IgG Stimulates the Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Modifies Their Structure.

We studied the neutrophils and monocytes obtained from 37 patients with various inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis, acute infectious process in the abdominal cavity (acute appendicitis/abscess of the abdominal cavity, and acute cholecystitis), acute pancreatitis, and post-COVID syndrome after mild COVID infection. The number and the morphological structure of neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) as well as the effect of IgG on NET were examined. NET were visualized and counted by fluorescence microscopy with fluorescent dye SYBR Green. All the studied types of inflammation were accompanied by spontaneous formation of NET. After application of IgG, the number of NET doubled, their size increased, and transformation of net-like traps into the cloud forms was observed. The clouds form structure of the network is not capable of capturing pathogens with subsequent retraction, the products of its enzymatic degradation can be the factors of secondary alteration. The study results demonstrate a previously unknown mechanism of infection resistance.

[Questionnaire of the Ryzhikh National Medical Research Centre for Coloproctology is a new tool for assessing chronic pelvic pain and pelvic organ dysfunction]. / Oprosnik NMITs koloproktologii imeni A.N. Ryzhikh ­ novyi instrument otsenki khronicheskoi tazovoi boli i narusheniya funktsii tazovykh organov.

The article presents the work of a multidisciplinary team of experts from various fields of medicine to optimize the «Questionnaire for assessing chronic pelvic pain and pelvic organ dysfunction (QCPPD) of the Ryzhikh National Medical Research Centre for Coloproctology¼ for use in clinical practice. The survey of respondents was conducted from June 28 to September 28, 2021. As a result of this survey, by repeatedly making edits and clarifications during communication with respondents, the final version was obtained, which allows assessing the patient's subjective sensations by the nature and localization of pelvic pain, sensitivity disorders and pelvic organ function. The main objective of this Questionnaire is to differentiate patients with neurogenic pain from a huge number of patients with chronic pelvic pain. This aspect will allow a more targeted approach to the diagnosis and pathogenetically justified treatment of patients, including after appropriate instrumental examinations. The work of a multidisciplinary team implies a higher degree of objectification and terminological accuracy of the Questionnaire under discussion. The presented version of the «Questionnaire for assessing chronic pelvic pain and pelvic organ dysfunction (QCPPD) of the Ryzhikh National Medical Research Centre for Coloproctology¼ will be primarily used in coloproctological patients with pelvic pain problems and anal incontinence and obstructive defecation. Further studies will be directed to the clinical evaluation of the results of the work carried out.

Endogenous Regulators of the Immune System (sCD100, Malonic Dialdehyde, and Arginase).

Tissue damage in various diseases, hypoxic conditions, and some pathologies are associated with production of endogenous factors such as the soluble form of the surface receptor CD100, malonic dialdehyde, and arginase and their release into circulation. These factors modulate functional state of lymphocytes in the immune system: potentiate activation of B lymphocytes, activate synthesis and secretion of IL-25 and IL-17 cytokines, and suppress proliferative activity of T lymphocytes, thus modulating immunological reactivity of the organism. Reactions of innate and adaptive immunity develop against the background of changed immunological reactivity, which should be taken into account in the development of pathogenetically substantiated therapy.

[Lymphocyte apoptosis enhancement by the synthetic peptide E in experimental ulcer].

The influence of regulatory peptide type of AFP on the course of experimental ulcer was investigated. It has been shown that activation of apoptosis enhances local necrotic inflammatory reaction, on the one hand, and enables the development of adhesions with on the other.

[Lymphocyte apoptosis enhancement by the synthetic peptide of human alpha-fetoprotein (AFP 14-20) in experimental ulcer].

The influence of regulatory peptide type of AFP on the course of experimental ulcers was investigated. It has been shown that activation of apoptosis by AFP enhance local necrotic inflammatory reaction, on the one hand, and enables the development of adhesions with the other.

[Activation processes in the lymphocytes of patients with latent sensitization].

Latent sensitization is a risk factor of a clinically manifest atopic reaction. Investigation of a phenotypic composition of lymphocytes reveals function of the immune system in this condition. Indirect fluorescence assessed differential and activation lymphocyte antigens (CD4, CD3, CD8, CD16, CD20 and CD25, CD71, HLA-DR, CD95, CD23, CD54, respectively) in 15 patients with latent sensitization, 32 patients with atopic bronchial asthma and 22 healthy donors. The immune system demonstrated definite activation with involvement ofT- and B-links of the immune system. Lymphocyte activation in latent sensitization and bronchial asthma differs by high expression of CD95 apoptosis trigger receptor. Enhancement of Fas-mediated lymphocyte apoptosis may inhibit IgE synthesis and atopic pathology manifestation.

[Activation markers of lymphocytes as indicators of immune system dysregulation in inflammation].

Three groups of activation antigens (receptors) of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (CD23, CD54--functional activation antigens, CD25 and CD71--early activation antigens and HLA-DR and CD95--late activation antigens) were studied in patients with inflammatory diseases of different types. All kinds of inflammation are independent of etiological factors and are associated with immune system activation. Inflammation induced by tissue injury or invasion of nonspecific microorganisms leads to a rapid rise in the count of lymphocytes expressing early markers of activation. Inhibition of inflammation occurs with a significant rise in peripheral blood lymphocytes with receptor of activation apoptosis CD95 (Fas-antigen). High number of lymphocytes with early markers of activation in line with high number of blood CD95+ lymphocytes take place in allergic and autoimmune diseases for a long time. Abnormal regulation of activation processes in lymphocytes in allergic and autoimmune diseases consists in the absence of lymphocyte activation inhibition in spite of high expression of CD95.

[Immunologic disorders in pathogenesis of chronic generalized parodontitis].

Systemic immunity was studied in patients with chronic generalized parodontitis. This group of patients had distinct changes in immunologic system: depression of T- and stimulation of B-cellular immunity without accumulation of plasma cells and initiation of effective humoral response. Increased peripheral blood number of lymphocytes expressing induction of apoptosis CD95 receptors and ligand for this receptor CD95L (Fas-L) can lead to intensification of lymphocyte apoptosis and may be the reason for T-cell deficit development. The results of the study confirm the important role of immune system disturbances in pathogenesis of chronic generalized parodontitis.

[Mechanisms of immunotropic effect of the drug composition Taban-Arshan (Tibet medicine) on lymphocytes of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis and atopic bronchial asthma].

The extract of the Tibetan medicine Taban-Arshan corrects changes of the immune system in inflammatory diseases--rheumatoid arthritis and atopic bronchial asthma. An immunomodulating effect of the drug consists in its ability to suppress hyperactivation of lymphocytes by normalization of expression of basic activation antigens.

Taban-Arshan: immunocorrector in atopic bronchial asthma.

Taban-Arshan extract decreased expression of T-lymphocyte activation markers, normalized T-cell-mediated immunity, and suppressed increased activity of natural killer receptors during culturing with lymphocytes of patients with atopic bronchial asthma. Taban-Arshan extract normalized activation processes in the B-cell immunity and stimulated expression of receptors of activation-induced apoptosis.

[Mechanisms of disorders of immunoregulatory lymphocyte function in the atopic form of bronchial asthma]. / Nekotorye mekhanizmy narusheniia funktsii immunoreguliatornykh limfotsitov pri atopicheskoi forme bronkhial'noi astmy.

Peripheral lymphocytes from 36 patients were used to study pathogenetic mechanisms of development of atopic bronchial asthma (ABA), which are associated with regulatory dysfunction of T lymphocytes. Models of determining immunoregulatory lymphocytic subpopulations (CD4+ and CD8+) and assessing the function of concanavalin A-induced immunoregulatory lymphocytes indicated that the reception of the immune mediators IL-2 and alpha-interferon was impaired in ABA patients. The paper gives the data on a significant drastic decrease in cAMP concentrations and an increase in cAMP levels in the peripheral lymphocytes in the patients. The findings suggest that there is an impaired turnover of cyclic nucleotides in the lymphoid cells of patients with atopy.

[Mechanism of action of saventol in experimental anaphylaxis]. / K mekhanizmu deistviia saventola pri éksperimental'noi anafilaksii.

The mechanisms of the antianaphylactic effect of Saventol, a drug synthesized in the USSR, were studied on various experimental models. It was established that both in experiments on isolated organs and when given in injections to animals in vivo, Saventol produced a marked dose-dependent antianaphylactic effect. The results allow the antianaphylactic effect of Saventol to be linked with its antimediator effect realized through beta 2-adrenoceptors.