Safety and efficacy of the pipeline embolization device for treatment of small vs. large aneurysms: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Flow diversion with the pipeline embolization device (PED) is increasingly used to treat intracranial aneurysms with high obliteration rates and low morbidity. However, long-term (≥ 1 year) angiographic and clinical outcomes still require further investigation. The aim of this study was to compare the occlusion and complication rates for small (< 10 mm) versus large (10-25 mm) aneurysms at long-term following treatment with PED. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed in compliance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. We conducted a comprehensive search of English language databases including Ovid MEDLINE and Epub Ahead of Print, In-Process, and Daily, Ovid EMBASE, Ovid Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Ovid Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Scopus. Our studies included a minimum of 10 patients treated with PED for small vs. large aneurysms and with at least 12 months of follow-up. The primary safety endpoint was the rate of clinical complications measured by the occurrence of symptomatic stroke (confirmed clinically and radiographically), intracranial hemorrhage, or aneurysmal rupture. The primary efficacy endpoint was the complete aneurysm occlusion rate. Our analysis included 19 studies with 1277 patients and 1493 aneurysms. Of those, 1378 aneurysms met our inclusion criteria. The mean age was 53.9 years, and most aneurysms were small (89.75%; N = 1340) in women (79.1%; N = 1010). The long-term occlusion rate was 73% (95%, CI 65 to 80%) in small compared to 84% (95%, CI 76 to 90%) in large aneurysms (p < 0.01). The symptomatic thromboembolic complication rate was 5% (95%, CI 3 to 9%) in small compared to 7% (95%, CI 4 to 13%) in large aneurysms (p = 0.01). The rupture rate was 2% vs. 4% (p = 0.92), and the rate of intracranial hemorrhage was 2% vs. 4% (p = 0.96) for small vs. large aneurysms, respectively; however, these differences were not statistically significant. The long-term occlusion rate after PED treatment is higher in large vs. small aneurysms. Symptomatic thromboembolic rates with stroke are also higher in large vs. small aneurysms. The difference in the rates of aneurysm rupture and intracranial hemorrhage was insignificant. Although the PED seems a safe and effective treatment for small and large aneurysms, further studies are required to clarify how occlusion rate and morbidity are affected by aneurysm size.

Bone-anchored annular closure device leading to histiocytic-inflammation-induced neuropathy with resolution after removal: a case report.

PURPOSE: To determine and report the underlying cause of local inflammation causing recurrent neuropathy and multiple operations in a patient with a Barricaid® device. METHODS: After removal of this patient's Barricaid® device, we sent local inflammatory tissue to pathology for histochemical analysis. Upon discovery of giant cells formation with polarizable foreign bodies, we performed a literature review regarding the Barricaid® device and its elements. RESULTS: After two previous operations and three trials of conservative management, the presented patient underwent an L5/S1 TLIF with removal of her previously installed Barricaid® device. There were no signs of device instability/failure nor were there obvious signs of infection. Inflamed tissue proximal to the Barricaid® device was discovered, debrided, and sample sent to pathology. Removal of the Barricaid® device led to subsequent and durable relief of her symptoms. During review of this case, we discovered the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) weave used in the Barricaid® device is known to induce foreign body reactions, and this precise finding was seen in the majority of animal data submitted to the FDA for the device's acceptance. CONCLUSION: Given the constellation of this patient's symptoms, imaging, intraoperative, and pathology findings, previously published reports, and pre-approval data submitted to the FDA, we conclude that the inflammatory response to the PET weave in this patient's Barricaid® device was the ultimate cause of her continued neuropathy despite multiple prior surgical interventions.

Flow diversion using the Pipeline embolization device for intracranial and extracranial pseudoaneurysms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature.

OBJECTIVE: Pseudoaneurysms (PSAs) are complex vascular lesions. Flow diversion has been proposed as an alternative treatment to parent artery occlusion that preserves laminar flow. The authors of the present study investigated the safety and short-term (< 1 year) and long-term (≥ 1 year) aneurysm occlusion rates following the treatment of intracranial and extracranial PSAs using the Pipeline embolization device (PED). METHODS: An electronic database search for full-text English-language articles in Ovid MEDLINE and Epub Ahead of Print, Ovid Embase, Ovid Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Ovid Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Scopus was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. Studies of any design including at least 4 patients with intracranial or extracranial PSAs treated using a PED were included in this analysis. The primary outcome of interest was the rate of peri- and postprocedural complications. Secondarily, the authors analyzed the incidence of complete aneurysm occlusion. RESULTS: A total of 90 patients with 96 PSAs across 9 studies were included. The mean age was 38.2 (SD 15.14) years, and 37.8% of the patients were women. The mean PSA size was 4.9 mm. Most PSAs were unruptured, and the most common etiology was trauma (n = 32, 35.5%), followed by spontaneous formation (n = 21, 23.3%) and iatrogenic injury (n = 19, 21.1%). Among the 51 (53.1%) intracranial and 45 (46.9%) extracranial PSAs were 19 (19.8%) dissecting PSAs. Sixty-six (77.6%) PSAs were in the internal carotid artery and 10 (11.8%) in the vertebral artery. Thirty-three (34.4%) PSAs were treated with ≥ 2 devices, and 8 (8.3%) underwent adjunctive coiling. The mean clinical and angiographic follow-up durations were 10.7 and 12.9 months, respectively. The short-term (< 1 year) and long-term (≥ 1 year) complete occlusion rates were 79% (95% CI 66%-88%, p = 0.82) and 84% (95% CI 70%-92%, p = 0.95), respectively. Complication rates were 8% for iatrogenic dissection (95% CI 3%-16%, p = 0.94), 10% for silent thromboembolism (95% CI 5%-21%, p = 0.77), and 12% for symptomatic thromboembolism (95% CI 6%-23%, p = 0.48). No treatment-related hemorrhage was observed. The overall mortality rate at the last follow-up was 14%. CONCLUSIONS: The complete occlusion rate for PSAs treated with the PED was high and increased over time. Although postprocedural complications and mortality were not insignificant, flow diversion represents a reasonably safe option for managing these complex lesions.

Novel Use of Time-Resolved Magnetic Resonance Angiography to Evaluate Retrograde Lumbar Vein Flow and Epidural Venous Plexus Enhancement in Chronic Headache Patients With and Without Nutcracker Physiology.

OBJECTIVE: Compression of the left renal vein by the superior mesenteric artery, known as nutcracker phenomenon (NCP), can cause retrograde flow and congestion in communicating venous systems. It has recently been speculated that NCP can result in retrograde flow and congestion of the lumbar veins and epidural venous plexus (EVP), thereby affecting the central nervous system. This study describes the novel use of time-resolved magnetic resonance angiography (trMRA) to evaluate for retrograde left second lumbar vein (L2LV) flow and early EVP enhancement in patients with chronic daily headache (CDH) with and without NCP. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed of 31 patients with CDH (27 females and 4 males; median age, 38 years [range, 18-63 years]) who underwent trMRA centered over the L2LV to evaluate the direction of blood flow and presence of early EVP enhancement from May 2020 to March 2022. Descriptive statistics were performed, and anatomic associations were analyzed in patients with and without retrograde L2LV flow and early EVP enhancement. The accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging findings in detecting these flow patterns was also assessed. RESULTS: Patients with NCP who demonstrated narrowing of the left renal vein, a positive beak sign ( P = 0.052), decreased aortomesenteric distance ( P = 0.038), and decreased SMA angle demonstrated increased rates of retrograde L2LV flow and early EVP enhancement. A positive beak sign was 83% specific, and an aortomesenteric distance of ≤6.5 mm was 61% sensitive and 83% specific for identifying retrograde L2LV flow with early regional EVP enhancement in patients with CDH. CONCLUSIONS: Retrograde L2LV flow with early EVP enhancement in CDH patients can be effectively evaluated using trMRA and was seen with greater propensity in those patients with NCP.

Daily persistent headache with nutcracker physiology and spinal epidural venous congestion: Treatment with lumbar vein embolization.

Nutcracker phenomenon (NCP) can cause various congestion syndromes secondary to the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) compressing the left renal vein (LRV) resulting in venous reflux. It has recently been suggested that reflux into the lumbar vein (LV) and epidural venous plexus (EVP) may cause headaches in some patients with NCP. This report illustrates an example of a patient with refractory headaches and imaging findings suggestive of NCP that underwent treatment with percutaneous LV embolization. The patient is a 60-year-old female with daily persistent headaches for 5 years that failed numerous headache preventative medications. Time-resolved magnetic resonance angiography demonstrated NCP with reflux and congestion of the LV and EVP. Catheter-based venography confirmed these findings and the patient was treated with percutaneous embolization of the LV. This case report demonstrates the use of LV embolization to prevent EVP reflux and treat daily headaches due to NCP. The patient's headache resolved the next day. She has been headache-free for 5 months post-treatment. These findings support prior data suggesting that NCP can cause retrograde LV flow, EVP congestion, and elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressures leading to daily persistent headaches. Percutaneous embolization of the LV may be a minimally invasive treatment option for refractory headaches in patients with NCP, retrograde LV flow, and EVP congestion.

Intracranial Aneurysms in Loeys-Dietz Syndrome: A Multicenter Propensity-Matched Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS) is an autosomal dominant connective tissue disorder characterized by a classic triad of hypertelorism, bifid uvula and/or cleft palate, and generalized arterial tortuosity. There are limited data on the prevalence and rupture risk of intracranial aneurysms (IAs) in the setting of LDS, with no established guidelines. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prevalence and rupture risk of IA in LDS. METHODS: Electronic medical records of patients with a confirmed diagnosis of LDS and available cerebrovascular imaging were reviewed. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on the presence of IA. Unmatched and propensity-matched analyses were used to identify potential risk factors for aneurysm formation. RESULTS: Records of 1111 patients were screened yielding a total of 60 patients with a diagnosis of LDS. Eighteen (30%) patients had IA, 4 (22.2%) of whom had multiple aneurysms for a total of 24 IAs. Twenty-three (95.8%) aneurysms were located in the anterior circulation; none of them were ruptured. On unmatched analysis, age ( P = .015), smoking history ( P = .034), hypertension ( P = .035), and number of extracranial aneurysms ( P < .001) were significantly higher in patients with IA. After matching for age, sex, race, stroke history, family history, and extracranial aneurysms, smoking history ( P = .009) remained significant. CONCLUSION: Patients with LDS have an increased risk of IAs, especially with a history of smoking. The prevalence rate of IAs in our series was 30%. Screening imaging should be considered at diagnosis, and patients should be encouraged to abstain from smoking. Further studies are needed to elucidate the risk of IA rupture and treatment considerations in this unique population.

SPECT-CT as a Predictor of Pain Generators in Patients Undergoing Intra-Articular Injections for Chronic Neck and Back Pain.

BACKGROUND: The ability to accurately predict pain generators for chronic neck and back pain remains elusive. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated whether injections targeted at foci with uptake on single-photon emission computerized tomography-computed tomography (SPECT-CT) were associated with improved outcomes in patients with chronic neck and back pain. METHODS: A retrospective review was completed on patients undergoing SPECT-CT for chronic neck and back pain between 2016 and 2020 at a tertiary academic center. Patients' records were reviewed for demographic, clinical, imaging, and outcomes data. Only those patients who had facet injections after SPECT-CT were included in this evaluation. Patients undergoing injections targeted at foci of abnormal radiotracer uptake were compared with patients without uptake concerning immediate positive response, visual analog scale, and the need for additional injection or surgery at the target level. RESULTS: A total of 2849 patients were evaluated with a SPECT-CT for chronic neck and back pain. Of those, 340 (11.9%) patients received facet joint injections after SPECT-CT. A propensity score regression analysis adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, hypertension, multiple target injections, and injection location showed uptake targeted injections not being associated with an improved immediate positive response (odds ratio: 0.64; 95% confidence interval: 0.34-1.21; P = 0.172). In patients with a failed facet injection preceding SPECT-CT, adding SPECT-CT to guide facet injections was associated with a decrease in visual analog scale pain scores 2 weeks after injection (P = 0.018), particularly when changes were made to the facets being targeted (P = 0.010). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that there is benefit with SPECT-CT specially to guide facet injections after failed prior facet injections.

Through-and-Through Brachio/Radio-Femoral Access Technique for Endovascular Recanalization of the Left Subclavian Artery.

The authors illustrate the use of through-and-through brachio/radio-femoral access technique in two patients who presented with subclavian steal syndrome. This is an additional tool in the armamentarium of the endovascular specialist to improve management of complex cases with subclavian steal syndrome. This technique provides several advantages to improve efficiency and precision of the procedure while reserving the open surgical bypass option if needed.

Intracranial Aneurysms in Patients with Marfan Syndrome: A Multicenter Propensity-Matched Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to identify risk factors for intracranial aneurysms (IAs) in Marfan syndrome (MFS) patients and to describe their characteristics. METHODS: Patients with confirmed MFS and vessel-dedicated brain imaging from January 1, 1980-December 1, 2020 were categorized according to the presence (IA) or absence (NIA) of IAs. Unmatched logistic regression analysis and propensity score matching were used for comparison. RESULTS: We included 159 patients, of whom 18 (11.3%) patients had radiographic diagnosis of IAs. Three patients (16.7%) had multiple lesions for a total of 24 IAs. One patient (5.5%) had de novo IA formation. Four patients (22.2%) underwent treatment: Two (11.1%) had open surgical clipping for ruptured aneurysms, and two (11.1%) patients had endovascular embolization for growth. In the unmatched analysis, current tobacco smoker status (odds ratio [OR]: 4.20; confidence interval [CI]: 1.11-15.6; P = 0.027) and history of coronary artery disease (CAD) (OR: 5.79; CI 1.76-20.2; P = 0.004) increased the odds for IA. Propensity score matching yielded 18 IA and 18 NIA patients matched for age, gender, race, prior stroke, and family history of aneurysms. History of CAD (IA = 11 [61.1%] vs. NIA = 4 (22.2%), P = 0.043) and current smoker status (IA = 6 [33.3%] vs. NIA = 0 (0%), P < 0.01) were significantly higher in the IA cohort. Body mass index (P = 0.622), diabetes (P = 0.180), hypertension (P = 0.732), prior stroke (P = 1.00), family history (P = 0.732), alcohol (P = 0.314), recreational drugs (P = 1.00), and other aneurysms (P = 0.585) were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of IAs in our series of MFS patients was 11.3%, and de novo formation was 5.5%. MFS patients with a history of CAD and current smoker status had an increased risk of IA. Neurovascular radiographic screening should be considered in all patients with MFS, particularly in patients who smoke or have a history of heart disease.

Endovascular Thrombectomy for Acute Ischemic Stroke.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To review the current evidence supporting the use of endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) due to anterior circulation large vessel occlusion (LVO). RECENT FINDINGS: Recent advances in AIS management by EVT have led to significant reduction in morbidity and mortality in selected patients with LVO within the anterior circulation. Until recently, use of EVT was strictly based on time criteria, within 4.5 to 12 h of symptom onset with many patients presenting with "wake-up" stroke who were not considered for EVT. The positive results of the DAWN and DEFUSE-3 trials have shown benefit in extending the therapeutic window for EVT to 24 and 16 h, respectively, after last known normal (LKN) time in the setting of large ischemic penumbra. These trials represent a paradigm shift in contemporary treatment of AIS, changing from a purely time-based decision to treat to an individualized decision based on clinical and radiographic findings of salvageable tissue. Overall, acute stroke management has evolved considerably over the years from intravenous thrombolysis to include EVT, with paralleled improvements in patient selection and thrombectomy devices. Since the results of the DAWN and DEFUSE-3, EVT is now considered the standard of care in select patients with anterior circulation LVO up to 24 h from LKN time. Despite these developments, post-stroke disability remains pervasive and further studies are warranted in establishing the role of EVT in posterior circulation and distal vessel occlusions, with need for development of new and effective techniques for revascularization of small vessels.