Major Depressive Disorder and Pulmonary Tuberculosis Comorbidity Exacerbates Proinflammatory Immune Response-A Preliminary Study.

BACKGROUND: Major depressive disorders (MDDs) occurs frequently in patients with tuberculosis (TB). Elevated serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in MDD patients is a well-established fact. Therefore, an integrated clinical practice should be considered. However, the inflammatory status of MDD-TB patients is unknown. In this study, we analyze cytokines in activated-cells and sera from MDD-TB, TB, MDD patients, and healthy controls. METHODS: Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the intracellular production of interferon (IFN)-gamma, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-12, and IL-10 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells after a polyclonal stimulation. A Bio-Plex Luminex system was used to measure serum cytokine and chemokine levels in the study groups. RESULTS: We observed a 40.6% prevalence of MDD in TB patients. The proportion of IFN-gamma-producing cells was higher in MDD-TB patients than other pathological groups. Nevertheless, the percentage of TNF-alpha- and IL-12-producing cells was similar between MDD-TB and TB patients. Likewise, MDD-TB and TB patients showed similar serum pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine levels, which were significantly lower than those in MDD patients. By multiple correspondence analyses, we observed that low levels of serum IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 were powerfully associated with TB comorbidities with MDD. CONCLUSIONS: A high frequency of IFN-γ-producing cells is associated with low levels of serum anti-inflammatory cytokines in MDD-TB patients.

Exposure to environmental enrichment elicits differential hippocampal cell proliferation: role of individual responsiveness to anxiety.

Environmental enrichment (EE) is a largely employed behavioral procedure in which animals are exposed to high stimulation compared with conventional housing conditions. Animal exposure to an EE exerts beneficial effects on the performance of different learning tasks and induces a number of behavioral, neurochemical, and neuroanatomical changes including hippocampal cell proliferation. However, the importance of voluntary interaction with the environment in these changes has not been clearly resolved yet. Moreover, the effects of a complex environment on animal emotionality still remains questionable and has not been explored in detail under conditions that allow unmasking individual responses among subjects in a group. The present study was aimed at exposing groups of rats to an EE, and analyzing individual differences in activity levels during EE sessions. We observed differences with respect to the activity level displayed by rats during the enriched sessions, which correlated with differences in the rate of hippocampal cell proliferation. It is suggested that exposure to EE may reduce anxiety-like behaviors and may elicit individual differences on emotional reactions positively linked with hippocampal neurogenesis and testosterone levels.

Rapid anxiolytic activity of progesterone and pregnanolone in male rats.

The effect of different doses of progesterone (1.0, 3.0, 10.0, 30.0, and 100.0 mg/kg) and pregnanolone (1.0, 3.0, 10.0, and 30.0 mg/kg) upon burying defensive and elevated plus-maze (EPM) tests was investigated in adult male rats and compared with the effects of diazepam (0.25. 0.50, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg). All drugs were suspended in a 0.2% methylcellulose solution and administered intraperitoneally 30 min prior to testing. Progesterone and pregnanolone were found to produce anxiolytic-like effects similar to those of diazepam. Thus, at certain doses, both drugs significantly increased the latency for burying and decreased the cumulative burying behavior, without modifying the number of shocks, and increased the time spent in the open arms of the maze, without affecting the spontaneous locomotor activity. These data clearly demonstrate that the defensive burying paradigm is useful to detect the anxiolytic-like properties of pregnanolone. An important finding was that progesterone produces significant behavioral effects 30 min after its administration. This finding suggests a rapid bioconversion of progesterone to its active ring-A reduced metabolites; however, the possibility remains that rapid behavioral effects of progesterone are due to a direct interaction with specific steroid receptors located on the plasma membrane, independently from the gamma-aminobutyric acid(A) (GABA(A)) receptor complex modulation.

Relaciones entre la ansiedad y la conducta sexual en roedores / Relationships between anxiety and sexual behavior in rats

En la presente revisión se resumen las relaciones que existen entre la ansiedad y la conducta sexual desde diferentes puntos de vista: en el primero se observó el efecto que produce la ansiedad sobre la ejecución de la conducta sexual en el macho; en segundo término, se analizó el efecto que tiene la actividad sexual del macho sobre los niveles de ansiedad. Finalmente se estudió la variación en el estado de ansiedad y el posible efecto diferencial del diazepam a lo largo del ciclo estral en la rata. Las relaciones entre la ansiedad y la conducta sexual se estudiaron utilizando una aproximación farmacológica. En el análisis de la conducta sexual se registraron los parámetros convencionales establecidos. Para dererminar los niveles de ansiedad se utilizó una prueba conductual denominada "enterramiento defensivo condicionado", ya que tiene ciertas ventajas sobre otras pruebas. En este estudio se presentan evidencias que muestran que la ansiedad inducida farmacológicamente produce un efecto bifásico sobre la conducta sexual en el macho. Así, la ansiedad moderada facilita la conducta sexual, mientras que la ansiedad extrema la inhibe. Por el contrario, la administración del ansiolítico diazepam entorpece la ejecución de la cópula. Este efeto, aunque también está regulado a nivel central, no parece deberse a la actividad ansiolítica de este fármaco sino a su acción miorrelajante. Con el fin de estudiar el efecto facilitador de la ansiedad sobre la cópula, hemos propuesto una manipulación experimental denominada "intervalo forzado de intromisión" (IFI), como un modelo de ansiedad sexual. La caracterización farmacológica del IFI mostró que la facilitación de la conducta sexual debida a esta manipulación se puede bloquear en forma específica por el tratamiento con varios ansiolíticos, y se sugiere su relación con un incremento en la ansiedad. En cuanto al efecto que tiene la actividad sexual sobre los niveles de ansiedad, se observó que la eyaculación induce una dismunición en ésta, que se mantiene a lo largo de las siguientes series copulatorias. La explicación para este fenómeno de ansiolisis posteyaculatoria está sustentada en diversos estudios que muestran un incremento en el tono Gabaérfico durante el período posteyaculatorio. En vista de que varios estudios proponen la participación del receptor Gaba-benzodiacepínico en la regulación de la ansiedad, sugerimos que este sistema neurotransmisión está involucrado en el fenómeno antedicho...