Addition of Midthigh Circumference Improves Predictive Ability of Broselow Tape Weight Estimation.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to improve the accuracy of Broselow tape (BT) weight prediction by adding midthigh circumference (MTC) and to compare and standardize the methods for measuring MTC. METHODS: This prospective, observational study was conducted in a pediatric emergency department of a tertiary care children's hospital. Children up to 12 years of age presenting to emergency department were included. Children were excluded if obtaining the data would interfere with their acute management. The data collected included MTC, height, BT weight, and actual weight. Three models were built. Broselow tape-only model and MTC plus BT model used 2 methods for MTC measurements: visual approximation of thigh midpoint (visual MTC1) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-defined method (CDC MTC2). RESULTS: A total of 430 children were enrolled during pre-coronavirus disease era. Of these, 234 were boys (54.4%) and 196 (45.6%) were girls. Data were categorized into children younger than 2 years (224 [52.1%]) and older than 2 years (206 [47.9%]). African American constituted 250 (58%); White, 136 (31%); and unspecified, 27 (6%). For the entire cohort, both models that included MTC were significantly better at weight prediction with larger adjusted R2 (visual MTC1, 0.921; CDC MTC2, 0.928) and smaller root mean squared (RMSE) (visual MTC1, 2.70; CDC MTC2, 2.56) compared with BT-only model (adjusted R2 = 0.843; RMSE, 3.80). Midthigh circumference plus BT models performed even better in children older than 2 years compared with BT-only model with adjusted R2 (visual MTC1, 0.859; CDC MTC2, 0.872 vs 0.616) and RMSE (visual MTC1, 3.18; CDC MTC2, 3.03 vs 5.27). CONCLUSIONS: The inclusion of MTC with BT resulted in a more accurate weight prediction in children especially greater than 2 years old. Midthigh circumference model using CDC-defined method was slightly better predictor of actual weight than visual approximation.

Utility of Body Habitus Parameters to Determine and Improve the Accuracy of the Broselow Tape.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to determine and improve accuracy of the Broselow Tape (BT) in estimating children's weight by adding body habitus parameters. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in an urban hospital pediatric clinic. Children up to 8 years old coming in for well-child visit were included. Children with acute illness or presence of any chronic condition potentially resulting in growth disturbance and out of BT height range were excluded. The following body habitus parameters were measured using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines: actual weight, predicted weight using BT (BTW), mid-thigh circumference (MTC), body mass index, mid-arm circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio. RESULTS: A total of 301 children were enrolled. Of these, 151 were male (50%). Hispanics constituted 160 (53.2%). There was a positive linear association between BTW and actual weight in the overall cohort (adjusted R2 = 0.9164, P < 0.001). However, there was a difference in this association among children younger than 2 years and children older than 2 years (adjusted R2 = 0.89 vs 0.4841). Incorporating MTC and/or waist circumference along with BTW in the model increased the accuracy, providing a better estimate of actual weight (adjusted R2 = 0.94, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that there might be inaccuracies in the weight predicted by BT in our patient population, especially those weighing more than 15 kg and older than 2 years. Our study also demonstrates that MTC correlates closely with the actual weight and could be used in addition to BT for more accurate weight estimation.

Genetic variability and evolutionary dynamics of atypical Papaya ringspot virus infecting Papaya.

Papaya ringspot virus biotype-P is a detrimental pathogen of economically important papaya and cucurbits worldwide. The mutation prone feature of this virus perhaps accounts for its geographical dissemination. In this study, investigations of the atypical PRSV-P strain was conducted based on phylogenetic, recombination and genetic differentiation analyses considering of it's likely spread across India and Bangladesh. Full length genomic sequences of 38 PRSV isolates and 35 CP gene sequences were subjected to recombination analysis. A total of 61 recombination events were detected in aligned complete PRSV genome sequences. 3 events were detected in complete genome of PRSV strain PK whereas one was in its CP gene sequence. The PRSV-PK appeared to be recombinant of a major parent from Bangladesh. However, the genetic differentiation based on full length genomic sequences revealed less frequent gene flow between virus PRSV-PK and the population from America, India, Colombia, other Asian Countries and Australia. Whereas, frequent gene flow exists between Pakistan and Bangladesh virus populations. These results provided evidence correlating geographical position and genetic distances. We speculate that the genetic variations and evolutionary dynamics of this virus may challenge the resistance developed in papaya against PRSV and give rise to virus lineage because of its atypical emergence where geographic spread is already occurring.

Efficient and reproducible somatic embryogenesis and micropropagation in tomato via novel structures - Rhizoid Tubers.

A dual in vitro regeneration system consisting of indirect organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis (SE), applicable to several varieties of tomato-Solanum lycopersicum (cv. Riogrande, cv. Roma, hybrid 17905 and model cv. M82) has been established. This system is both improved and highly reproducible compared to current methods. Callus initiation, plant regeneration and SE was developed for one-week-old cotyledon explants. Indirect organogenesis via callus induction (CI) was developed for all four varieties of tomato used in this study. One-week-old tomato seedlings were used as a source of cotyledon and hypocotyl segments as explants. The explants were subsequently cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different combination and concentrations of plant growth regulators (PGRs). Substantial trends in regeneration and propagation response were observed among the varieties and treatments. For commercial varieties cvs. Riogrande and Roma, maximum CI was observed at 2 weeks in CIMT9 (0.5 mg/L NAA, 1 mg/L BAP) and CIMT12 (2 mg/L IAA, 2 mg/L NAA, 2 mg/L BAP, 4 mg/L KIN). However, cv. M82 responded after 4 weeks to a combination of treatments CIMT9 (0.5 mg/L NAA + 1 mg/L BAP) and CIMT13 (2 mg/L IAA + 2 mg/L NAA + 2 mg/L BAP + 4 mg/L ZEA) for the production of calli. Subsequent shoot and root organogenesis were optimized for all four varieties. Cv. Riogrande, exhibited fastidious in vitro regeneration potential and selected for induction of somatic embryos via SE involving novel structure: rhizoid tubers (RTBs). Numerous fine hair like rhizoids (~23/explants) were first developed from cotyledon and hypocotyl explants cultured on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 or 2 mg/L NAA at pH 4.0 in dark conditions. Further incubation of each rhizoid under light conditions on MS media supplemented with 5 mg/L TDZ or BAP at pH 4.0 led to the formation of a novel structure-rhizoid Tubers (RTBs). Thus, as evident from histology, SE in Riogrande tomato species requires a medium with pH of (4.0) and higher concentration of cytokinins (BAP/TDZ) to form on average 40-45 RTBs from both explants. Histological and morphological studies revealed that RTBs develop through different stages of embryogenesis to multiple plantlets, on MS medium with 5 mg/L TDZ/BAP at normal pH (5.8). The results obtained indicated that the induced somatic embryos of tomato with lower pH are a more efficient mode of propagation than the organogenesis with or without callus formation. The RTBs led to a complete plantlets regeneration in 45 days compared to indirect organogenesis at 60 days.

A Mild Laryngeal Cleft Causes Severe Symptoms.

Diagnosis and treatment of laryngeal clefts (LCs) particularly type I pose a challenge. Although rare, type I LCs are becoming increasingly identified in recent years, and this is perhaps due to both an increased awareness and better diagnostic modalities. We report a young infant presenting with feeding difficulty and respiratory distress related to LC. The pertinent literature is also reviewed.

Structure-activity relationships of strigolactones via a novel, quantitative in planta bioassay.

Strigolactones (SLs) are plant hormones with various functions in development, responses to stress, and interactions with (micro)organisms in the rhizosphere, including with seeds of parasitic plants. Their perception for hormonal functions requires an α,ß-hydrolase belonging to the D14 clade in higher plants; perception of host-produced SLs by parasitic seeds relies on similar but phylogenetically distinct proteins (D14-like). D14 and D14-like proteins are peculiar receptors, because they cleave SLs before undergoing a conformational change that elicits downstream events. Structure-activity relationship data show that the butenolide D-ring is crucial for bioactivity. We applied a bioisosteric approach to the structure of SLs by synthetizing analogues and mimics of natural SLs in which the D-ring was changed from a butenolide to a lactam and then evaluating their bioactivity. This was done by using a novel bioassay based on Arabidopsis transgenic lines expressing AtD14 fused to firefly luciferase, in parallel with the quantification of germination-inducing activity on parasitic seeds. The results obtained showed that the in planta bioassay is robust and quantitative, and thus can be confidently added to the SL-survey toolbox. The results also showed that modification of the butenolide ring into a lactam one significantly hampers the biological activity exhibited by SLs possessing a canonical lactonic D-ring.

Strigolactones Biosynthesis and Their Role in Abiotic Stress Resilience in Plants: A Critical Review.

Strigolactones (SLs), being a new class of plant hormones, play regulatory roles against abiotic stresses in plants. There are multiple hormonal response pathways, which are adapted by the plants to overcome these stressful environmental constraints to reduce the negative impact on overall crop plant productivity. Genetic modulation of the SLs could also be applied as a potential approach in this regard. However, endogenous plant hormones play central roles in adaptation to changing environmental conditions, by mediating growth, development, nutrient allocation, and source/sink transitions. In addition, the hormonal interactions can fine-tune the plant response and determine plant architecture in response to environmental stimuli such as nutrient deprivation and canopy shade. Considerable advancements and new insights into SLs biosynthesis, signaling and transport has been unleashed since the initial discovery. In this review we present basic overview of SL biosynthesis and perception with a detailed discussion on our present understanding of SLs and their critical role to tolerate environmental constraints. The SLs and abscisic acid interplay during the abiotic stresses is particularly highlighted. Main Conclusion: More than shoot branching Strigolactones have uttermost capacity to harmonize stress resilience.

Management strategies and possible risk factors for ventricular septal defects after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: Case series from a single center and review of literature.

Development of membranous ventricular septal defects (VSD) is a rare complication of transcatheter aortic valve replacements (TAVR), and is recognized using intraoperative and postoperative imaging. We present two cases of this rare but serious complication; one was successfully managed conservatively and the other with valve-in-valve therapy. Management strategies for post-TAVR VSDs varies, but should be individualized to the clinical scenario. We performed a literature search and sought to identify various risk factors which may predispose patients to the development of VSD after TAVR.

Galectin-3 Levels Are Elevated and Predictive of Mortality in Pulmonary Hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Galectin-3, a novel binding-lectin involved in inflammation and fibrosis, is elevated in heart failure and is independently predictive of mortality in this condition. We sought to evaluate galectin-3 levels and its prognostic value in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH), a known inflammatory state, in the setting of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction-associated PH (HFpEF-PH). METHODS: We measured galectin-3 levels in 76 patients with PH; 37 patients with PAH and 39 patients with HFpEF-PH. Baseline characteristics, and N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels were assessed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to assess the prognostic value of galectin-3. RESULTS: Median (IQR) galectin-3 (ng/mL) for the entire cohort was 24.65 (IQR=10.39, 32.90); 22.33 (IQR=18.94, 27.30) and 28.94 (IQR=21.67, 39.85) in the PAH and HFpEF-PH, respectively (p=0.07). After evaluation of the galectin-3 levels by tertile, mortality rates were 16% (4/25), 34.6% (9/26), and 48% (12/25) in tertiles 1-3, respectively, and Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a significant increase in mortality across increasing galectin-3 tertiles (log-rank p=0.014). On Cox regression analysis, galectin-3 was a strong predictor of mortality on both univariate HR=2.09 per tertile (95% CI=1.21, 3.62 per tertile; p-trend=0.008) and multivariate analysis HR=2.19 per tertile (95% CI=1.06, 4.54; p-trend=0.035) after adjusting for age, sex, race, glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), NT-proBNP, medications, and aetiology of PH (PAH vs. HFpEF-PH). CONCLUSION: Galectin-3 is a strong, independent prognostic marker in PH, regardless of aetiology. Larger studies should further evaluate the role of galectin-3 as a prognostic biomarker and possible therapeutic target in PH.

AParadigm Shift: The New Novel Oral Anticoagulation Agents.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia and represents one-third of the arrhythmia-related hospital admissions in the developed countries. Embolic strokes associated with AF are more severe and disabling. Thromboembolic stroke prevention is a major goal in treatment of AF and Warfarin has successfully served this purpose for many years. Drug-drug interaction and regular monitoring with Warfarin pose a significant challenge where health care system has limited resources; and lack of a well-structured health system, hinders regular International Normalized Ratio (INR) monitoring. Novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) have opened up a new exciting chapter in the field of anticoagulation in non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This review discussed the landmark trials that led to the development of NOACs and explored the potentials of these new agents with simultaneous comparison of Warfarin.

Ventricular fibrillation with intracoronary adenosine during fractional flow reserve assessment.

Fractional flow reserve (FFR) measurement provides useful hemodynamic assessment of intermediate coronary stenoses affecting long term outcomes. While the gold standard remains intravenous adenosine, intracoronary (IC) bolus administration of adenosine is routinely used in clinical practice because of its ease of use and lower dose providing comparative hyperemia with the most common side effect being a transient atrioventricular block. A 62year old male underwent left heart catheterization after ruling in for non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). Presenting electrocardiogram (ECG) showed an old left bundle branch block and T-wave inversions in lateral leads (QTc 494ms) with no significant electrolyte abnormalities. Coronary angiography revealed an intermediate lesion in mid left anterior descending coronary artery. FFR assessment with IC adenosine (24µg/mL of normal saline) was performed inducing ventricular fibrillation (VF). He was successfully defibrillated with a single 200J shock and no further arrhythmias were noticed during rest of his hospital stay.

When we should say no to TAVR-Defining the line between utility and futility.

History of prior coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) is a frequent scenario encountered in patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis deemed inoperable and referred for transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Aside from indices of frailty and other comorbidities, these patients remain at higher risk for peri-operative mortality and morbidity compared to their counterparts without prior CABG. Presence of concomitant peripheral arterial disease and patent left internal mammary artery (LIMA) graft pose further access related challenges. We present a case of an 84-year-old female with prior CABG and severe PAD who underwent transapical TAVR for severe symptomatic AS sustaining an acute myocardial injury from damage to her apical epicardial collateral circulation. The case entails the importance of recognition of epicardial coronary collateralization where a transapical approach is best avoided or further aided by utilization of peri-procedural angiographic/fluoroscopy guidance to avoid epicardial vascular injury.

Antiarrhythmic Drug Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequently encountered arrhythmia. Prevalence increases with advancing age and so as its associated comorbidities, like heart failure. Choice of pharmacologic therapy depends on whether the goal of treatment is maintaining sinus rhythm or tolerating AF with adequate control of ventricular rates. Antiarrhythmic therapy and conversion of AF into sinus rhythm comes with the side effect profile, and we should select best antiarrhythmic therapy, individualized to the patient. New antiarrhythmic drugs are being tested in clinical trials. Drugs that target remodeling and inflammation are being tested for their use as prevention of AF or as upstream therapy.

Antiarrhythmic drug therapy for atrial fibrillation.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequently encountered arrhythmia. Prevalence increases with advancing age and so as its associated comorbidities, like heart failure. Choice of pharmacologic therapy depends on whether the goal of treatment is maintaining sinus rhythm or tolerating AF with adequate control of ventricular rates. Antiarrhythmic therapy and conversion of AF into sinus rhythm comes with the side effect profile, and we should select best antiarrhythmic therapy, individualized to the patient. New antiarrhythmic drugs are being tested in clinical trials. Drugs that target remodeling and inflammation are being tested for their use as prevention of AF or as upstream therapy.

Recurrent right ventricular cardiac myxoma in a patient with Carney complex: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: Carney complex is a multiple neoplasia syndrome involving cardiac, endocrine, neural and cutaneous tumors with a variety of pigmented skin lesions. It has an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. Approximately 7% of cardiac myxomas are related to the Carney complex. Myxomas that occur as part of the Carney complex affect both sexes with equal frequency. Cardiac myxomas with Carney complex are reported mostly in the left side of the heart and are less common on the right side. As per our review, this is the first reported case of Carney complex with right ventricle cardiac myxoma. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a rare case of recurrent cardiac myxoma in a patient later diagnosed to have Carney complex. A 46-year-old Caucasian man with a history of thyroid hyperplasia came to out-patient cardiology department with new onset atrial fibrillation. A transthoracic echocardiogram revealed a right ventricular mass attached to his interventricular septum, which was later seen on a transesophageal echocardiogram and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. He underwent resection of the ventricular mass which on pathology revealed myxoma. He later developed skin lesions, pituitary adenoma and Sertoli cell tumor suggesting Carney complex. Two years later he developed a new mass within his right atrium which was later resected. CONCLUSIONS: Carney complex is a rare autosomal dominant disease with variable penetrance. Since it involves multiple organs, patients diagnosed with Carney complex should undergo serial endocrine workup, neural assessments, echocardiograms and testicular ultrasounds. Of the total number of cases of Carney complex, 65% are linked to PRKAR1A gene mutation. It is important for clinicians to be cognizant of a link between cardiac myxoma and Carney complex. The use of multi-imaging modalities allows better delineation of the mass before planned resection. Carney complex-related cardiac myxoma comprises 7% of all cardiac myxomas. Right ventricular cardiac myxomas are rare. This case report is the first to describe right ventricular myxoma with Carney complex.