Trust of patients and families in mental healthcare providers and institutions: a cross-cultural study in Chennai, India, and Montreal, Canada.

PURPOSE: Cross-cultural psychosis research has typically focused on a limited number of outcomes (generally symptom-related). It is unknown if the purported superior outcomes for psychosis in some low- and middle-income countries extend to fundamental treatment processes like trust. Addressing this gap, we studied two similar first-episode psychosis programs in Montreal, Canada, and Chennai, India. We hypothesized higher trust in healthcare institutions and providers among patients and families in Chennai at baseline and over follow-up. METHODS: Upon treatment entry and at months 3, 12 and 24, trust in healthcare providers was measured using the Wake Forest Trust scale and trust in the healthcare and mental healthcare systems using two single items. Nonparametric tests were performed to compare trust levels across sites and mixed-effects linear regression models to investigate predictors of trust in healthcare providers. RESULTS: The study included 333 patients (Montreal = 165, Chennai = 168) and 324 family members (Montreal = 128, Chennai = 168). Across all timepoints, Chennai patients and families had higher trust in healthcare providers and the healthcare and mental healthcare systems. The effect of site on trust in healthcare providers was significant after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics known to impact trust. Patients' trust in doctors increased over follow-up. CONCLUSION: This study uniquely focuses on trust as an outcome in psychosis, via a comparative longitudinal analysis of different trust dimensions and predictors, across two geographical settings. The consistent differences in trust levels between sites may be attributable to local cultural values and institutional structures and processes and underpin cross-cultural variations in treatment engagement and outcomes.

Sugarcane Bagasse Ash as an Alternative Source of Silicon Dioxide in Sodium Silicate Synthesis.

To reduce the environmental impacts from sodium silicate synthesis, a ceramic method was suggested, with sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) as the source of silicon dioxide and sodium carbonate. Although the production of sodium silicate is carried out on a large scale, it should be noted that its process requires temperatures above 1000 °C; it also requires the use of highly corrosive agents such as sodium hydroxide and chlorine gas to neutralize the remaining sodium hydroxide. In the present study, the synthesis temperatures were reduced to 800 °C with a reaction time of 3 h by pressing equimolar mixtures of previously purified SCBA and sodium carbonate; then, heat treatment was carried out under the indicated conditions. The resulting materials were analyzed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Among the crystalline phases, calcium disodium silicate was identified, in addition to sodium silicate; thus, it was inferred that the other components of the ash can interfere with the synthesis of silicate. Therefore, in order to obtain the highest composition of sodium silicate, a leaching treatment of the SCBA is required.

Assessing Patterns in Childhood Obesity Patient Education: A Quality of Online Health Information and Google Trends Analysis.

Background: Childhood obesity (CO) is rapidly increasing in prevalence and developing into a health crisis of developed nations. The condition is associated with increased risk of developing various comorbidities later in life. Current treatment algorithms primarily target family education. Thus, this study aims to understand the quality of information online regarding CO and common comorbidities, determine the readability of online information, and report patterns in public interest over time using Google Trends. Methods: Four validated quality of information tools and 6 readability tools were implemented across 36 websites derived from 4 Google searches. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to determine the associations between Google Trends' relative search volumes (RSVs) and biennial BMI-based cumulative proportion of CO. Results: Results showed variable information quality among the websites as scores ranged from "fair" to "very poor." Using six readability formulas, no website scored at or below the sixth grade reading level recommended by the American Medical Association. Google Trends' RSVs for the term "Childhood Obesity" were repeatedly increased in the months that fall in the US academic school year (October-November and February-May), and decreased within months in the US vacation periods (December-January and June-September). Search volumes were also negatively correlated with CO and pediatric type 2 diabetes prevalence. Conclusions: In summary, while Google Trends analysis showed that schools may play a role in increasing interest and awareness online, quality of information and readability analysis displayed that the information and its accessibility are far too variable to be reliable.

Images that speak: A Portuguese Photovoice study on the psychosocial experience of a migrant population from Cape Verde after a first episode of psychosis.

Several migrant populations have been identified worldwide as high-risk groups for psychosis because of their experience of social adversity. Recent evidence suggests that the local contexts in which these populations live should be addressed in their complexity to take into account individual and larger societal environmental aspects. This study aimed to assess the lived experiences of a group of migrant Cape Verdean patients, who had been recently hospitalized for a first episode of psychosis in a mental health service on the outskirts of Lisbon, Portugal. The study used Photovoice, a qualitative participatory research method in which people's experiences are documented through photography. Six individuals were recruited, and five weekly sessions were conducted to collect data that were analyzed thematically. Emergent themes addressed two main categories of well-being and illness. Participant concepts of well-being were rooted in a definition of freedom encompassing cultural expression, conveyed by familiar environments and supporting communities. Cultural differences may be experienced as important obstacles for well-being and can be associated with feelings of oppression and guilt. Participants' accounts focused on positive aspects of life despite illness and on personal concepts of recovery. The study findings contribute to knowledge of the dynamics of migrants' social experience and underscore the importance of socially and culturally informed mental healthcare institutions.

Spontaneous reporting of adverse reactions associated with the COVID-19 vaccine in health care professionals: A descriptive observational study conducted in a Portuguese hospital.

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was classified as a pandemic in March 2020 by the World Health Organization. The Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine was the first to be authorized in the European Union, based on data from phase 1, 2, and 3 clinical trials of limited duration. Concerns have been raised regarding the vaccine's safety profile. Some of the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with vaccines may not have been identified during clinical trials. This study aimed to identify ADRs associated with the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine in health care professionals at a Portuguese tertiary university hospital. Methods: The data used in this analysis consist of ADRs reported through a spontaneous notification system from vaccines administered between December 27, 2020, and January 31, 2021. ADRs were categorized according to the MedDRA terminology. Results: A total of 8,605 Pfizer-BioNTech vaccines were administered to 4568 health care professionals. ADRs were reported among 520 of the vaccines, with an incidence of 13.56% in women and 5.31% in men. The mean age of the population reporting ADRs was 41.52 years, with a standard deviation of 9.83 years. The most frequent ADRs were myalgia (n = 274), headache (n = 199), pyrexia (n = 164), injection site pain (n = 160), fatigue (n = 84), nausea (n = 81), chills (n = 65), lymphadenopathy (n = 64), and arthralgia (n = 53). Hypersensitivity reactions occurred in 15 health care professionals, with no anaphylactic reactions observed. A total of four Important Medical Events were observed, which consisted of two cases of syncope, one case of sudden hearing loss, and one case of transverse myelitis. Conclusion: The vaccine was well-tolerated among the study participants. Reactogenicity was greater after the second dose. The incidence of ADRs was higher in women and individuals aged between 40 to 49 years. Systemic adverse reactions were most frequently reported. Systematic monitoring of ADRs of COVID-19 vaccines in real-life context is essential for a more robust establishment of its safety profile.

Mesenchyme-derived vertebrate lonesome kinase controls lung organogenesis by altering the matrisome.

Vertebrate lonesome kinase (VLK) is the only known secreted tyrosine kinase and responsible for the phosphorylation of a broad range of secretory pathway-resident and extracellular matrix proteins. However, its cell-type specific functions in vivo are still largely unknown. Therefore, we generated mice lacking the VLK gene (protein kinase domain containing, cytoplasmic (Pkdcc)) in mesenchymal cells. Most of the homozygous mice died shortly after birth, most likely as a consequence of their lung abnormalities and consequent respiratory failure. E18.5 embryonic lungs showed a reduction of alveolar type II cells, smaller bronchi, and an increased lung tissue density. Global mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics identified 97 proteins with significantly and at least 1.5-fold differential abundance between genotypes. Twenty-five of these had been assigned to the extracellular region and 15 to the mouse matrisome. Specifically, fibromodulin and matrilin-4, which are involved in extracellular matrix organization, were significantly more abundant in lungs from Pkdcc knockout embryos. These results support a role for mesenchyme-derived VLK in lung development through regulation of matrix dynamics and the resulting modulation of alveolar epithelial cell differentiation.

Trust of patients and families in mental healthcare providers and institutions: A cross-cultural study in Chennai, India and Montreal, Canada.

Purpose: Cross-cultural psychosis research has typically focused on a limited number of outcomes (generally symptom-related). It is unknown if the purported superior outcomes for psychosis in some low- and middle-income countries extend to fundamental treatment processes like trust. Addressing this gap, we studied two similar first-episode psychosis programs in Montreal, Canada and Chennai, India. We hypothesized higher trust in healthcare institutions and providers among patients and families in Chennai at baseline and over follow-up. Methods: Upon treatment entry and at months 3, 12 and 24, trust in healthcare providers was measured using the Wake Forest Trust scale and trust in the healthcare and mental healthcare systems using two single items. Non-parametric tests were performed to compare trust levels across sites and mixed-effects linear regression models to investigate predictors of trust in healthcare providers. Results: The study included 333 patients (Montreal=165, Chennai=168) and 324 family members (Montreal=128, Chennai=168). Across all timepoints, Chennai patients and families had higher trust in healthcare providers and the healthcare and mental healthcare systems. The effect of site on trust in healthcare providers was significant after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics known to impact trust. Patients' trust in doctors increased over follow-up. Conclusion: This study uniquely focuses on trust as an outcome in psychosis, via a comparative longitudinal analysis of different trust dimensions and predictors, across two geographical settings. The consistent differences in trust levels between sites may be attributable to local cultural values and institutional structures and processes and underpin cross-cultural variations in treatment engagement and outcomes.

Properties of polycapillary optics dedicated to low-energy parallel-beam wavelength-dispersive spectrometers for synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence study.

The main advantage of wavelength-dispersive spectrometers applied in X-ray study is their high energy resolution. The design and construction of spectrometer, usually dedicated to the specific experimental systems, for example synchrotron based setups, need information about the characteristics of the main elements of the spectrometer such as X-ray optics elements, crystals and detectors. Such information can be obtained using Monte-Carlo simulations. In this paper, the Monte-Carlo simulations of X-ray tracing in parallel-beam wavelength-dispersive spectrometer (PBWDS), equipped with polycapillary optics, are presented and discussed. The study concentrates on the description of the polycapillary model, simulations of the properties of X-ray polycapillary optics and, finally, on the simulations of X-ray track in the spectrometer designed and installed at the ID21 beamline at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF, Grenoble, France). The results of simulations were compared with experimental data obtained for different registered X-ray energies and spectrometer crystals, showing good agreement. The obtained results showed that the X-ray transmission in the tested polycapillary optics is at the level of 15%, while the divergence of the outgoing beam changes from 8 mrad to 3 mrad with an increase of photon energy from 2 keV to 10 keV. The spectrometer provides an energy resolution of 5 eV and 33 eV in the energy range of 1.4 keV - 6.5 keV. The developed simulation program can be successfully used for the construction of spectrometers dedicated to the different experimental conditions.

High patient acceptability but low coverage of provider-initiated HIV testing among adult outpatients with symptoms of acute infectious illness in coastal Kenya.

BACKGROUND: Only approximately one in five adults are offered HIV testing by providers when seeking care for symptoms of acute illness in Sub-Saharan Africa. Our aims were to estimate testing coverage and identify predictors of provider-initiated testing and counselling (PITC) and barriers to PITC implementation in this population. METHODS: We assessed HIV testing coverage among adult outpatients 18-39 years of age at four public and two private health facilities in coastal Kenya, during a 3- to 6-month surveillance period at each facility. A subset of patients who reported symptoms including fever, diarrhoea, fatigue, body aches, sore throat or genital ulcers were enrolled to complete a questionnaire independently of PITC offer. We assessed predictors of PITC in this population using generalised estimating equations and identified barriers to offering PITC through focus group discussion with healthcare workers (HCW) at each facility. RESULTS: Overall PITC coverage was 13.7% (1600 of 11,637 adults tested), with 1.9% (30) testing positive. Among 1,374 participants enrolled due to symptoms, 378 (27.5%) were offered PITC and 352 (25.6%) were tested, of whom 3.7% (13) tested positive. Among participants offered HIV testing, 93.1% accepted it; among participants not offered testing, 92.8% would have taken an HIV test if offered. The odds of completed PITC were increased among older participants (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4-2.1 for 30-39 years, relative to 18-24 years), men (aOR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1-1.7); casual labourers (aOR 1.3, 95% CI 1.0-1.7); those paying by cash (aOR 1.2, 95% CI 1.0-1.4) or insurance (aOR 3.0, 95% CI 1.5-5.8); participants with fever (aOR 1.5, 95% CI 1.2-1.8) or genital ulcers (aOR 4.0, 95% CI 2.7-6.0); and who had tested for HIV >1 year ago (aOR 1.4, 95% CI 1.0-2.0) or had never tested (aOR 2.2, 95% CI 1.5-3.1). Provider barriers to PITC implementation included lack of HCW knowledge and confidence implementing guidelines, limited capacity and health systems constraints. CONCLUSION: PITC coverage was low, though most patients would accept testing if offered. Missed opportunities to promote testing during care-seeking were common and innovative solutions are needed.

[Comment les services d'intervention précoce pour la psychose peuvent-ils mieux servir les migrants, les minorités ethniques et les populations autochtones ?] / How could Early Intervention Services for Psychosis better serve migrants, ethnic minorities and Indigenous populations?

Objectives To synthesize the available epidemiological and clinical evidence relevant to the mental health care of migrant, ethnic minority and Indigenous populations in the context of early psychosis. Methods This study provides a narrative review of the literature on psychosis in these populations, including issues related to the provision of early intervention services for psychosis. Results Migrant status has long been reported as a significant risk factor for psychosis in many geographic contexts. This increased risk among migrants seems to persist beyond the first generation and has been found to be higher in all migrant populations, but especially for black ethnic minorities and individuals migrating from economically developing countries to developed ones. Recent evidence suggests that this higher risk is at least in part due to migrants' and minorities' cumulative exposure to social adversities, such as racial discrimination, marginalization and socio-economic disadvantage. Systemic racism affects migrant and minority populations by creating bias in diagnostic practices and aggravating treatment disparities in addition to contributing to causation of psychosis. Furthermore, migrant and ethnic minority groups are known to seek mental healthcare after longer delays, to be more frequently forcibly hospitalized, to disengage from treatment prematurely and to be less satisfied with their treatment. The consideration of social and cultural context and factors is essential to the provision of good healthcare, especially in a culturally diverse society. Furthermore, acknowledging power relationships that stem from the societal context and shape institutions and models of care is a key step towards structural competence and safety in mental healthcare. Several strategies have been proposed to make mental healthcare services and systems more culturally and structurally competent. These include the use of interpreters and cultural brokers, tailored assessments and specialised cultural interventions. However, these strategies have yet to be adopted broadly in early intervention for psychosis. Conclusion Given its emphasis on meaningful engagement and person-centered care, early intervention should integrate inclusive, structurally competent and context-informed interventions as a priority. Efforts must be made to apply knowledge from and adapt the tools of social and cultural psychiatry to the field of early intervention in psychosis. Sociocultural considerations, hitherto inconsistently applied in psychosis research and service design in Quebec, are especially relevant to the province given its distinct linguistic context, its increasing cultural diversity, and its ongoing effort to systematize and expand the delivery of early intervention services.

Periprocedural Direct Oral Anticoagulant Management: The RA-ACOD Prospective, Multicenter Real-World Registry.

Introduction There is scarce real-world experience regarding direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) perioperative management. No study before has linked bridging therapy or DOAC-free time (pre-plus postoperative time without DOAC) with outcome. The aim of this study was to investigate real-world management and outcomes. Methods RA-ACOD is a prospective, observational, multicenter registry of adult patients on DOAC treatment requiring surgery. Primary outcomes were thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications. Follow-up was immediate postoperative (24-48 hours) and 30 days. Statistics were performed using a univariate and multivariate analysis. Data are presented as odds ratios (ORs [95% confidence interval]). Results From 26 Spanish hospitals, 901 patients were analyzed (53.5% major surgeries): 322 on apixaban, 304 on rivaroxaban, 267 on dabigatran, 8 on edoxaban. Fourteen (1.6%) patients suffered a thrombotic event, related to preoperative DOAC withdrawal (OR: 1.57 [1.03-2.4]) and DOAC-free time longer than 6 days (OR: 5.42 [1.18-26]). Minor bleeding events were described in 76 (8.4%) patients, with higher incidence for dabigatran (12.7%) versus other DOACs (6.6%). Major bleeding events occurred in 17 (1.9%) patients. Bridging therapy was used in 315 (35%) patients. It was associated with minor (OR: 2.57 [1.3-5.07]) and major (OR: 4.2 [1.4-12.3]) bleeding events, without decreasing thrombotic events. Conclusion This study offers real-world data on perioperative DOAC management and outcomes in a large prospective sample size to date with a high percentage of major surgery. Short-term preprocedural DOAC interruption depending on the drug, hemorrhagic risk, and renal function, without bridging therapy and a reduced DOAC-free time, seems the safest practice.

[Overview of induction of labor practices in France]. / État des lieux des pratiques de déclenchement en France.

OBJECTIVE: To describe induction of labor practices in France and to identify factors associated with the use of different methods. METHODS: The data came from the French prospective population-based cohort MEDIP (MEthodes de Déclenchement et Issues Périnatales), including consecutively during one month in 2015 all women with induction of labor and a live fetus in 7 perinatal networks. The characteristics of women, maternity units, gestational age, Bishop's score, decision mode, indication and methods of labor induction were described. Factors associated with the use of different methods were sought in univariate analyzes. RESULTS: The rate of induction of labor during the study was 21% and 3042 women were included (95.9% participation rate). The two main indications were prolonged pregnancy (28.7%) and premature rupture of the membranes (25.4%). More than one-third of women received intravenous oxytocin in first method, 57.3% prostaglandins, 4.5% balloon catheter and 1.4% another method. Among the prostaglandins, the vaginal device of dinoprostone was the most used (71.6%) then the gel (20.7%) and the vaginal misoprostol (6.7%). Women with a balloon were more often of higher body mass index and multiparous with scarred uterus. The balloon and misoprostol were mainly used in university public hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: The evolution of induction of labor methods, due to new data from the literature and the development of new drugs or devices, invites to regularly repeat population-based studies on induction of labor.

Iodine k-edge dual energy imaging reveals the influence of particle size distribution on solute transport in drying porous media.

Increasing salinity in groundwater and soil poses a threat to water and land resources. With the expectation of major changes to the hydrological cycle through climate change, the need for understanding the fundamental processes governing solute transport through soil has grown significantly. We provide experimentally verified insights into the influence of particle size distribution on solute transport in porous media during evaporation at the pore- and macro-scales. To do so, we utilized four-dimensional (space plus time) synchrotron X-ray tomography for iodine k-edge dual energy imaging to obtain solute concentration profiles in every single pore during saline water evaporation from coarse- and fine-grained sands. Close to the surface of the coarse-grained sand significantly higher salt concentrations were observed when compared to fine-grained sand with the same porosity under similar cumulative evaporative mass losses. The physics behind this behaviour was delineated using the recorded data with high spatial and temporal resolutions. Moreover, the measured data enabled us to quantify the variations of the effective dispersion coefficient during evaporation and how it is influenced by the particle size distribution. We show that, contrary to common assumption in modelling of solute transport during evaporation, the effective dispersion coefficient varies as a function of liquid saturation and the length of the invaded zone during evaporation from porous media, and that it increases as liquid saturation decreases.

Labour induction practices in France: A population-based declarative survey in 94 maternity units.

INTRODUCTION: In 2016, 22.0% of deliveries in France were induced. The current lack of high level of evidence data about the methods and indications for induction of labour has promoted heterogeneous and non-recommended practices. The extent of these different practices is not adequately known in France today, although they may influence perinatal outcomes. The objective of this study was to report current practices of induction of labour in France. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study surveyed 94 maternity units in seven perinatal networks. A questionnaire was sent by email to either the department head or delivery room supervisor of these units to ask about their methods for induction and their attitudes in specific obstetric situations. RESULTS: The rate of induction varied between maternity units from 7.7% to 33% of deliveries. Most units used two (39.4%) or three or more (35.1%) agents for cervical ripening. In all, 87 (92.6%) units reported using dinoprostone as a vaginal slow-released insert, 59 units dinosprostone as a vaginal gel (62.8%) and 46 units a balloon catheter (48.9%). Only three units reported using vaginal misoprostol. Inductions without medical indication were reported by 71 (75.5%) maternity units, and 22 (23.4%) units even when the cervix was unfavourable. Obstetric attitudes in cases of breech presentation, previous caesareans, fetal growth restriction or macrosomia and prelabour rupture of the membranes varied widely. DISCUSSION: The variability of practices for induction of labour and the persistence of disapproved practices call for an assessment of the effectiveness and the safety of the different strategies.

Structure and composition of Unio pictorum shell: arguments for the diversity of the nacroprismatic arrangement in molluscs.

Mollusc shells are complex organomineral structures, the arrangement and composition depending on the species. Most studies are dedicated to shells composed of an aragonite nacreous and a calcite prismatic layer, so the nacreous prismatic model based on Pinctada and Atrina-Pinna. Here, we studied the micro- and nanostructure, the mineralogy and composition of a nacroprismatic bivalve species: Unio pictorum. The prismatic layer of Unio is aragonite, and the inner structure of the prismatic units strongly differs from those of the calcitic layers. The shape of the prisms varies depending on their growth stage. The first layers of nacre are similar to those of gastropods (columnar nacre), then evolve towards the typical bivalve arrangement (sheet nacre). Na, Sr, Mg, P and S are present in both prisms and nacre. The organic prismatic envelopes are rich in sulphur amino acids, whereas organic sulphate is present within the prisms and the nacreous tablets. P is present as phosphate, probably a mixture of organic and mineral complex. Chemical distribution maps confirm the absence of an organic membrane between the nacre and the prisms. The comparison of the structure, mineralogy and composition of Unio pictorum and different species show the diversity of nacroprismatic shells, and that these features are taxonomically dependent.

Ultrasonic irradiation-assisted synthesis of Bi2S3 nanoparticles in aqueous ionic liquid at ambient condition.

In this work, an easy, fast and environmentally friendly method to obtain Bi2S3 nanostructures with sphere-like morphology is introduced. The promising material was successfully synthesized by a sonochemical route in 20% 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate [EMIM][EtSO4] ionic liquid solution (IL). Morphological studies by electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) show that the use of IL in the synthesis of Bi2S3 favors the formation of nanocrystals non-agglomerated. Micro Raman and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) were used to determine the composition and purity of the synthesized material. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and selective area electron diffraction (SAED) revealed that ultrasonic radiation accelerated the crystallization of Bi2S3 into orthorhombic bismuthinite structure. The band gap calculated from the diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) was found to be 1.5eV.

Multi-strip silicon sensors for beam array monitoring in micro-beam radiation therapy.

We present here the latest results from tests performed at the ESRF ID17 and ID21 beamlines for the characterization of novel beam monitors for Microbeam Radiation Therapy (MRT), which is currently being implemented at ID17. MRT aims at treating solid tumors by exploiting an array of evenly spaced microbeams, having an energy spectrum distributed between 27 and 600keV and peaking at 100keV. Given the high instantaneous dose delivered (up to 20kGy/s), the position and the intensity of the microbeams has to be precisely and instantly monitored. For this purpose, we developed dedicated silicon microstrip beam monitors. We have successfully characterized them, both with a microbeam array at ID17, and a submicron scanning beam at ID21. We present here the latest results obtained in recent tests along with an outlook on future developments.

Synchrotron radiation-based multi-analytical approach for studying underglaze color: The microstructure of Chinese Qinghua blue decors (Ming dynasty).

In this paper, we develop a methodological approach combining macro-X-ray fluorescence and synchrotron radiation-based techniques (µXRF, full-field XANES and µXRD) to determine the composition and microstructure of underglaze decors of Qinghua porcelains (Ming dynasty). Various transition metal elements (Fe, Mn, Co) are present in the blue decoration of these ceramics and the approach proposed allows for establishing the feature of each. Thus it shows that Fe ions are distributed homogeneously over the whole glaze without any significant difference in blue and white parts. They do not play a significant role in the color. In contrast, Co ions exhibit a heterogeneous distribution with CoAl2O4 particles close to the body/glaze interphase. These particles play a key role in the blue color and, the hue variations seem in greater part to link to their density and repartition. Co dispersed in the glassy matrix is also bivalent and mainly in tetragonal coordination, leading also to a blue color. Mn ion distribution is similar to the one of Co but without presenting local high concentrations associated to Mn based particles. Mn affects the darkness of the color and for the sample without CoAl2O4 particle; it is the main color contribution. The presence of CoAl2O4 crystals was confirmed by µXRD, which revealed, in addition, a variation of cell parameters certainly linking to a Co partial substitution.