A review on hazards and treatment methods of released antibiotics in hospitals wastewater during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Drugs and related goods are widely used in order to promote public health and the quality of life. One of the most serious environmental challenges affecting public health is the ongoing presence of antibiotics in the effluents generated by pharmaceutical industries and hospitals. Antibiotics cannot be entirely removed from wastewater using the traditional wastewater treatment methods. Unmetabolized antibiotics generated by humans can be found in urban and livestock effluent. The antibiotic present in effluent contributes to issues with resistance to antibiotics and the creation of superbugs. Over the recent 2 years, the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has substantially boosted hospital waste volume. In this situation, a detailed literature review was conducted to highlight the harmful effects of untreated hospital waste and outline the best approaches to manage it. Approximately 50 to 70% of the emerging contaminants prevalent in the hospital wastewater can be removed using traditional treatment strategies. This paper emphasizes the numerous treatment approaches for effectively eliminating emerging contaminants and antibiotics from hospital wastewater and provides an overview of global hospital wastewater legislation and guidelines on hospital wastewater administration. Around 90% of ECs might be eliminated by biological or physical treatment techniques when used in conjunction with modern oxidation techniques. According to this research, hybrid methods are the best approach for removing antibiotics and ECs from hospital wastewater. The document outlines the many features of effective hospital waste management and might be helpful during and after the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak, when waste creation on all hospitals throughout the globe has considerably increased.

Morphological characterization and size of hemocytes in Anodonta cygnea.

The Anodont (Anodonta cygnea) constitutes one of the most important bivalves along of Anzali Lagoon. In last decade, Anodont have suffered a high degree of mortality. Description of the morphological characterization of hemocytes is a prerequisite to further exploring the causes of death in bivalves, therefore in this study; the circulating hemocytes of the A. cygnea in Anzali Lagoon were identified. At first, two types of hemocytes were recognized, granulocytes and agranulocytes, were identified based on the existence of cytoplasmic granules under light microscopy. The hemocytes were then stained and the granulocytes subclassified into eosinophilic and basophilic granulocytes and intermix. The eosinophilic granulocytes have distinct small and large granules. Agranulocytes could be subdivided into hyalinocytes and blast-like cells and another cell type, vesicular cells, was observed as unclassified cells. Results were compared with similar researches about other bivalves' observations.

Effect of Metasystox-R on marine Nitrosomonas sp. as a nitrification inhibitor.

Metasystox-R is a systemic soluble liquid insecticide for the control of aphids on brassica vegetable crops, cotton and lupins and it is possible enter to the marine environment and may be have a hazard effects for the marine organisms and nitrification processes. Effect of Metasystox-R on ammonia oxidizing activity by marine Nitrosomonas sp. was investigated by determining nitrification inhibitor assay in the cell suspension. Results showed that 8 microg mL(-1) of Metasystox-R with PI50 = 4.48 significantly inhibited nitrite production by marine Nitrosomonas sp. These results suggested marine Nitrosomonas sp. may be one of the target bacteria which was inhibitor and decreasing nitrification in the marine environment.