for some time, the cause remains unknown. Studies exploring genetic basis of Crohn's disease have provided new knowledge of the pathogenesis of this disease, suggesting that this may be associated with a failure of mechanisms behind symbiosis of gut microflora and intestinal mucosal immune system. Crohn's disease seems to be caused by inadequate immune response to intestinal flora in genetically predisposed individuals. Crohn's disease has been linked to a number of genes. Many of them are related to the modulation of non-specific immune response, defects of which are considered to be key in Crohn's disease pathogenesis. The aim of this review paper is to summarize the new knowledge on the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease at the level of polymorphisms of the NOD2, ATG16L1 genes and the IL23-Th17-lymfocytes signalling pathway genes and to consider further research directions in this disease.

Significant overexpression of Hsp110 gene during colorectal cancer progression.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequent malignant diseases in the world. Metastatic spread of the cancer to the lymph nodes is a crucial factor for progression and therapeutic management of the disease. We analysed gene expression profiles of CRC patiens by low-density cancer-focused oligonucleotide microarrays to identify new predictive markers of the extent of the disease and for better understanding of CRC progression. Relative expression levels of 440 genes known to be involved in cancer biology were obtained by low-density oligonucleotide microarrays from 20 tumor samples. Statistical analysis of gene expression data identified 3 genes (HSP110, HYOU1 and TCTP) significantly up-regulated in primary tumors of patients who developed lymph node metastasis. We have shown, for the first time, that up-regulation HSP110 and HYOU1 expression is associated with lymph node involvement in CRC. We validated the differences in HSP110 expression in an independent group of 30 patients of all clinical stages by real-time PCR. We identified significant up-regulation of HSP110 expression in colorectal tumors compared to adjacent non-tumoral tissue (p<0.0003). We observed significant differences of HSP110 gene expression between metastatic and localized disease (p=0.031) and negative trend of HSP110 gene expression and overall survival of CRC patients. We suggest that HSP110 gene is a promising molecular predictor in CRC.

[The preoperative radiographic image in traction and of the postural angle in relation to postoperative correction of the scoliotic curvature]. / Vztah predoperacních rtg snímku v trakci a úklonech k pooperacní korekci skoliotických krivek.

The authors evaluated a group of 297 patients after the surgical correction and stabilization of the spine, out of which there were 171 idiopathic, 98 congenital, 14 neuromuscular deformities and 14 deformities were connected with neurofibromatosis. By the statistical comparison of the values of curvature when the patient is standing prior to operation, lying in distraction of 200N and lying in side-bend to the convex of the curve with the value of correction after operation the authors have proved that it is sufficient to carry out only the examination in the maximum voluntary side-bend with the exception of the deformities of neuromuscular origin where it is necessary to perform also x-ray examination in the distraction of 200N when the patient is lying.