Cardiac Amyloidosis: State-of-the-Art Review in Molecular Pathology.

Amyloidosis refers to a group of diseases caused by extracellular deposits of misfolded proteins, which alter tissue function and structure, potentially affecting any organ. The term "amyloid" was introduced in the 19th century and later associated with pathological protein deposits. Amyloid fibrils, which are insoluble and resistant to degradation, originate from soluble proteins that undergo misfolding. This process can be triggered by several factors, such as aging, elevated protein concentrations, or pathogenic variants. Amyloid deposits damage organs both by disrupting tissue architecture and through direct cytotoxic effects, leading to conditions such as heart failure. Amyloidosis can be classified into acquired or inherited forms and can be systemic or localized. Diagnosing cardiac amyloidosis is complex and often requires tissue biopsies, which are supported by Congo Red dye staining. In some cases, bisphosphonate bone scans may provide a less invasive diagnostic option. In this state-of-the-art review, we focus on the most common forms of cardiac amyloidosis, from epidemiology to therapy, emphasizing the differences in molecular mechanisms and the importance of pathological diagnosis for appropriate treatment using a multidisciplinary approach.

Sudden cardiac death caused by Kawasaki coronary artery vasculitis in a child with Hodgkin's lymphoma. Case report and literature review.

Coronary artery vasculitis is a rare pathological condition and is often a manifestation of systemic vasculitis, such as Polyarteritis Nodosa, Kawasaki Disease, Takayasu Arteritis, and Giant Cell Arteritis, with Kawasaki Disease being the most common cause in children. We present the autopsy case of a 6-year-old boy with classic Hodgkin lymphoma who died of sudden cardiac death due to thrombosis caused by vasculitis, which exclusively affected the coronary arteries and was suggestive of Kawasaki Disease. To further investigate the histological features of Kawasaki Disease across all age groups, we conducted a literature review using the search terms "Kawasaki AND vasculitis AND histopathology" and "Kawasaki vasculitis histopathology" in Scopus, Google Scholar, and PubMed, covering the period from 1967 to 2023. The inclusion criteria were as follows: coronary histology (inflammation and/or aneurysm and/or thrombosis), postmortem studies, English language, free articles, all age groups, case reports, and case series.

Application of Digital Analysis for Assessment of Coronary Sub-Occlusions in Autopsy Pathology: It Is Time to Move beyond Histology Alone.

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) underlies most cases of myocardial infarction (MI), causing or at least contributing to oxygen supply-demand mismatch and myocardial injury, so a careful and reliable evaluation of the main coronary arteries and large branches is a key moment of autopsy in order to establish the cause of death. The aim of this study is to evaluate the application of digital image analysis in the assessment of coronary artery sub-occlusions. Methods: A total of 50 coronary sections sampled during 11 consecutive autopsies, regardless of the cause of death, were analyzed. The ideal lumen and the percentage of the residual lumen were evaluated by digital pathology using QuPath v 4.3 and by an expert pathologist. The evaluations performed were compared using Lin's concordance correlation coefficient. Results: The Lin agreement index between the two evaluation methods for all measurements showed an excellent agreement rate [0.923, with confidence interval (0.866, 0.956)]. However, in the case of critical stenosis, from 60% to 80% and from 65% to 75%, the Lin agreement index between the two evaluation methods was, respectively, 0.798 [0.603, 0.904], corresponding to good agreement, and 0.516 [0.071, 0.725], corresponding to slight agreement. The digital system has superior performance in cases where lumen occlusion falls between 60% and 80% and provides an objective assessment of the residual lumen area. Conclusions: According to the widespread availability and ease of use of these technologies, we suggest that image analysis should be considered a routine tool and established as the diagnostic gold standard in this field.

Colorectal Cancer and Asbestos Exposure: A Women's Health Perspective.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is considered a "man's disease". However, emerging data show that females may have a higher prevalence of certain risk factors. A potential causal role of asbestos in CRC carcinogenesis has been suggested. This relationship is controversial, and only a few studies have focused on exposed female populations. The aim of this study was to review the scientific literature related to asbestos-related CRC incidence and mortality rates in female populations to address gender bias in the existing research. METHODS: A systematic review was performed following PRISMA statement. RESULTS: Fourteen studies reporting 92 cases in total were included. Most women were aged 50 years or older and were employed in occupational activities with high asbestos exposure (steel, textile, and asbestos-cement industry) for at least 10 years. In one single case, household asbestos exposure was reported. The colon was the primary location of the tumor in 47 out of 92 cases. Three women were also affected by synchronous or metachronous peritoneal mesotheliomas. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed a general methodological "gender bias" in scientific research. A significantly higher representation of women in clinical studies is needed to clarify the link between asbestos exposure and the development of colorectal cancer.

Gonadal Teratomas: A State-of-the-Art Review in Pathology.

Teratomas are neoplasms arising from germ cells and encompass tissues derived from two or more embryonic germ layers, including ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. These tumours typically localize along the midline or in paramedian positions and can manifest as gonadal (20%) or extragonadal (80%) entities. Although gonadal teratomas are uncommon, they represent the predominant type of gonadal tumour in the paediatric population. They comprise approximately 20-25% of all ovarian tumours in females and about 3-5% of all testicular tumours in males. Ovarian teratomas exhibit a higher incidence in early childhood and adolescence, whereas testicular teratomas are more prevalent during the first three months of life and between the ages of 15 and 19. While the majority of paediatric gonadal teratomas are benign, malignant or mixed variants may also arise, necessitating more aggressive therapeutic interventions.

Adverse Prognostic Impact of Transitional and Pleomorphic Patterns in Pleural Nonepithelioid Mesothelioma: Insights From Comprehensive Analysis and Reticulin Stain.

CONTEXT.­: Mesothelioma subtyping into epithelioid and nonepithelioid categories plays a crucial role in prognosis and treatment selection, with emerging recognition of the impact of various histologic patterns. OBJECTIVE.­: To investigate the prognostic implications of transitional and pleomorphic patterns in sarcomatoid mesothelioma. DESIGN.­: A total of 132 mesothelioma cases (87 biphasic, 45 sarcomatoid) were analyzed. Histologic slides were assessed, treatment data collected, and cases categorized into predominant epithelioid or sarcomatoid patterns. The sarcomatoid mesotheliomas were classified into usual, pleomorphic, and transitional patterns, with reticulin staining for the latter. Statistical analysis included Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier methods. RESULTS.­: Younger age (P = .02) and receiving therapy (P < .001) correlated with improved survival for both histotypes. Advanced stage was associated with shorter survival in sarcomatoid cases (P = .02). Predominant epithelioid pattern in biphasic cases led to longer survival (P < .001). Transitional and pleomorphic patterns were indicative of worse prognosis, with significantly lower survival in cases with both patterns than with usual sarcomatoid (P = .046). Multivariate analysis identified independent survival factors, including predominant epithelioid component in biphasic mesothelioma (P = .001) and chemotherapy (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS.­: Histologic subtyping in mesothelioma plays a pivotal role in prognosis. Transitional and pleomorphic patterns, even in low percentages, indicate poorer outcomes. This study highlights the need for standardized diagnostic support and suggests the potential utility of histochemical staining in identifying more aggressive morphologic aspects. Recognizing the significance of these patterns can guide treatment decisions and patient care strategies.

Cardiovascular pathology in vasculitis.

Vasculitides are diseases that can affect any vessel. When cardiac or aortic involvement is present, the prognosis can worsen significantly. Pathological assessment often plays a key role in reaching a definite diagnosis of cardiac or aortic vasculitis, particularly when the clinical evidence of a systemic inflammatory disease is missing. The following review will focus on the main histopathological findings of cardiac and aortic vasculitides.

Sudden Cardiac Death in the Young: State-of-the-Art Review in Molecular Autopsy.

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is defined as unexpected death due to a cardiac cause that occurs rapidly. Despite the identification of prevention strategies, SCD remains a serious public health problem worldwide, accounting for 15-20% of all deaths, and is therefore a challenge for modern medicine, especially when it affects young people. Sudden cardiac death in young people affects the population aged ≤ 35 years, including athletes and non-athletes, and it is due to various hereditary and non-hereditary causes. After an autopsy, if the cause remains unknown, it is called sudden unexplained death, often attributable to genetic causes. In these cases, molecular autopsy-post-mortem genetic testing-is essential to facilitate diagnostic and therapeutic pathways and/or the monitoring of family members of the cases. This review aims to elaborate on cardiac disorders marked by genetic mutations, necessitating the post-mortem genetic investigation of the deceased for an accurate diagnosis in order to facilitate informed genetic counseling and to implement preventive strategies for family members of the cases.

SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Second Trimester of Pregnancy: A Case Report of Fetal Intraventricular Hemorrhage After Critical COVID-19 Infection and a Brief Review of the Literature.

More than three and a half years have passed since the start of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and there have been several studies in the literature about the different damage and symptom patterns related to the condition; particular attention has been paid to the transmission of the disease from pregnant mothers to fetus. In this report, we present the case of a 36-year-old patient with a history of two cesarean sections (CS), two miscarriages, and hypothyroidism on replacement therapy, who contracted COVID-19 during the 15th week of gestation. Ultrasound (US) examination at 22 weeks revealed regular fetal biometry and bilateral ventriculomegaly, highly suggestive of massive intracerebral hemorrhage. The patient opted for the interruption of pregnancy. Given the critical maternal COVID-19 complications, especially tracheoesophageal fistula and the patient's two previous cesareans, we decided on an abortive CS at 23 weeks of gestation, and the samples were sent to the Pathology Department. Histologic analysis showed massive intervillous deposition of fibrin and inflammatory infiltration with hotspots of necrotic deciduitis and confirmed massive cerebral hemorrhage in the fetus. This morphological appearance was consistent with COVID-19 infection and probable fetal oxygenation compromise related to deciduitis. Immunoexpression of anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 antibody was almost entirely positive at the level of syncytiotrophoblast cells and maternal leukocytes in the absence of a clear signal in the fetal circulation. Conversely, in the brain, immunoexpression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and the S1 subunit of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, detected by a monoclonal antibody, was almost entirely negative, suggesting that there was no infection in the brain and that the massive intraventricular hemorrhage was probably a secondary effect of placental damage.

Mature Triphyllic Cystic Teratoma of the Posterior Mediastinum in a Fetus: A Case Report and Literature Review.

A teratoma is a neoplasm composed of cell populations or tissues that are reminiscent, in their appearance, of normal elements derived from at least two embryonic layers. Fetal mature teratomas are normally benign, cystic, and typically occur along the midline, while they are rare in the posterior mediastinum. Teratomas are frequently solitary; however, they may sometimes be associated with other congenital anomalies and/or with chromosomal abnormalities. Clinically, they are often asymptomatic but can occasionally cause compression symptoms. Prenatal diagnoses are uncommon and made with ultrasonography; differential diagnosis with other congenital conditions is mandatory. We report the case of a 21 weeks of gestational age old fetus with a mature triphyllic fetal cystic teratoma, grade 0, located in the right posterior mediastinum. The tumor presented as a 3 cm wide cystic mass that caused a contralateral shift of the surrounding structures. Histological examination later revealed the presence of derivatives of the three germ layers, such as hyaline cartilage, smooth muscle, nervous tissue, and a respiratory-type epithelium.