ChatGPT4 Outperforms Endoscopists for Determination of Postcolonoscopy Rescreening and Surveillance Recommendations.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Large language models including Chat Generative Pretrained Transformers version 4 (ChatGPT4) improve access to artificial intelligence, but their impact on the clinical practice of gastroenterology is undefined. This study compared the accuracy, concordance, and reliability of ChatGPT4 colonoscopy recommendations for colorectal cancer rescreening and surveillance with contemporary guidelines and real-world gastroenterology practice. METHODS: History of present illness, colonoscopy data, and pathology reports from patients undergoing procedures at 2 large academic centers were entered into ChatGPT4 and it was queried for the next recommended colonoscopy follow-up interval. Using the McNemar test and inter-rater reliability, we compared the recommendations made by ChatGPT4 with the actual surveillance interval provided in the endoscopist's procedure report (gastroenterology practice) and the appropriate US Multisociety Task Force (USMSTF) guidance. The latter was generated for each case by an expert panel using the clinical information and guideline documents as reference. RESULTS: Text input of de-identified data into ChatGPT4 from 505 consecutive patients undergoing colonoscopy between January 1 and April 30, 2023, elicited a successful follow-up recommendation in 99.2% of the queries. ChatGPT4 recommendations were in closer agreement with the USMSTF Panel (85.7%) than gastroenterology practice recommendations with the USMSTF Panel (75.4%) (P < .001). Of the 14.3% discordant recommendations between ChatGPT4 and the USMSTF Panel, recommendations were for later screening in 26 (5.1%) and for earlier screening in 44 (8.7%) cases. The inter-rater reliability was good for ChatGPT4 vs USMSTF Panel (Fleiss κ, 0.786; 95% CI, 0.734-0.838; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Initial real-world results suggest that ChatGPT4 can define routine colonoscopy screening intervals accurately based on verbatim input of clinical data. Large language models have potential for clinical applications, but further training is needed for broad use.

Increasing Antibiotic-Resistant Infections With Inpatient Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangioscopies (ERCP) Is Associated With Higher Mortality in the United States: A Cross-sectional Cohort Study.

GOALS: This study aims to investigate associated mortality with inpatient endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with and without resistant infections. The co-primary objective compares frequencies of inpatient ERCP with resistant infections to overall hospitalizations with resistant infections. BACKGROUND: The risks of inpatient antibiotic-resistant organisms are known, but the associated mortality for inpatient ERCP is unknown. We aim to use a national database of hospitalizations and procedures to understand trends and mortality for patients with antibiotic-resistant infections during inpatient ERCP. STUDY: The largest publicly available all-payer inpatient database in the United States (National Inpatient Sample) was used to identify hospitalizations associated with ERCPs and antibiotic-resistant infections for MRSA, VRE, ESBL, and MDRO. National estimates were generated, frequencies were compared across years, and multivariate regression for mortality was performed. RESULTS: From 2017 to 2020, national weighted estimates of 835,540 inpatient ERCPs were generated, and 11,440 ERCPs had coincident resistant infections. Overall resistant infection, MRSA, VRE, and MDRO identified at the same hospitalization of inpatient ERCPs were associated with higher mortality (OR CI(95%): Overall: 2.2(1.77-2.88), MRSA: 1.90 (1.34-2.69), VRE: 3.53 (2.16-5.76), and MDRO: 2.52 (1.39-4.55)). While overall hospitalizations with resistant infections have been decreasing annually, there has been a yearly increase in admissions requiring ERCPs with simultaneous resistant infections ( P =0.001-0.013), as well as infections with VRE, ESBL, and MDRO ( P =0.001-0.016). Required Research Practices for Studies Using the NIS scoring was 0, or the most optimal. CONCLUSIONS: Inpatient ERCPs have increasing coincident resistant infections and are associated with higher mortality. These rising infections during ERCP highlight the importance of endoscopy suite protocols and endoscopic infection control devices.

A Preliminary Controlled Trial of Endoscopic Ultrasound-guided Fiducial Markers to Guide Pancreas Surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is routinely used for fiducial marker placement (FMP) to guide stereotactic radiation of pancreatic tumors, but EUS-FMP explicitly to guide surgery has not been studied in a prospective, controlled manner. Multipurpose EUS systems have been developed that facilitate simultaneous EUS-FMP at the time of biopsy. We aimed to evaluate the feasibility of EUS-FMP to guide pancreatic resection. METHODS: In this prospective trial, we enrolled patients with resectable pancreas masses undergoing tissue sampling and placed preloaded fiducials immediately after biopsy. Intraprocedure confirmation of carcinoma, neuroendocrine, and nonlymphomatous neoplasia by rapid on-site evaluation and lesion size <4 cm was required. The main outcomes were the feasibility and ease of preoperative placement and intraoperative detection of the markers using predefined Likert scales. RESULTS: In 20 patients, EUS-FMP was successful before planned surgery and placement was technically straightforward (Likert Scale: 9.1 ± 1.3; range: 1, most challenging to 10, most facile). Intraoperative detection was feasible and improved when compared with a pre-established comparator of 5 representing an equivalent lesion without a marker (Likert Scale: 7.8 ± 2.2; range: 1, most difficult to 10, most facile; P = 0.011). The mean tumor size on EUS was 1.7 ± 0.9 (range: 0.5 to 3.6) cm. CONCLUSION: EUS-FMP is feasible and safe for resectable pancreatic tumors before surgery and may assist in perioperative detection. Preloaded fiducials may be considered for placement at the time of initial referral for EUS-fine needle biopsy.

Pancreatic schwannoma: Case report, clinico-pathologic correlation, and review of the literature.

Schwannomas are common peripheral nerve sheath tumors that typically occur on the head, neck, trunk, or extremities. Intra-abdominal schwannomas, however, are rare. We describe a young woman who presented for imaging evaluation of suspected nephrolithiasis and was incidentally found to have a schwannoma centered within the pancreatic parenchyma. In addition, we detail the clinical, imaging, and histopathologic features of pancreatic schwannoma and summarize diagnosis and management of this rare clinical entity.

Double pigtail stent placement as an adjunct to lumen-apposing metal stentsfor drainage of pancreatic fluid collections may not affect outcomes: A multicenter experience.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: EUS-guided drainage of pancreatic fluid collections (PFCs) has been increasingly performed using lumen-apposing metal stents (LAMS). However, recent data have suggested higher adverse event rates with LAMS compared to double pigtail plastic stents (DPS) alone. To decrease risks, there has been anecdotal use of placing DPS through the LAMS. We aimed to determine whether the placement of DPS through cautery-enhanced LAMS at time of initial placement decreases adverse events or need for reintervention. METHODS: We performed a multicenter retrospective study between January 2015 and October 2017 examining patients who underwent EUS-guided drainage of pseudocysts (PP), walled-off necrosis (WON), and postsurgical fluid collection using a cautery enhanced LAMS with and without DPS. RESULTS: There were 68 patients identified at 3 US tertiary referral centers: 44 PP (65%), 17 WON (25%), and 7 PFSC (10%). There were 35 patients with DPS placed through LAMS (Group 1) and 33 with LAMS alone (Group 2). Overall technical success was 100%, clinical success was 94%, and adverse events (bleeding, perforation, stent occlusion, and stent migration) occurred in 28% of patients. Subgroup analysis compared specific types of PFCs and occurrence of adverse events between each group with no significant difference detected in adverse event or reintervention rates. CONCLUSION: This multicenter study of various types of PFCs requiring EUS-guided drainage demonstrates that deployment of DPS across cautery-enhanced LAMS at the time of initial drainage does not have a significant effect on clinical outcomes, adverse events, or need for reinterventions.

Endoscopic Closure of Gastrointestinal Fistulae and Leaks.

The development of new endoscopic techniques, such as gastrointestinal (GI) stenting, full-thickness suturing, clip application, and use of tissue adhesives, has had a significant impact on management of GI fistulae. These techniques have shown promising results, but further study is needed to optimize the efficacy of long-term closure. The advancement of endoscopic techniques, including the use of the lumen apposing metal stent (LAMS), has allowed for the deliberate creation of fistula tracts to apply endoscopic therapy that previously could not be achieved. This article examines the rapidly evolving area of endoscopic fistula closure and its relationship to LAMS.

Metallic coil and N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate for closure of pancreatic duct leak (with video).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Pancreatic fistula is a challenging yet common adverse event of partial pancreatectomy. Our objective is to determine the feasibility of endoscopic closure of a pancreatic fistula using a combination of a metallic coil and N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (NBCA) glue. METHODS: A patient with a postoperative pancreatic stump leak recalcitrant to conservative management and pancreatic duct stent placement underwent endoscopic/fluoroscopic placement of a metallic coil in the pancreatic duct followed by injection of .5 mL NBCA and lipiodol mixture directed at the coil. The patient's clinical condition, Jackson-Pratt (JP) drain output, and pancreatic enzyme content were monitored daily after the procedure. RESULTS: The patient's clinical condition improved. JP drain output and amylase/lipase levels progressively decreased to resolution within 7 days of the procedure. No adverse events occurred as a result of the procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic closure of pancreatic fistula with a metallic coil and NBCA glue is feasible and may be a useful modality for treatment of refractory postpancreatectomy-related fistula.

Can a Computerized Simulator Assess Skill Level and Improvement in Performance of ERCP?

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERCP) is a challenging procedure with considerable risk. Computerized simulators are valuable in training for flexible endoscopy, but little data exist for their use in ERCP training. AIM: To determine a simulator's ability to assess the level of ERCP skill and its responsiveness over time to increasing trainee experience. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this prospective parallel-arm cohort study, six novice gastroenterology fellows and four gastroenterology faculty with expertise in ERCP completed four simulated baseline cases and the same four cases at a later date. This study took place at a surgical skills center at an academic tertiary referral center. The primary outcome was the total time to complete the ERCP procedure. RESULTS: For the baseline session, experts had a shorter total procedure time than novices (444.0 vs. 616.9 s; least squares mean; p = 0.026). There was no significant difference between experts and novices in the difference of total procedure time between session 1 and session 2 (-200.3 vs. -164.4; least squares mean; p = 0.402). CONCLUSIONS: The simulator was able to differentiate experts from novices for the primary outcome of total procedure time. The simulator was not responsive to an increase in trainee experience over time.

Prevention and management of post-ERCP pancreatitis.

Pancreatitis remains as one of the most frequent and serious complications of ERCP. Research has identified several patient-related and procedural risk factors, which help guide the endoscopist in prophylaxis and management of pancreatitis. Recent studies have had a major impact on both procedural techniques and pharmacological methods for prophylaxis of post-ERCP pancreatitis. The purpose of this article is to review the relevant literature and describe the most recent and effective approaches in prevention and management of post-ERCP pancreatitis.

The utility of esophagogastroduodenoscopy before endoscopic ultrasonography in patients undergoing endoscopic ultrasonography for pancreatico-biliary and mediastinal indications.

BACKGROUND: Oblique-viewing echoendoscopes may miss luminal lesions. There is no consensus on whether to routinely perform esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) before endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS). Currently, practice patterns are variable and prospective data are needed. AIM: : To determine the proportion of clinically meaningful lesions detected when EGD is performed routinely before EUS. STUDY: This was a multicenter prospective cohort study conducted at tertiary referral center and large community practice. Patients undergoing EUS for pancreatico-biliary and mediastinal indications were enrolled. MAIN OUTCOMES: The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with a clinically meaningful lesion found on EGD. This was a combined outcome defined as any lesion that would alter medical management, or impact the subsequent EUS examination. RESULTS: Two hundred four patients were included in the final analysis. Clinically meaningful lesions were found on EGD in 45 patients [22.1%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 16.4-27.8]. Lesions that altered medical management were found in 32 patients (15.7%; 95% CI, 10.7-20.7). Lesions impacting the subsequent EUS examination were found in 20 patients (9.8%; 95% CI, 5.7-13.9). Clinically meaningful lesions found were (number of patients): esophagitis (14), ulcer (9), ring/stricture (7), large hiatal hernia (6), hyperplastic gastric polyp (5), Barrett esophagus (3), surgically altered anatomy (2), neoplastic lesion (2), subepithelial mass/GIST (1), stenosis (1), diverticulum (1), and fistula (1). CONCLUSIONS: EGD before EUS may detect enough clinically meaningful lesions to support the routine performance of EGD before EUS.

Methane and the gastrointestinal tract.

INTRODUCTION: Several gases are produced through enteric fermentation in the intestinal tract. Carbon dioxide, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, and methane are thought to be the most common of these. Recent evidence suggests that methane may not be inert. In this review article, we summarize the findings with methane. METHODS: This is a review article discussing the various component gases in the gastrointestinal tract and their relevance to health and disease. Specific attention was paid to understanding methane. RESULTS: The majority of these gases are eliminated via flatus or absorbed into systemic circulation and expelled from the lungs. Excessive gas evacuation or retention causes gastrointestinal functional symptoms such as belching, flatulence, bloating, and pain. Between 30 and 62% of healthy subjects produce methane. Methane is produced exclusively through anaerobic fermentation of both endogenous and exogenous carbohydrates by enteric microflora in humans. Methane is not utilized by humans, and analysis of respiratory methane can serve as an indirect measure of methane production. Recent literature suggests that gases such as hydrogen sulfide and methane may have active effects on gut function. In the case of hydrogen sulfide, evidence demonstrates that this gaseous product may be produced by human eukaryotic cells. However, in the case of methane, there is increasing evidence that this gas has both physical and biological effects on gut function. It is now often associated with functional constipation and may have an active role here. CONCLUSION: This review of the literature discusses the significance of enteric flora, the biogenesis of methane, and its clinical associations. Furthermore, we examine the evidence for an active role of methane in gastrointestinal motility and the potential applications to future therapeutics.