A Clinical Prediction Model to Assess Risk for Pancreatic Cancer Among Patients With Acute Pancreatitis.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to develop and validate a prediction model as the first step in a sequential screening strategy to identify acute pancreatitis (AP) individuals at risk for pancreatic cancer (PC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a population-based retrospective cohort study among individuals 40 years or older with a hospitalization for AP in the US Veterans Health Administration. For variable selection, we used least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression with 10-fold cross-validation to identify a parsimonious logistic regression model for predicting the outcome, PC diagnosed within 2 years after AP. We evaluated model discrimination and calibration. RESULTS: Among 51,613 eligible study patients with AP, 801 individuals were diagnosed with PC within 2 years. The final model (area under the receiver operating curve, 0.70; 95% confidence interval, 0.67-0.73) included histories of gallstones, pancreatic cyst, alcohol use, smoking, and levels of bilirubin, triglycerides, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and albumin. If the predicted risk threshold was set at 2% over 2 years, 20.3% of the AP population would undergo definitive screening, identifying nearly 50% of PC associated with AP. CONCLUSIONS: We developed a prediction model using widely available clinical factors to identify high-risk patients with PC-associated AP, the first step in a sequential screening strategy.

Preferred techniques for endoscopic ultrasound-guided gastroenterostomy: a survey of expert endosonographers.

Background and study aims Endoscopic ultrasound-guided gastroenterostomy (EUS-GE) is an emerging procedure that lacks technical standardization with limited adoption beyond expert centers. We surveyed high-volume endosonographers about the technical aspects of EUS-GE to describe how the procedure is currently performed at expert centers and identify targets for standardization. Methods Invitations to complete an electronic survey were distributed to 21 expert EUS practitioners at 19 U.S. centers. Respondents were surveyed about technical aspects of EUS-GE, indications, efficacy, safety, and attitudes toward the procedure. Results All 21 (100%) invited expert endoscopists completed the survey. Nine (42.9%) reported performing >10 EUS-GEs in the last 12 months. About half (47.6%, 10/21) puncture the target loop prior to lumen-apposing metal stent (LAMS) introduction, most often to confirm the loop is jejunum. No respondents reported guidewire placement prior to LAMS introduction. Most (71.4%, 15/21) do not use a guidewire at any time, while 28.6% (6/21) reported wire placement after distal flange deployment to secure the tract during apposition. Eight (38.1%, 8/21) reported at least one major adverse event, most commonly intraperitoneal LAMS deployment (87.5%, 7/8). Factors most often reported as advantageous for EUS-GE over enteral stenting included lack of papilla interference (33.3%, 7/21) and decreased occlusion risk (23.8%, 5/21). Conclusions Significant variation in performance technique for EUS-GE exists among expert US endoscopists, which may hinder widespread adoption and contribute to inconsistencies in reported patient outcomes. The granularity provided by these survey results may identify areas to focus standardization efforts and guide future studies on developing an ideal EUS-GE protocol.

Acute worsening of gastric outlet obstruction following EUS-guided gastrojejunal bypass.

Video 1Presentation and treatment of an unusual acute worsening of gastric outlet obstruction following EUS-guided gastrojejunal bypass.

Development and validation of case-finding algorithms to identify acute pancreatitis in the Veterans Health Administration.

PURPOSE: Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a frequently encountered adverse drug reaction. However, the validity of diagnostic codes for AP is unknown. We aimed to determine the positive predictive value (PPV) of a diagnostic code-based algorithm for identifying patients with AP within the US Veterans Health Administration and evaluate the value of adding readily available structured laboratory information. METHODS: We identified patients with possible AP events first based on the presence of a single hospital discharge ICD-9 or ICD-10 diagnosis of AP (Algorithm 1). We then expanded Algorithm 1 by including relevant laboratory test results (Algorithm 2). Specifically, we considered amylase or lipase serum values obtained between 2 days before admission and the end of the hospitalization. Medical records of a random sample of patients identified by the respective algorithms were reviewed by two separate gastroenterologists to adjudicate AP events. The PPV (95% confidence interval [CI]) for the algorithms were calculated. RESULTS: Algorithm 2, consisting of one ICD-9 or ICD-10 hospital discharge diagnosis of AP and the addition of lipase serum value ≥200 U/L, had a PPV 89.1% (95% CI 83.0%-95.2%), improving from the PPV of algorithm 1 (57.9% [95% CI 46.8-69.0]). CONCLUSIONS: An algorithm consisting of an ICD-9 or ICD-10 diagnosis of AP with a lipase value ≥200 U/L achieved high PPV. This simple algorithm can be readily implemented in any electronic health records (EHR) systems and could be useful for future pharmacoepidemiologic studies on AP.

Symptoms classically attributed to laryngopharyngeal reflux correlate poorly with pharyngeal reflux events on multichannel intraluminal impedance testing.

Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is thought to be a common etiology of throat and airway symptoms. Diagnosis of LPR is challenging, given the variable symptomatology and response to therapy. Identifying symptoms that better correlate with LPR may inform management strategies. We aimed to examine the association between patient-reported symptoms and objectively identified LPR on ambulatory reflux monitoring. This was a retrospective cohort study of consecutive adults with suspected LPR undergoing combined hypopharyngeal-esophageal multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH testing (HEMII-pH) at a tertiary center. All patients completed standardized symptom surveys for presenting symptoms, reflux symptom index (RSI), and voice handicap index (VHI). LPR was defined as >1 full-column pharyngeal reflux event on HEMII-pH over 24 hours. Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed. A total of 133 patients were included (mean age = 55.9 years, 69.9% female). Of this 83 (62.4%) reported concomitant esophageal symptoms. RSI and VHI did not correlate with proximal esophageal or pharyngeal reflux events (Kendall's tau correlations P > 0.05), although the mean RSI was higher in the LPR group (21.1 ± 18.9 vs. 17.1 ± 8.3, P = 0.044). Cough, but not other laryngeal symptoms, was more common among patients with esophageal symptoms (58% vs. 36%, P = 0.014). Neither laryngeal symptoms nor esophageal symptoms of reflux predicted LPR on univariate or multivariable analyses (all P > 0.05). Neither laryngeal symptoms classically attributed to LPR nor typical esophageal symptoms correlated with pharyngeal reflux events on HEMII-pH. Clinical symptoms alone are not sufficient to make an LPR diagnosis. Broad evaluation for competing differential diagnoses and objective reflux monitoring should be considered in patients with suspected LPR symptoms.

Impact of Extended Duty Hours on Perceptions of Care and Objective Patient Outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: In 2017, interns were permitted to work continuously for up to 28 hours at a time, a reversal from the previously mandated 16-hour limit. Our objective was to evaluate perceptions of care and patient outcomes on an extended (28-hour) compared with a limited (16-hour) duty-hour system on identical interdisciplinary teams. METHODS: Sixty-two interns, 27 residents, 28 attendings, and 449 patients participated. Patients completed surveys assessing their satisfaction. Anonymous weekly surveys were obtained from interns, residents, and attendings evaluating perceptions of intern tiredness, overall satisfaction, and performance. Nursing surveys evaluated intern and medical team performance. Objective outcome measures, including intensive care unit transfers, length of stay, readmissions, mortality, and complications, were assessed through a retrospective, blinded chart review. RESULTS: Patients reported similar satisfaction in care. Extended duty-hour interns reported significantly decreased familiarity with their patients, decreased ability to conduct physical exams on new patients, increased tiredness, and decreased overall satisfaction. Residents overseeing extended-duty interns reported significantly decreased quality in intern presentations and overall quality of teaching, and increased perception of intern tiredness and increased incorrect orders. Attending physicians reported significantly improved quality of new patient presentations by extended duty-hour interns. No significant differences in patient objective outcome measures were noted. CONCLUSIONS: Extended intern duty hours do not affect patient's satisfaction with their care. Although interns in the extended duty-hour system reported significantly increased fatigue and decreased overall satisfaction and residents' perceived increases in incorrect intern orders in the extended duty-hour system, there were no detrimental effects on patient safety.

Failed Swallows on High-Resolution Manometry Independently Correlates With Severity of LPR Symptoms.

BACKGROUND: Abnormal esophageal motility is prevalent in gastroesophageal reflux disease patients; however, its relationship with laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) symptom severity remains unclear. Altered esophageal transit may contribute to LPR symptoms. We aimed to examine the relationship between reflux symptom index (RSI), a validated questionnaire for LPR symptoms, and abnormal esophageal motility on high-resolution manometry (HRM). METHODS: A total of 133 consecutive patients (55.9 ± 14.6 years, 69.9% female) with suspected LPR referred for HRM and multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH study (MII-pH) at a tertiary center from March 2015 to October 2017 were included. RSI questionnaire was prospectively collected prior to motility testing. Authors analyzing HRM and MII-pH were blinded to RSI findings. Statistical analyses were performed using Student's t test or Pearson's correlation (univariate) and general linear regression (multivariable). RESULTS: Mean RSI was higher among patients with ineffective esophageal motility than those with normal motility (23.7 vs 18.6, P = 0.01). Significant positive correlation was found between RSI and percent failed swallows (R2 = 0.21, P = 0.03), but not percent weak swallows. On multivariable analysis, percent ineffective (failed or weak) swallows was significantly associated with RSI (ß-coefficient: 0.072, P = 0.05) after controlling for age, gender, BMI, smoking, prior PPI use, and reflux on MII-pH. When analyzed separately, percent failed swallows (ß-coefficient: 0.095, P= 0.02), but not percent weak swallows, independently predicted higher RSI. CONCLUSIONS: Ineffective swallows, particularly failed swallows, are independently associated with higher RSI in patients with suspected LPR, even after controlling for reflux on MII-pH. Esophageal dysmotility may play a role in suspected LPR symptoms independent of reflux. HRM should be routinely considered in evaluating these patients.

Teaching methods used by internal medicine residents on rounds: what works?

BACKGROUND: The specific teaching methods used by internal medicine residents on walk rounds are unknown. OBJECTIVES: 1) To characterize in real time the specific teaching methods used by internal medicine residents on rounds and 2) to identify attributes of successful resident teaching on rounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective mixed-methods study on inpatient medical services at a single academic medical center from September 2016 to January 2017. Participants were internal medicine residents (postgraduate year [PGY]-1, PGY-2, and PGY-3) and attending physicians. Teachers were PGY-2 and PGY-3 residents, and learners were PGY-1 residents. Residents' teaching on rounds was observed and characterized according to resident demographics, specific teaching methods, and length of time. Participants completed a survey with Likert scale and free-text questions. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Among 136 surveys across 28 separate teaching encounters, we noted that PGY-3 residents' teaching was rated significantly better than PGY-2 residents' teaching. Teaching lasting >1 minute was rated significantly better than teaching lasting <1 minute. Free-text responses emphasized the value of immediate clinical relevance, citing published evidence, conciseness, clarity, and pertinence to the patient. Our findings may help guide internal medicine residents aiming to teach better on rounds and inform further research into specific resident teaching methods.

Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS)-Directed Transgastric Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography or EUS: Mid-Term Analysis of an Emerging Procedure.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Performing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in patients who have undergone Rouxen-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is challenging. Standard ERCP and enteroscopy-assisted ERCP are associated with limited success rates. Laparoscopy- or laparotomy-assisted ERCP yields improved efficacy rates, but with higher complication rates and costs. We present the first multicenter experience regarding the efficacy and safety of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-directed transgastric ERCP (EDGE) or EUS. METHODS: All patients who underwent EDGE at two academic centers were included. Clinical success was defined as successful ERCP and/or EUS through the use of lumen-apposing metal stents (LAMS). Adverse events related to EDGE were separated from ERCP- or EUS-related complications and were defined as bleeding, stent migration, perforation, and infection. RESULTS: Sixteen patients were included in the study. Technical success was 100%. Clinical success was 90% (n=10); five patients were awaiting maturation of the fistula tract prior to ERCP or EUS, and one patient had an aborted ERCP due to perforation. One perforation occurred, which was managed endoscopically. Three patients experienced stent dislodgement; all stents were successfully repositioned or bridged with a second stent. Ten patients (62.5%) had their LAMS removed. The average weight change from LAMS insertion to removal was negative 2.85 kg. CONCLUSIONS: EDGE is an effective, minimally invasive, single-team solution to the difficulties associated with ERCP in patients with RYGB.

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage versus percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage: predictors of successful outcome in patients who fail endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.

BACKGROUND: Patients with failed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) are conventionally offered percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD). While PTBD is effective, it is associated with catheter-related complications, pain, and poor quality of life. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage (EUS-BD) is a minimally invasive endoscopic option increasingly offered as an alternative to PTBD. We compare outcomes of EUS-BD and PTBD in patients with biliary obstruction at a single tertiary care center. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed in patients with biliary obstruction who underwent EUS-BD or PTBD after failed ERCP from June 2010 through December 2014 at a single tertiary care center. Patient demographics, procedural data, and clinical outcomes were documented for each group. The aim was to compare efficacy and safety of EUS-BD and PTBD and evaluate predictors of success. RESULTS: A total of 60 patients were included (mean age 67.5 years, 65 % male). Forty-seven underwent EUS-BD, and thirteen underwent PTBD. Technical success rates of PTBD and EUS-BD were similar (91.6 vs. 93.3 %, p = 1.0). PTBD patients underwent significantly more re-interventions than EUS-BD patients (mean 4.9 versus 1.3, p < 0.0001), had more late (>24-h) adverse events (53.8 % vs. 6.6 %, p = 0.001) and experienced more pain (4.1 vs. 1.9, p = 0.016) post-procedure. In univariate analysis, clinical success was lower in the PTBD group (25 vs. 62.2 %, p = 0.03). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, EUS-BD was the sole predictor of clinical success and long-term resolution (OR 21.8, p = 0.009). CONCLUSION: Despite similar technical success rates compared to PTBD, EUS-BD results in a lower need for re-intervention, decreased rate of late adverse events, and lower pain scores, and is the sole predictor for clinical success and long-term resolution. EUS-BD should be the treatment of choice after a failed ERCP.

Endoscopic Therapy With Lumen-apposing Metal Stents Is Safe and Effective for Patients With Pancreatic Walled-off Necrosis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided transmural drainage and necrosectomy have become the standard treatment for patients with pancreatic walled-off necrosis (WON). Lumen-apposing metal stents (LAMS) have shown success in the management of pancreatic fluid collections. However, there are few data on their specific roles in management of WON. We investigated the efficacy and safety of LAMS in treatment of WON. METHODS: We performed a retrospective multicenter case series of 124 patients with WON who underwent endoscopic transmural drainage by using LAMS at 17 tertiary care centers from January 2014 through May 2015. Patients underwent endoscopic ultrasound-guided cystogastrostomy or cystoenterostomy with placement of an LAMS into the WON collection. At the discretion of the endoscopist, we performed direct endoscopic necrosectomy, irrigation with hydrogen peroxide, and/or nasocystic drain placement. We performed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with pancreatic duct stent placement when indicated. Concomitant therapies included direct endoscopic debridement (n = 78), pancreatic duct stent placement for leak (n = 19), hydrogen peroxide-assisted necrosectomy (n = 38), and nasocystic irrigation (n = 22). We collected data for a median time of 4 months (range, 1-34 months) after the LAMS placement. The primary outcomes were rates of technical success (successful placement of the LAMS), clinical success (resolution of WON, on the basis of image analysis, without need for further intervention via surgery or interventional radiology), and adverse events. RESULTS: The median size of the WON was 9.5 cm (range, 4-30 cm). Eight patients had 2 LAMS placed for multiport access, all with technical success (100%). Clinical success was achieved in 107 patients (86.3%) after 3 months of follow-up. Thirteen patients required a percutaneous drain, and 3 required a surgical intervention to manage their WON. The stents remained patent in 94% of patients (117 of 124) and migrated in 5.6% of patients (7 of 124). The median number of endoscopic interventions was 2 (range, 1-9 interventions). CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of a retrospective analysis of 124 patients, endoscopic therapy of WON by using LAMS is safe and effective. Creation of a large and sustained cystogastrostomy or cystoenterostomy tract is effective in the drainage and treatment of WON.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) prior to peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) reduces procedural time and bleeding: a multicenter international collaborative study.

BACKGROUND: Per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) has emerged as an endoscopic treatment of achalasia. There are no pre-procedural imaging modalities to predict the safest and the most efficacious approach. AIM: To evaluate the use of optimal coherence tomography (OCT) in providing a pre-procedural esophageal assessment. METHODS: Patients undergoing POEM from July 2013 to November 2015 were captured in a multicenter, international registry. Patients who underwent OCT pre-POEM ("OCT arm") were compared to patients without pre-POEM OCT ("control arm"). OCT images were assessed for the degree of vascularity and the thickness of the circular muscular layer, and an approach was determined. RESULTS: A total of 84 patients were captured in the registry. Fifty-one patients underwent pre-POEM OCT. Using OCT as a guide, 24 (47 %) of patients underwent anterior POEM while 27 (53 %) underwent posterior POEM. Technical success was achieved in 96 % of patients. Significantly less bleeding occurred in the OCT arm when compared to the control group [4 (8 %) vs. 14 (43 %), p = 0.0001]. As a result, procedural time was significantly lower in the OCT group as compared to the control group (85.8 vs. 121.7 min, p = 0.000097). CONCLUSION: Pre-POEM OCT results in a reduction in procedural bleeding which contributes to a reduction in overall procedural time. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT01438385.

Endoscopic palliation of malignant biliary strictures.

Malignant biliary strictures often present late after the window for curative resection has elapsed. In such patients, the goal of therapy is typically focused on palliation. While historically, palliative measures were performed surgically, the advent of endoscopic intervention offers minimally invasive options to provide relief of symptoms, improve quality of life, and in some cases, increase survival of these patients. Some of these therapies, such as endoscopic biliary decompression, have become mainstays of treatment for decades, whereas newer modalities, including radiofrequency ablation, and photodynamic therapy offer additional options for patients with incurable biliary malignancies.

The Nucleus Accumbens: A Comprehensive Review.

There is increasing interest among functional neurosurgeons in the potential for novel therapies to impact upon diseases beyond movement disorders and pain. A target of increasing interest is the nucleus accumbens (NAc), which has long been studied as a key brain region mediating a variety of behaviors, including reward and satisfaction. As such, focal modulation of the biology of the NAc with deep brain stimulation or novel biological therapies such as gene therapy or cell transplantation could have a major impact upon disorders such as depression and drug addiction. In order to both develop appropriate therapies and then deliver them in an effective fashion, a thorough understanding of the biology, physiology, and anatomy of the NAc is critical. Here, we review the existing literature regarding several areas critical to the development of new therapies, including the known pharmacology, physiology, and connectivity of the NAc, as well as evidence supporting the potential for various NAc surgical therapies in animal models. We then review the relevant anatomy of the NAc, with particular attention to the surgical anatomy, imaging, and targeting necessary to facilitate a proper localization and delivery of new agents to this region. The NAc is a fascinating and potentially rich target for stereotactic neurosurgical intervention, and analysis of existing information regarding all aspects of this structure should help potentiate therapeutic advances and reduce complications from future studies of neurosurgical intervention in this region for a variety of disorders. © 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Prostate cancer risk estimation tool use by members of the American Urological Association: a survey based study.

PURPOSE: Prostate cancer risk estimation tools have been developed to help guide patients and physicians with clinical decision making across all disease states. We assessed use patterns of these tools using an online survey sent to AUA (American Urological Association) members. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We distributed a 21-question online survey to 5,674 AUA members to query prostate cancer risk estimation tool use. The survey was divided into 4 categories, including 1) demographics, 2) prebiopsy risk assessment, 3) pretreatment risk assessment and 4) risk estimation tool use. RESULTS: A total of 565 members (10%) responded to the online survey, of whom 31% reported using a risk estimation tool in the prebiopsy decision setting. Providers who spent more than 20 minutes counseling patients were more likely to use a risk estimation tool (OR 2.2, p <0.01). After the prostate cancer diagnosis 70% of providers used a risk estimation tools to guide treatment recommendations. The total time spent counseling a patient (greater than 30 minutes) and the number of years in practice (fewer than 10) predicted prostate cancer risk tool use (OR 2.4, p <0.01 and 3.4, p <0.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: AUA respondents use risk estimation tools more frequently in the pretreatment setting than in the prebiopsy setting. The time spent counseling patients and the time since graduation from residency predicted the likelihood of using risk estimation tools.

An evidence-based exercise regimen for patients with mild to moderate Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological disorder that is manifested in the form of both motor and non-motor symptoms such as resting tremor, bradykinesia, muscular rigidity, depression, and cognitive impairment. PD is progressive in nature, ultimately leading to debilitating disruption of activities of daily living. Recently, a myriad of research has been focused on non-pharmacological interventions to alleviate the motor and non-motor symptoms of the disease. However, while there is a growing body of evidence supporting exercise as a viable therapy option for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, there is a lack of literature enumerating a specific exercise sequence for patients with PD. In this literature review, we analyze the success of specific modalities of exercise in order to suggest an optimal exercise regimen for Parkinson's disease patients.

The effects of phencyclidine (PCP) on anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze and the light-dark exploration test are age dependent, sexually dimorphic, and task dependent.

Previous research in our laboratory revealed sexually dimorphic effects of prior exposure to phencyclidine (PCP) on elevated plus maze behavior. In an attempt to examine the developmental time course of this effect and determine the extent to which it generalizes to other anxiety paradigms, young adult (61-64 days old) and adult (96-107 days old) male and female rats were treated with PCP (15 mg/kg) or saline. Following a two week withdrawal period, animals were tested in either the elevated plus maze (EPM) or a light-dark exploration (LD) test. In adults, both tests revealed a sexually dimorphic effect driven by PCP-induced decreases in anxiety in females as indicated by increased time spent in the open arms of the EPM and in the lit compartment of the LD test and increased anxiety in males as indicated by decreased time spent in the lit compartment of the LD. In young animals, PCP pretreatment decreased open arm exploration in the elevated plus maze, indicating increased anxiety. However, PCP increased time spent in the light compartment in the light-dark exploration test, indicating decreased anxiety. Corticosterone levels measured 15 min after the onset of the EPM failed to reveal an association between the behavioral effects of PCP and corticosterone levels. The results in adults substantiate the previously observed sexually dimorphic effect of PCP on elevated plus maze behavior in adults and indicate that the effect generalizes to another anxiety paradigm. The results in the younger animals suggest an age dependent effect of PCP on anxiety in general and indicate that behaviors in the elevated plus maze and the light-dark exploration test reflect dissociable psychobiological states.