Impact of Age on Subcutaneous Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator in a Large Patient Cohort: Mid-Term Follow-Up.

BACKGROUND: The subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (S-ICD) is an accepted alternative to transvenous (TV) ICD to provide defibrillation therapy to treat life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias in high-risk patients. S-ICD outcomes by age group have not been reported. OBJECTIVES: In this study, the authors sought to report S-ICD outcomes in different age groups in a multicenter S-ICD post-approval study (PAS) involving the largest cohort of patients ever reported. METHODS: Patients were prospectively enrolled in the S-ICD PAS and stratified based on age: young, aged 15-34 years; adult, aged 35-69 years; and elderly, aged ≥70 years. Patient characteristics and clinical outcomes through 3 years of follow up after implantation were compared. RESULTS: The S-ICD PAS enrolled 1,637 patients. Elderly patients were more likely to receive an S-ICD as a replacement of a TV-ICD (15.1% elderly vs 12.3% adult vs 7.4% young). Secondary prevention indication decreased with age (32.7% young vs 22.2% adult vs 20.5% elderly). Mortality rate was significantly higher in the elderly group (24.0% elderly vs 13.0% adult vs 7.4% young; P < 0.0001), whereas the complication rate did not differ significantly (12.3% young vs 11.3% adult vs 8.1% elderly). Rates of appropriate shock (12.7% young vs 13.0% adult vs 13.8% elderly) and inappropriate shock (7.8% young vs 9.1% adult vs 8.8% elderly) rates did not differ between groups (P = 0.96 and P = 0.98, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Implant complications and appropriate and inappropriate shock rates were similar among age groups. S-ICD for secondary prevention was more common in the young group. Replacing a TV-ICD for an S-ICD increases with age. (S-ICD System Post-Approval Study; NCT01736618).

Two-Year Outcomes With a Next-Generation Left Atrial Appendage Device: Final Results of the PINNACLE FLX Trial.

Background The PINNACLE FLX (Protection Against Embolism for Non-valvular AF [Atrial Fibrillation] Patients: Investigational Device Evaluation of the Watchman FLX LAA [Left Atrial Appendage] Closure Technology) trial evaluated the safety and efficacy of a next-generation left atrial appendage closure device (WATCHMAN FLX; Boston Scientific, Marlborough, MA). At 1 year, the study met the primary end points of safety and anatomical efficacy/appendage closure. This final report of the PINNACLE FLX trial includes the prespecified secondary end point of ischemic stroke or systemic embolism at 2 years, also making it the first report of 2-year outcomes with this next-generation left atrial appendage closure device. Methods and Results Patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation with CHA2DS2-VASc score ≥2 (men) or ≥3 (women), with an appropriate rationale for left atrial appendage closure, were enrolled to receive the left atrial appendage closure device at 29 US centers. Adverse events were assessed by an independent clinical events committee, and imaging was assessed by independent core laboratories. Among 395 implanted patients (36% women; mean age, 74 years; CHA2DS2-VASc, 4.2±1.5), the secondary efficacy end point of 2-year ischemic stroke or systemic embolism was met, with an absolute rate of 3.4% (annualized rate, 1.7%) and an upper 1-sided 95% confidence bound of 5.3%, which was superior to the 8.7% performance goal. Two-year rates of adverse events were as follows: 9.3% all-cause mortality, 5.5% cardiovascular death, 3.4% all stroke, and 10.1% major bleeding (Bleeding Academic Research Consortium 3 or 5). There were no additional systemic embolisms, device embolizations, pericardial effusions, or symptomatic device-related thrombi after 1 year. Conclusions The secondary end point of 2-year stroke or systemic embolism was met at 3.4%. In these final results of the PINNACLE FLX trial, the next-generation WATCHMAN FLX device demonstrated favorable safety and efficacy outcomes.

Primary Outcome Evaluation of a Next-Generation Left Atrial Appendage Closure Device: Results From the PINNACLE FLX Trial.

BACKGROUND: Left atrial appendage (LAA) occlusion provides an alternative to oral anticoagulation for thromboembolic risk reduction in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Since regulatory approval in 2015, the WATCHMAN device has been the only LAA closure device available for clinical use in the United States. The PINNACLE FLX study (Protection Against Embolism for Nonvalvular AF Patients: Investigational Device Evaluation of the Watchman FLX LAA Closure Technology) evaluated the safety and effectiveness of the next-generation WATCHMAN FLX LAA closure device in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation in whom oral anticoagulation is indicated, but who have an appropriate rationale to seek a nonpharmaceutical alternative. METHODS: This was a prospective, nonrandomized, multicenter US Food and Drug Administration study. The primary safety end point was the occurrence of one of the following events within 7 days after the procedure or by hospital discharge, whichever was later: death, ischemic stroke, systemic embolism, or device- or procedure-related events requiring cardiac surgery. The primary effectiveness end point was the incidence of effective LAA closure (peri-device flow ≤5 mm), as assessed by the echocardiography core laboratory at 12-month follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 400 patients were enrolled. The mean age was 73.8±8.6 years and the mean CHA2DS2-VASc score was 4.2±1.5. The incidence of the primary safety end point was 0.5% with a 1-sided 95% upper CI of 1.6%, meeting the performance goal of 4.2% (P<0.0001). The incidence of the primary effectiveness end point was 100%, with a 1-sided 95% lower CI of 99.1%, again meeting the performance goal of 97.0% (P<0.0001). Device-related thrombus was reported in 7 patients, no patients experienced pericardial effusion requiring open cardiac surgery, and there were no device embolizations. CONCLUSIONS: LAA closure with this next-generation LAA closure device was associated with a low incidence of adverse events and a high incidence of anatomic closure. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT02702271.

INTERVENE-HF: feasibility study of individualized, risk stratification-based, medication intervention in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.

AIMS: Determine the feasibility of implementing a heart failure (HF) management strategy that (i) uses a device-based, remote, dynamic, multimetric risk stratification model to predict the risk of HF events and (ii) uses a standardized, centrally administered, ambulatory medication intervention protocol to reproducibly and safely decrease elevated risk scores. METHODS AND RESULTS: Prospective, non-randomized, single-arm, multicenter feasibility study (Intervene-HF) was conducted in HF patients implanted with a cardiac resynchronization therapy with implantable cardio defibrillator (CRT-D) with TriageHF risk score feature. Certified HF nurses (CHFN) in the Medtronic Care Management Services Program implemented an ambulatory medication intervention strategy by following a standardized guided action pathway triggered by risk-based alert. When CHFN received notification of increased risk score (HF care alert), they implemented a 3 day course of diuretic up-titration (PRN) previously prescribed by a physician. Safety was monitored daily. Recovery after PRN was defined as ≥70% recovery of impedance toward baseline levels. Sixty-six patients followed for 8.2 ± 3.9 months had 49 HF care alerts. Twenty-three of 49 alerts did not receive PRN due to protocol-mandated criteria. Twenty-six of 49 alerts received PRN, 22 were completed, and 19 led to impedance recovery. Four interventions were stopped for safety without leading to an adverse event (AE). One of 26 PRNs was followed by a HF event. Eighty-five per cent (22/26) of PRNs were completed without an AE; 69% (18/26) met the recovery criteria. CONCLUSIONS: The Intervene-HF study supports the feasibility of testing, in a large randomized clinical trial, an ambulatory medication intervention strategy that is physician-directed, CHFN-implemented, and based on individualized device risk stratification.

Outcomes of subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in dialysis patients: Results from the S-ICD post-approval study.

BACKGROUND: Patients with chronic renal disease on hemodialysis (HD) have limited vascular access and are at high risk of bacteremia. The subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (S-ICD) avoids vascular access, so it may be advantageous in this patient population. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to report outcomes of patients with end-stage renal disease enrolled in the multicenter S-ICD post-approval study (PAS). METHODS: S-ICD PAS patients were stratified on the basis of the presence (group 1) or absence (group 2) of HD at the time of implantation. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics were collected. Perioperative and intermediate-term outcomes 365 days postimplantation were compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS: There were 220 patients on HD (13.4%) at the time of implantation out of 1637 patients enrolled in the S-ICD PAS. Patients on HD (group 1) were older (57.4 ± 13.2 years vs 52.5 ± 15.2 years; P < .0001), more likely to be of African descent (48.6% vs 25.1%; P < .0001), and had lower ejection fraction (28.6% ± 11.3% vs 32.6% ± 14.9%; P < .0001) as compared with patients not on HD (group 2). Group 1 had more comorbidities and mortality was higher (17.4% vs 3.7%) than did group 2. The rate of complications calculated using the Kaplan-Meier estimate did not differ between the 2 groups (overall P = .9169), with a 1-year rate of 7.9% and 7.7% for groups 1 and 2, respectively. The rate of appropriate shocks was significantly higher in group 1 (Kaplan-Meier analysis, P = .0003), as was inappropriate shocks (P = .0137). CONCLUSION: S-ICD is associated with similar adverse event rates but a higher risk of inappropriate and appropriate therapy in dialysis patients than in nondialysis patients.

Methyl mercury concentrations in edible fish and shellfish from Dunedin, and other regions around the South Island, New Zealand.

Methyl mercury (MeHg) concentrations were determined in edible fish and shellfish available in local markets in Dunedin, New Zealand. While most of the fish species were sourced in Dunedin, some specimens of fish were also collected from waters off Picton, around Stewart Island and also off-shore of the South Island in the Puysegur and Subantarctic regions. The concentrations of MeHg were analysed in 25 different fish species and shellfish (103 muscle tissue samples). Total mercury (HgT) levels were also analysed in a few (n=12) selected fish samples. Most of the Hg was in the form of MeHg (≥ 96%). Higher MeHg concentrations were found in fish at higher trophic levels, particularly in predatory fish species such as ling, school shark, spiny dogfish and albacore tuna. Concentrations of MeHg in all samples ranged from 0.002 to 2.515 µg MeHg/g.

Plasma carboxy-terminal peptide of procollagen type I is an independent predictor of diastolic function in patients with advanced systolic heart failure.

Severe diastolic dysfunction has important clinical implications in advanced systolic heart failure. The authors investigated whether a marker of fibrosis, serum carboxy-terminal peptide of procollagen type I (PICP) is a major determinant of diastolic function in 40 patients with heart failure and ejection fraction <35%. Patients with unstable heart failure or ischemic symptoms were excluded. The authors found PICP to be an independent predictor of diastolic function in addition to age and pulmonary artery systolic pressure. The authors' findings suggest that studies evaluating whether therapy that improves myocardial fibrosis could have a favorable impact on diastolic function in this population are warranted.

Rothia dentocariosa endocarditis complicated by multiple cerebellar hemorrhages.

A rare case of Rothia dentocariosa endocarditis after oral surgery is presented. The patient had repeated cerebellar hemorrhages occurring over months as the sole manifestation of disease. He was successfully treated with penicillin G and gentamicin with good outcome.

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: report of two cases and a 50-year review of the literature.

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a rare condition that can cause acute myocardial infarction and sudden death. This entity occurs predominantly in women. Although several mechanisms have been postulated, no single etiology completely explains the pathogenesis of SCAD. Patients who survive SCAD have been treated with various modalities. Prompt diagnosis and early institution of appropriate treatment are usually associated with successful outcome. We report two cases of SCAD successfully identified and treated with coronary stenting as well as a comprehensive review of cases of SCAD published since 1952.